Outcomes In Various Domains Research Articles

The Need for a Feminist Approach to Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) presents immense potential and significant challenges concerning algorithmic bias. This paper explores how feminist theory provides a criti-cal lens for understanding and addressing algorithmic bi-as’s root causes and impacts. The historical context of systemic discrimination reveals how power imbalances have shaped data collection and analysis, leading to bi-ased datasets that perpetuate inequalities through AI sys-tems. The "black box" problem further obscures these bi-ases, amplifying discriminatory outcomes in various domains. Feminist interventions, particularly intersec-tional feminism, offer a framework for uncovering how algorithmic bias interacts with multiple forms of oppres-sion. Feminist data science challenges traditional meth-odologies and advocates for transparency, accountabil-ity, and diversity in AI development. Critiques of tech-no-solutionism highlight the need for broader societal change alongside technical fixes. By embracing a feminist approach, we can envision and work toward a future where AI technology is used for social justice, inclusivi-ty, and collective liberation.

Artificial Intelligence in Coloproctology: A Review of Emerging Technologies and Clinical Applications

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative tool across several specialties, namely gastroenterology, where it has the potential to optimize both diagnosis and treatment as well as enhance patient care. Coloproctology, due to its highly prevalent pathologies and tremendous potential to cause significant mortality and morbidity, has drawn a lot of attention regarding AI applications. In fact, its application has yielded impressive outcomes in various domains, colonoscopy being one prominent example, where it aids in the detection of polyps and early signs of colorectal cancer with high accuracy and efficiency. With a less explored path but equivalent promise, AI-powered capsule endoscopy ensures accurate and time-efficient video readings, already detecting a wide spectrum of anomalies. High-resolution anoscopy is an area that has been growing in interest in recent years, with efforts being made to integrate AI. There are other areas, such as functional studies, that are currently in the early stages, but evidence is expected to emerge soon. According to the current state of research, AI is anticipated to empower gastroenterologists in the decision-making process, paving the way for a more precise approach to diagnosing and treating patients. This review aims to provide the state-of-the-art use of AI in coloproctology while also reflecting on future directions and perspectives.

UNVEILING PATTERNS AND TRENDS: BIBLIOMETRIC INSIGHTS INTO SUPERVISION’S IMPACT ON PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

This bibliometric analysis delves into the intricate relationship between supervision and professional development, aiming to unveil underlying patterns and trends within the scholarly literature. The field of supervision, integral to fostering competence and skill enhancement among professionals, has witnessed substantial attention, indicating its significance in shaping professional growth. Understanding the evolving landscape of supervision’s impact on professional development is crucial for optimizing strategies and enhancing outcomes in various domains. Despite the evident importance of supervision in professional development, there exists a need for a comprehensive bibliometric exploration to discern the underlying trends, influential authors, thematic clusters, and interdisciplinary engagements within this domain. Employing robust bibliometric methodologies, this study leverages data extracted from reputable scholarly databases such as Scopus to conduct an extensive analysis. The methodology systematically examines publication trends, authorship patterns, citation networks, and thematic clusters. Anticipated outcomes include the identification of influential authors, seminal works, and emerging thematic clusters. The study aims to uncover patterns indicating the evolution of supervision’s impact on professional development over time. Insights into interdisciplinary collaborations, prevalent research themes, and potential directions for future inquiry are also expected outcomes of this comprehensive bibliometric analysis. This bibliometric investigation offers a panoramic view of the scholarly landscape, shedding light on the intricate interplay between supervision and professional development. The expected results aim to enrich our understanding of the field, providing valuable guidance for practitioners, researchers, and policymakers to optimize strategies and foster professional growth across diverse domains.

Your Need for Cognition, Cognitive Flexibility, and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies Matter! The Path beyond a Satisfied Life

This study explored the associations among cognitive flexibility, cognitive emotion regulation (CER) strategies, need for cognition, and life satisfaction, which represents a cognitive component of subjective well-being. Previous studies have shown the importance of adaptive CER strategies for well-being, while maladaptive strategies have been linked to negative outcomes such as psychological distress, depression, and anxiety. Additionally, the need for cognition has been associated with cognitive flexibility and positive outcomes in various domains. However, the specific roles of cognitive flexibility and CER strategies in the relationship between need for cognition and life satisfaction remain relatively unexplored in the existing literature. This study aimed to address this gap by investigating how cognitive flexibility and different CER strategies contribute to the relationship between need for cognition and life satisfaction in a non-clinical sample of 239 adults via a survey consisting of a demographic information form, need for cognition scale, cognitive flexibility inventory, cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire, and satisfaction with life scale. The results demonstrated that when individuals with a high need for cognition had cognitive flexibility, they were more likely to use adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, resulting in elevated life satisfaction. The findings of this study may provide insights into the underlying mechanisms that influence individuals’ cognitive processes, cognitive emotional regulation, and overall life satisfaction. Such understanding can have implications for interventions aimed at enhancing cognitive flexibility, promoting adaptive CER strategies, and ultimately fostering improved life satisfaction.

Virtual reality-based bioreactor digital twin for operator training

The use of immersive technologies and digital twins can enhance training and learning outcomes in various domains. These technologies can reduce the cost and risk of training and improve the retention and transfer of knowledge by providing feedback in real-time. In this paper, a novel virtual reality (VR) based Bioreactor simulation is developed that covers the set-up and operation of the process. It allows the trainee operator to experience infrequent events, and reports on the effectiveness of their response. An embedded complex simulation of the bioreaction effectively replicates the impact of operator decisions to mimic the real-world experience. The need to train and assess the skills acquired aligns with the requirements of manufacturing in a validated environment, where proof of operator capability is a prerequisite. It has been deployed at UK’s National Horizons Center(NHC) to train the trainees in biosciences.

Advancements of UAV and Deep Learning Technologies for Weed Management in Farmland

With the continuous growth of the global population and the increasing demand for crop yield, enhancing crop productivity has emerged as a crucial research objective on a global scale. Weeds, being one of the primary abiotic factors impacting crop yield, contribute to approximately 13.2% of annual food loss. In recent years, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology has developed rapidly and its maturity has led to widespread utilization in improving crop productivity and reducing management costs. Concurrently, deep learning technology has become a prominent tool in image recognition. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) has achieved remarkable outcomes in various domains, including agriculture, such as weed detection, pest identification, plant/fruit counting, maturity grading, etc. This study provides an overview of the development of UAV platforms, the classification of UAV platforms and their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the types and characteristics of data collected by common vision sensors used in agriculture, and discusses the application of deep learning technology in weed detection. The manuscript presents current advancements in UAV technology and CNNs in weed management tasks while emphasizing the existing limitations and future trends in its development process to assist researchers working on applying deep learning techniques to weed management.

Is Infectious Endocarditis Evolving into a Time-Dependent Diagnosis in the Contemporary Epidemiological Era? Emphasis on the Role of Echocardiography as a First-Line Diagnostic Approach.

Despite significant advances in understanding and outcomes in various domains of cardiology, the prognosis of infective endocarditis (IE) remains dismal. One of the main reasons may rely on an even more intricate diagnosis since epidemiology has shifted towards an aggressive infection, typically in older patients with the involvement of prosthetic valves and cardiovascular implantable electronic devices with earlier clinical presentation. In this novel setting, it is critical to avoid a delay in diagnosis that may delay subsequent adequate treatment, further complications, and ultimately poor clinical outcomes. Accordingly, based on the available data, we will examine the proper use of first-line echocardiography representing the first-line imaging method in patients with clinical suspicion of IE. We will focus on the following three crucial questions: (1) What is the threshold to start the echocardiographic diagnostic workup in stable patients? (2) Has infective endocarditis become a time-dependent diagnosis, even in stable patients? (3) What is the appropriate use of echocardiography in unstable patients? Finally, we propose a new mindset to improve the echocardiographic diagnostic workflow.

Transaxillary Single-Port Endoscopic Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy with Immediate Implant-based Breast Reconstruction in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy or Not: A Comparative Study with Analysis of Surgical Complications and Patient-Reported Outcomes.

In most cases, transaxillary single-port endoscopic nipple-sparing mastectomy with immediate implant-based breast reconstruction (E-NSM-IIBR) is conducted in patients with early-stage breast cancer, ensuring surgical safety while achieving improved breast aesthetics. However, whether E-NSM-IIBR is appropriate in patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is still unclear. The aim of this study was to report the surgical safety and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) of breast cancer patients who underwent E-NSM-IIBR with NAC in comparison to those who did not receive NAC. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients who underwent E-NSM-IIBR with or without NAC at a single center between January 2021 and July 2022. Patient demographics, postoperative complications, and PROs evaluated using the BREAST-Q version 2.0 questionnaire were compared between the two groups. Factors associated with PROs at 9 months after surgery were assessed with linear regression analysis. A total of 92 patients who underwent E-NSM-IIBR were included in the study, with 27 patients receiving NAC and 65 patients not receiving NAC. There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative complications between the two groups. The BREAST-Q version 2.0 questionnaire was completed by 24 out of 27 patients (88.9%) in the NAC group and 59 out of 65 patients (90.8%) in the non-NAC group at 9 months after surgery. The patient-reported outcomes in various domains of the BREAST-Q did not show a significant difference between the two cohorts. The results of the multiple linear regression analysis indicated that in the both groups age (β = - 0.985, 95% CI - 1.598 to - 0.371, p = 0.003 in the NAC group; β = - 0.510, - 1.011 to - 0.009, p = 0.046 in the non-NAC group) and rippling (β = - 21.862, - 36.768 to - 6.955, p = 0.006 in the NAC group; β = - 7.787, - 15.151 to - 0.423, p = 0.039 in the non-NAC group) significantly impacted the patients' satisfaction with breasts, and PMRT was negatively associated with patients' physical well-being of chest (β = - 13.813, - 26.962 to - 0.664, p = 0.040 in the NAC group; β = - 18.574, - 30.661 to - 6.487, p = 0.003 in the non-NAC group). Our findings revealed that patients with larger implant volumes had higher scores in psychosocial well-being (β = 0.082, 0.001 to 0.162, p = 0.047), whereas implant displacement (β = - 14.937, - 28.175 to - 1.700, p=0.028) had a negative impact on patients' psychological well-being in the non-NAC group. However, our results did not demonstrate any significant influencing factors on patients' psychosocial well-being within the NAC group. Our preliminary experiences confirm that E-NSM-IIBR is a safe option for selected patients even after NAC, with favorable patient-reported outcomes comparable with those in the primary surgery setting. The postoperative long-term outcomes of patients who undergo radiation therapy after NAC merit further investigation in the future. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Virtual Reality among Individuals with Intellectual and/or Developmental Disabilities: A Systematic Literature Review

With the capability of virtual reality (VR) interventions outside the field of therapeutic recreation to produce meaningful outcomes in various domains for individuals with varying disabilities, it would be valuable to establish VR as an evidence-based therapeutic recreation practice that could greatly benefit individuals with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities (IDD). This systematic literature review explores VR evidence-based practices with individuals with IDD in various fields. Twenty-two databases were searched in October 2020, and 32 articles were reviewed. Thematic topics included: VR increases skills; VR motivates; VR to support traditional services; most effective types of VR; suitability and accessibility of VR; complimentary support for VR implementation and successful engagement; VR challenges, lessons learned, and needed improvements; and full potential of VR not yet realized. Results revealed a variety of implications and future recommendations that support future research to test VR with individuals with IDD and establish evidence-based therapeutic recreation practice.

Impact of thyroidectomy on quality of life in benign goitres: results from a prospective cohort study.

Benign thyroid diseases encompass a large spectrum of conditions that are chronic and subtle in nature. A majority of patients choose non-surgical management and continue living their daily lives with subconscious impairment of optimal functioning. We studied the effect of thyroidectomy on the quality of life (QoL) in patients with benign goitres. A prospective study was conducted on 50 patients between January 2017 and August 2018 using the ThyPRO 39 questionnaire. This is a disease-specific health-related questionnaire administered the day before surgery and 6 months following surgery. Data analysis was performed using EpiData Manager and EpiData Entry Client (v 3.1). The mean age of the cohort was 43.30 years ± 11.61, with a female preponderance (34:16). The most common indications for surgery were suspicion of malignancy and compressive symptoms in 34% and 30%, respectively. The most common histopathology reported was nodular/adenomatous hyperplasia (56%). Prior to surgery, the most common domains affected were emotional susceptibility and tiredness. Following surgery, a significant improvement in all domains of the ThyPRO 39 questionnaire were seen except for psychological well-being (p=0.126). In addition, the composite scores significantly improved (p<0.001). Younger age, female gender, and longer duration of goitre were the factors that significantly affected the outcomes in various domains. Patients with benign goitres have subtle impairment of QoL which showed significant improvement following thyroidectomy.

When children with congenital heart disease become adults – Understanding psychosocial attainments and functioning in comparison to census population norms

BackgroundAdults outnumber children living with congenital heart disease (CHD), but research on outcomes for this population in terms of sociodemographic attainments such as education, employment and relationship status is only starting to emerge. ObjectivesWe examined such outcomes in a UK clinic sample. Determinants of outcome were examined in relation to disease severity and psychological functioning. MethodsUsing a survey with clustered clinic sampling, we evaluated outcomes for a final sample of 116 adults with significant congenital heart disease (ACHD) on common measures of sociodemographic attainment. Outcomes were compared to national population data. ResultsFindings suggested that ACHD compared relatively well with respect to educational attainment and employment. However, they were less likely to be living independently and have offspring than peers and more likely to be single and earning below the average wage. Most outcomes did not vary significantly by disease severity (with the exception of having offspring). Rather, psychological factors – mood, resilience, executive functioning and self-perceptions of health predicted attainment outcomes in various domains. ConclusionsAlthough some outcomes are comparable to peer referenced norms, ACHD deviated from population norms with respect to interpersonal functioning, having offspring and employment earnings. Findings suggested that psychological and neuropsychological factors were more important than disease severity in predicting outcomes. Clinical implications are discussed.

Utilizing Incentivized Economic Experiments to Test for Social Skills Acquisition Through Physical Education: Study Protocol of the Movigen Project.

Besides cognitive skills, non-cognitive skills—social skills in particular—are crucial for outcomes in various domains of life. The present work describes the design of the Movigen project, an intervention study with children aged 10–13 years using enhanced physical education lessons to foster social skills in a playful way. Utilizing a novel methodological approach various incentivized economic experiments were applied to test for spillover effects of the intervention on social skills. At three points during the course of the study individuals participated in a series of incentivized economic experiments to elicit economic preferences and personality traits. Additional information about physical activity and free time activities, different psychometric scales, and family background were elicited with questionnaires. Furthermore, a subset of individuals was equipped with accelerometers for 7 days to validate the answers on physical activity in the questionnaire. The data set comprises a treatment group which received enhanced physical education lessons and a control group which received regular physical education lessons at school. The comparison of individuals' decision in the economic experiments between both groups allows to study the impact of our intervention on social skills.

Supporting Autistic Adults in Postsecondary Settings: A Systematic Review of Peer Mentorship Programs.

The number of autistic individuals attending college or university is increasing, yet graduation rates are low as postsecondary environments often fail to support autistic students' individual needs. Peer mentorship programs are emerging as a promising approach for providing individualized, one-on-one support to meet this service gap for autistic postsecondary students. However, no literature has systematically described these programs. We conducted a systematic review that described existing peer mentorship programs for autistic students in postsecondary education as well as their effectiveness. Our search of five databases found nine unique programs that were evaluated in 11 peer-reviewed articles. Programs reported positive outcomes in various domains, which included social skills, academic performance, and sense of belonging. The evidence for these programs was primarily qualitative, sample sizes were small, and there was considerable heterogeneity in the format, provision, and goals of these programs, as well as the evaluation methods used. Overall, the state of the research related to the efficacy of peer mentorship programs for autistic students remains in its infancy, and further research is needed to quantify effectiveness and enable program comparisons. Why was this review done?: The number of autistic individuals attending college or university is increasing, yet graduation rates are low as most colleges and universities do not have the neccessary accommodations to support this population. Several peer mentorship programs now exist to provide individualized, one-on-one support for autistic students at college or university.What was the purpose of the review?: While several programs exist, it is unknown how effective these programs are in improving the academic experience for autistic students.What did the researchers do?: We systematically reviewed research describing existing peer mentorship programs for autistic university/college students and their effectiveness. Our search of five databases revealed nine unique programs that were evaluated in 11 peer-reviewed articles.What were the results of the review?: Most peer mentorship programs reported positive outcomes in various areas, including social skills, academic performance, and a sense of belonging. However, many of the studies were quite different in their approach and how they evaluated success, thus making it challenging to compare the programs with one another.What do these findings add to what was already known?: The findings from our systematic review highlight that only a few studies related to peer mentorship programs exist. We need more research to quantify the effectiveness of peer mentoring programs for autistic college/university students.What are potential weaknesses of this review?: There were evident inconsistencies between evaluation methods and types of measurement across studies, and studies often had a small number of participants, which limited our ability to make conclusions about the impact of such programs.How will these findings help autistic adults now or in the future?: This article provides a summary of the kinds of supports available to autistic adults within postsecondary settings, which may help autistic adults explore options for their own education. Advancing research in this area may improve the college/university experience for autistic adults in the future.

Sparse-view CT reconstruction based on multi-level wavelet convolution neural network.

Sparse-view computed tomography (CT) is a recent approach to reducing the radiation dose in patients and speeding up the data acquisition. Consequently, sparse-view CT has been of particular interest among researchers within the CT community. Advanced reconstruction algorithms for sparse-view CT, such as iterative algorithms with total-variation (TV), have been studied along with the problem of increasing computational burden and the blurring of artifacts in the reconstructed images. Studies on deep-learning-based approaches applying U-NET have recently achieved remarkable outcomes in various domains including low-dose CT. In this study, we propose a new method for sparse-view CT reconstruction based on a multi-level wavelet convolutional neural network (MWCNN). First, a filtered backprojection (FBP) was used to reconstruct a sparsely sampled sinogram from 60, 120, and 180 projections. Subsequently, the sparse-view data obtained from FBP were fed to a deep-learning network, i.e., the MWCNN. Our network architecture combines a wavelet transform and modified U-NET without pooling. By replacing the pooling function with the wavelet transform, the receptive field is enlarged to improve the performance. We qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated the interpolation, iterative TV method, and standard U-NET in terms of a reduction in the streaking artifacts and a preservation of the anatomical structures. When compared with other methods, the proposed method showed the highest performance based on various evaluation parameters such as the structural similarity, root mean square error, and resolution. These results indicate that the MWCNN possesses a powerful potential for achieving a sparse-view CT reconstruction.

0359 The Moderating Role of Race in the Association of Adolescent Sleep Duration and Marijuana Use

Abstract Introduction Insufficient sleep and marijuana use during adolescence vary by race and are associated with poor outcomes in various domains. Sleep difficulties predict drug-related problems, but not all adolescents with insufficient sleep go on to use substances. We examined whether race/ethnicity moderates the association of sleep duration and marijuana use among Black/African-American and White adolescents using a countywide probability-based survey of adolescents. Methods Using cross-sectional data (n=1447), logistic regression examined whether race moderated the association of adolescent sleep duration and recent marijuana use alone and after controlling for covariates in both weighted and unweighted models. Results Hours of sleep was significantly negatively associated with recent marijuana use. Black/African-American youth in our sample had up to a 60% increased odds of marijuana use in the past 30 days compared to White youth, and they reported significantly shorter sleep duration than their White peers. In weighted models, Black/African-American youth had an increased probability of marijuana use with fewer hours of sleep as compared to White youth, even after accounting for covariates. Conclusion In our countywide survey of adolescents, we found racial differences in the association of sleep duration and marijuana use. Future work should replicate our analyses with a longitudinal sample of adolescents to better evaluate the direction of these effects. Future efforts should also focus on identifying contextual factors that may explain racial differences in the sleep duration—substance use relationship, as well as developing strategies to reduce disparities in this relationship. Support The Heinz Foundation, the Hillman Foundation, the Grable Foundation, and the FISA Foundation. Dr. Levenson’s effort was supported by NICHD.

We are All Behavioral, More or Less: A Taxonomy of Consumer Decision Making

We examine how 17 behavioral biases relate to each other, to other decision inputs, and to decision outputs. Most consumers exhibit multiple biases in our nationally representative panel data. There is substantial heterogeneity across consumers, even within similar demographic/skill groups. Biases are positively correlated within person, especially after adjusting for measurement error, and less correlated with other inputs—risk aversion, patience, cognitive skills, and personality traits—with some expected exceptions. Accounting for this correlation structure, we reduce our 29 decision inputs to eight common factors. Seven common factors load on at least two biases, six on clusters of theoretically related biases, and two or three are distinctly behavioral. All but one common factor is distinct from cognitive skills. Factor scores strongly conditionally correlate with decisions and outcomes in various domains. We discuss several potential implications of this taxonomy for various approaches to modeling influences of behavioral biases on decision making. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.

Social Influences on Policy Preferences: Conformity and Reactance

Social norms have been used to nudge people toward specified outcomes in various domains. But can people be nudged to support, or to reject, proposed government policies? How do people’s views change when they learn that the majority approves of a particular policy, or that the majority opposes it? To answer these questions, we conducted a series of experiments. We find that in important contexts, learning about the majority’s opinion causes a significant shift toward support for or opposition to particular policies. At the same time, we find that when people’s views are fixed and firm, they are unlikely to conform to the majority’s view and that they might even show reactance. We show this pattern of results with respect to people’s support for or opposition to governmental policies in a wide range of substantive areas — and also to the use of paternalistic tools, such as nudges or bans.

The bright side of dark: Exploring the positive effect of narcissism on perceived stress through mental toughness

Previous research reported that Subclinical Narcissism (SN) may increase Mental Toughness (MT) resulting in positive outcomes such as lower psychopathy, higher school grades and lower symptoms of depression. We conducted three studies (N = 364, 240 and 144 for studies 1, 2 and 3, respectively) to test a mediation model, which suggests that SN may increase MT predicting lower Perceived Stress (PS). The participants were drawn from the general population in studies 1 and 2; and were undergraduate students in study 3. SN exerted a negative indirect effect on PS, through MT across all three studies: β = −0.26, SE = 0.039, 95% CI [−0.338, −0.187]; β = −0.25, SE = 0.050, 95% CI [−0.358, −0.160]; β = −0.31, SE = 0.078, 95% CI [−0.473, −0.168]. The results were replicated in the combined dataset. In study 3, we extended the sensitivity of the model showing that, it is the Grandiose SN that decreases PS, through MT; Vulnerable SN exhibited the reverse pattern. The findings indicate that the model, from SN to MT, may predict positive outcomes in various domains (e.g. in education and psychopathology) suggesting that inclusion of SN in the dark triad of personality may need to be reconsidered.

The positive effect of narcissism on depressive symptoms through mental toughness: Narcissism may be a dark trait but it does help with seeing the world less grey

BackgroundSubclinical Narcissism (SN) is part of the Dark Triad (DT), which includes also Subclinical Psychopathy (SP) and Machiavellianism. SN comprises facets retained from the clinical syndrome, such as grandiosity and dominance. Previous cross-sectional and longitudinal research indicates that SN may increase Mental Toughness (MT) resulting in various positive outcomes, including lower levels of psychopathy. MethodThe researchers conducted three studies (N = 364, 244 and 144 for Study 1, 2 and 3 respectively) to test if the path model from SN to higher MT predicted lower symptoms of depression (DS). An extension to the model considered Openness to Experience (OE) as a possible mediator. Participants completed self-report measures of SN, MT, OE and DS. In Study 3, participants responded to an additional measure of SN to allow differentiation between grandiose and vulnerable aspects. ResultsSN exerted a negative indirect effect on DS through MT across studies; and a negative indirect effect on DS through MT and OE in Study 2. In Study 3, Grandiose SN increased MT contributing to lower DS. Vulnerable SN demonstrated the reverse pattern. MT subfactors of Control and Confidence had a mediating effect across studies. ConclusionThe current findings support the model that SN to MT predicts positive outcomes in various domains, including lower levels of psychiatric symptoms. Exploring the link between SN with prosocial traits can be particularly helpful when seeking to identify and promote SN’s adaptive tendencies against symptoms of psychopathology.

The clinical outcomes of deep gray matter injury in children with cerebral palsy in relation with brain magnetic resonance imaging

In the present study we investigated the nature and extent of clinical outcomes using various classifications and analyzed the relationship between brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and the extent of clinical outcomes in children with cerebral palsy (CP) with deep gray matter injury. The deep gray matter injuries of 69 children were classified into hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and kernicterus patterns. HIE patterns were divided into four groups (I–IV) based on severity. Functional classification was investigated using the gross motor function classification system-expanded and revised, manual ability classification system, communication function classification system, and tests of cognitive function, and other associated problems. The severity of HIE pattern on brain MRI was strongly correlated with the severity of clinical outcomes in these various domains. Children with a kernicterus pattern showed a wide range of clinical outcomes in these areas. Children with severe HIE are at high risk of intellectual disability (ID) or epilepsy and children with a kernicterus pattern are at risk of hearing impairment and/or ID. Grading severity of HIE pattern on brain MRI is useful for predicting overall outcomes. The clinical outcomes of children with a kernicterus pattern range widely from mild to severe. What this paper addsDelineation of the clinical outcomes of children with deep gray matter injury, which are a common abnormal brain MRI finding in children with CP, is necessary. The present study provides clinical outcomes for various domains in children with deep gray matter injury on brain MRI. The deep gray matter injuries were divided into two major groups; HIE and kernicterus patterns. Our study showed that severity of HIE pattern on brain MRI was strongly associated with the severity of impairments in gross motor function, manual ability, communication function, and cognition. These findings suggest that severity of HIE pattern can be useful for predicting the severity of impairments. Conversely, children with a kernicterus pattern showed a wide range of clinical outcomes in various domains. Children with severe HIE pattern are at high risk of ID or epilepsy and children with kernicterus pattern are at risk of hearing impairment or ID. The strength of our study was the assessment of clinical outcomes after 3 years of age using standardized classification systems in various domains in children with deep gray matter injury.