Outcomes Of Coronary Intervention Research Articles

Association of Age- and Body Mass Index-Stratified High On-Treatment Platelet Reactivity With Coronary Intervention Outcomes in East Asian Patients.

Although age and body mass index (BMI) significantly affect platelet reactivity units and clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention, there are limited data on the relationship between high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HPR) and clinical outcomes on age and BMI differences. Thus, we investigated the association of HPR with clinical outcomes according to age and BMI. The study analyzed 11 714 patients who underwent platelet function tests after percutaneous coronary intervention. The primary end point was the occurrence of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs), whereas the secondary end point was major bleeding. HPR was defined as platelet reactivity units ≥252. Patients were categorized by age (<67 years of age or ≥67 years of age) and BMI (≤22.6 kg/m2 or >22.6 kg/m2). Patients <67 years of age with HPR had increases in both MACCEs (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.436 [95% CI, 1.106-1.867]; P=0.007) and major bleeding (adjusted HR, 1.584 [95% CI, 1.095-2.290]; P=0.015) compared with the those with non-HPR, respectively. In patients ≥67 years of age with HPR, there were no differences in MACCEs, but there was a decrease in major bleeding (adjusted HR, 0.721 [95% CI, 0.542-0.959]; P=0.024). Meanwhile, patients with HPR with BMI >22.6 kg/m2 had increases in MACCEs (adjusted HR, 1.387 [95% CI, 1.140-1.688]; P=0.001). No differences were shown in major bleeding. HPR was linked to an increase in MACCEs or a decrease in major bleeding in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention, depending on age and BMI. This study is the first to observe that clinical outcomes in patients with HPR after percutaneous coronary intervention may vary based on age and BMI. Because the study is observational, the results should be viewed as hypothesis generating and emphasize the need for randomized clinical trials.

Type of thrombus, no reflow and outcomes of coronary intervention in ACS patients: OCT-guided study.

Thrombus is the main finding in most patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), the type of which potentially impacts the end result of the interventional procedure in terms of no reflow and edge dissection. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is considered a precise intra-vascular tool to image thrombi and characterise its properties. We aimed to study the impact of thrombus type, as defined by OCT, on procedural outcome in ACS patients. In this retrospective study we enrolled 100 patients who were treated by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with the guidance of OCT. We recorded demographic and clinical data of the whole studied cohort. Angiographic details and procedural data were noted. Baseline OCT study was performed before intervention and repeated post- intervention. Plaque characterisation was identified, and thrombi were defined as red or white thrombi. Acute angiographic outcome was defined with special emphasis on no reflow. Male patients and ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients more often had white thrombi (58.1% and 71.2%, respectively). Cases with red thrombi had longer pain duration, which was statistically significant. Edge dissection was more frequent with red thrombus, 44.7% versus 32.1% with white thrombus, but the difference is not statistically significant, while 17% of patients with white thrombi were complicated by no-reflow phenomenon versus only 4.3% in patients with red thrombi, and this difference was statistically significant. In conculsion, OCT-guided PCI is feasible and safe in ACS settings. OCT- guided intra-procedural differentiation of thrombus type is potentially beneficial in predicting acute procedural outcome.

Robust Association Between Changes in Coronary Flow Capacity Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Vessel-Oriented Outcomes and the Implication for Clinical Practice.

BackgroundCoronary flow capacity (CFC) is a potentially important physiologic marker of ischemia for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) indication, while the changes through PCI have not been investigated.ObjectivesTo assess the determinants and prognostic implication of delta CFC, defined as the change in the CFC status following PCI.Materials and MethodsFrom a single-center registry, a total of 450 patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) who underwent fractional flow reserve (FFR)-guided PCI with pre-/post-PCI invasive coronary physiological assessments were included. Associations between PCI-related changes in thermodilution method-derived CFC categories and incident target vessel failure (TVF) were assessed.ResultsThe mean (SD) age was 67.1 (10.0) years and there were 75 (16.7%) women. Compared with patients showing no change in CFC categories after PCI, patients with category worsened, +1, +2, and +3 category improved had the hazard ratio (95% CI) for incident TVF of 2.27 (0.95, 5.43), 0.85 (0.33, 2.22), 0.45 (0.12, 1.63), and 0.14 (0.016, 1.30), respectively (p for linear trends = 0.0051). After adjustment for confounders, one additional change in CFC status was associated with 0.61 (0.45, 0.83) times the hazard of TVF. CFC changes were largely predicted by the pre-PCI CFC status.ConclusionCoronary flow capacity changes following PCI, which was largely determined by the pre-PCI CFC status, were associated with the lower risk of incident TVF in patients with CCS who underwent PCI. The CFC changes provide a mechanistic explanation on potential favorable effect of PCI on reducing vessel-oriented outcome in lesions with reduced CFC and low FFR.

No Paradoxical Effect of Smoking Status on Recurrent Cardiovascular Events in Patients Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Thai PCI Registry.

Background“Smoker's paradox” is a controversial phenomenon that describes an unexpectedly favorable short-term outcome of smokers post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of smoking status on recurrent major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in patients who recently underwent PCI and to determine whether it was paradoxical.MethodsThis study utilized data from the nationwide Thai PCI registry, enrolling patients during 2018–2019. Our study factor was smoking status, classified as current smokers, ex-smokers, and nonsmokers. The outcome of interest was the time to occurrence of a composite of MACEs (i.e., all-cause death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and unplanned revascularization) evaluated at about 1-year post-PCI. A propensity score (PS) model using inverse probability weighting with regression adjustment was used to estimate the effect of smoking on the occurrence of MACE.ResultsCurrent smokers, ex-smokers, and non-smokers accounted for 23, 32, and 45% of the 22,741 subjects, respectively. Smokers were younger, more frequently male, and had fewer traditional atherosclerotic risk factors. Current smokers presented more frequently with ST-elevation MIs (STEMIs) and cardiogenic shock (54 and 14.6%, respectively) than non-smokers. MACE rates were 1.9, 1.2, and 1.6 per 100 patients per month in the current smokers, ex-smokers, and non-smokers, respectively. After applying a PS, patients with a history of current smoking and ex-smoking developed the onset of recurrent MACEs significantly sooner than non-smokers, with a median time of 4.4 vs. 4.9 vs. 13.5 months (p < 0.001), respectively.Conclusions“Smoker's paradox” was not observed in our patient population. Current smokers and ex-smokers were prone to develop an earlier onset of a post-PCI MACEs than nonsmokers and need a smoke cessation program for further prevention.

In-hospital clinical outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention for patients deemed ineligible for surgical revascularization

Abstract Background Ineligibility for surgical revascularization remains subjective with limited data. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG)-ineligible patients usually have a high prevalence of risk factors and complex coronary disease, which lead to worse clinical outcomes. Aim We aimed to evaluate CABG surgical ineligibility reasons and in-hospital percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) outcomes at a large tertiary centre. Methods Anonymized, prospectively collected data from the institutional electronic records between April 2013 and November 2020 were analysed retrospectively. All patients who were formally turned down for CABG and had PCI were included. Results There were 473 patients in total. Perceived frailty of the patient with associated comorbidities and/or the quality of distal coronary arteries were the main documented reasons for surgical ineligibility in 52.4% of patients. Mean age was 72±11 years, mean body mass index was 29±6 kg/m2 and 69.8% were male. Stable angina constituted 216 patients (45.7%) and 257 patients (54.3%) had acute coronary syndromes. Mean hospital stay was 4±5 days. Procedural success was documented in 457 out of 473 patients (96.6%). PCI adjunctive tools included coronary imaging in 97 patients (20.5%), rotational atherectomy in 96 patients (20.3%), laser atherectomy in 12 patients (2.5%), lithotripsy in 3 patients (0.6%) and physiological assessments in 34 patients (7.2%). In-hospital major adverse cardiac events were experienced in 32 patients (6.8%), death in 12 patients (2.5%), myocardial infarction in 21 patients (4.4%), ischaemic stroke in 1 patient (0.2%), coronary perforation in 7 patients (1.5%), repeat target vessel revascularization in 6 patients (1.3%), major access-site bleeding in 2 patients (0.4%), aortic dissection in 1 patient (0.2%) and new acute kidney injury requiring dialysis in 1 patient (0.2%). Conclusions PCI in surgically ineligible patients is generally safe and effective. The process of determining suitability for surgical revascularization remains complex in the real-world. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Shockwave intravascular lithotripsy facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with calcified coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Abstract Background Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) outcomes for patients with significant coronary artery calcification (CAC) have been consistently inferior compared to patients without significant CAC. Shockwave Intravascular Lithotripsy (S-IVL) system offers a novel option for lesion modification of severely calcified plaques but supporting evidence on safety and efficacy of this technology is narrow. The aim of this study is to assess S-IVL safety and efficacy in patients with severe CAC undergoing PCI. Methods We systematically searched MEDLINE, ClinicalTrials.gov and the Cochrane Library to identify studies assessing the efficacy and safety of S-IVL in adult patients with calcified coronary artery disease undergoing PCI. We excluded those studies assessing the effect of S-IVL in patients with under-expanded coronary stents and/or in-stent restenosis. Results The largest meta-analysis to date was performed. All studies were observational since no relevant randomized controlled trials have been published so far. Nine studies were included in our qualitative synthesis, while 7 of them, in a total of 794 enrolled patients, were used in the quantitative synthesis. Frequency of peri-procedural outcomes of interest was low: a) coronary dissection: 2.52%, b) coronary perforation: 3.0%, c) MI: 3.51%. Relative frequency of 1-month MACE was 5.59% and cardiovascular death 1.01%. S-IVL resulted in a significant increase in the in-stent post-IVL minimum lumen diameter by 1.67 mm, a significant decrease in the in-stent post-IVL vessel diameter stenosis by 53.60%, and a significant increase in the in-stent post-IVL acute gain by 1.68 mm. OCT analysis confirmed a significant decrease in area stenosis post-IVL by 19.71% and calcium angle by 22.14o and a significant increase in lumen area by 1.62 mm2, without however affecting maximum calcium thickness. When we compared post-stent post-IVL vs. pre-stent post-IVL OCT results, we demonstrated a further significant decrease in area stenosis by 35.89% and in calcium angle by 20.33o, a significant increase in lumen area by 2.74 mm2 and a neutral effect on maximum calcium thickness. Conclusion Shockwave Intravascular lithotripsy offers a significant improvement in coronary lumen to facilitate stent delivery and deployment in severely calcified coronary arteries. Although S-IVL appears to be associated with a low incidence of complications and MACE based on our present findings, further evidence from RCTs and longer-term follow-up is required to advocate its routine use in patients with severe CAC. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Rationale, Design, and Implications of Bifurcation Coronary Stenting: Insight from the Indian Bifurcation Stenting (IBIS) Registry.

BackgroundBifurcation coronary stenting (BCS) has unique therapeutic challenges. Several BCS strategies are prescribed for treatment, with conflicting data, and which is the best strategy for optimal short- and long-term outcomes remains a matter of debate. There is no systematic data from an Indian perspective in regard to patterns of BCS and its outcomes.Methods and analysisThe Indian Bifurcation Stenting (IBIS) registry is a prospective, nationwide, endpoint-driven, investigator-initiated, multi-center, observational registry to compare the different bifurcation stent strategies, the effect of adjuvant techniques, and bifurcation anatomical differences in predicting short- and long-term clinical outcomes of bifurcation coronary interventions in India. A total of 1,000 patients from 20 clinical sites across the country will be enrolled in this study from September 2020 to August 2023. The primary endpoint will be the composite endpoint of major adverse cardiac events including cardiac death, target lesion myocardial infarction (MI), and ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization at the end of two years. The secondary endpoints include all causes of death, MI, target vessel revascularization, in-stent restenosis, stroke, and predefined procedural parameters. The safety endpoint is the occurrence of definite or probable stent thrombosis.ConclusionThe aim of this prospective observational registry is to assess the practice patterns and clinical outcomes of patients undergoing coronary bifurcation lesion angioplasty in India. This will be extremely useful to provide an evidence-based insight as well as guidance to bifurcation angioplasty in India.

Timing of AKI after urgent percutaneous coronary intervention and clinical outcomes: a high-dimensional propensity score analysis

IntroductionAcute kidney injury is a common complication of percutaneous coronary intervention and has been associated with an increased risk of death and progressive chronic kidney disease. However, whether the timing of acute kidney injury after urgent percutaneous coronary intervention could be used to improve patient risk stratification is not known.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study in adults surviving an urgent percutaneous coronary intervention between 2008 and 2013 within Kaiser Permanente Northern California, a large integrated healthcare delivery system, to evaluate the impact of acute kidney injury during hospitalization at 12 (±6), 24 (±6) and 48 (±6) hours after urgent percutaneous coronary intervention and subsequent risks of adverse outcomes within the first year after discharge. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for a high-dimensional propensity score for developing acute kidney injury after percutaneous coronary intervention to examine the associations between acute kidney injury timing and all-cause death and worsening chronic kidney disease.ResultsAmong 7250 eligible adults undergoing urgent percutaneous coronary intervention, 306 (4.2%) had acute kidney injury at one or more of the examined time periods after percutaneous coronary intervention. After adjustment, acute kidney injury at 12 (±6) hours was independently associated with higher risks of death (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 3.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.19–5.75) and worsening kidney function (aHR 2.40, 95% CI:1.24–4.63). Similar results were observed for acute kidney injury at 24 (±6) hours and death (aHR 3.90, 95% CI:2.29–6.66) and worsening chronic kidney disease (aHR 4.77, 95% CI:2.46–9.23). Acute kidney injury at 48 (±6) hours was associated with excess mortality (aHR 1.97, 95% CI:1.19–3.26) but was not significantly associated with worsening kidney function (aHR 0.91, 95% CI:0.42–1.98).ConclusionsTiming of acute kidney injury after urgent percutaneous coronary intervention may be differentially associated with subsequent risk of worsening kidney function but not death.

Increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events by strict glycemic control after percutaneous coronary intervention (HbA1c < 6.5% at 2 years) in type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with acute coronary syndrome: a 5-years follow-up study

Objective This study assessed the association between HbA1c level measured 2 years after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and long-term clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who underwent PCI. Methods This prospective observational study analyzed 2877 ACS patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus whose baseline HbA1c ≥ 7.0% and underwent PCI. All patients were divided into 6 groups according to the HbA1c level at 2 years after PCI. The clinical outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), defined as all-cause death, all myocardial infarction, any revascularization, congestive heart failure, ischemic stroke. The median follow-up duration was 4.1 years. Results All 2877 patients were divided into 6 groups: 2-year after PCI HbA1c < 6.0% (n = 219), 6.0–6.5% (n = 348), 6.5–7.0% (n = 882), 7.0–7.5% (n = 567), 7.5–8.0% (n = 441), ≥8.0% (n = 420). The 5-year incidence rate of MACEs in HbA1c <6.0% and 6.0–6.5% groups were similar to 7.5–8.0% and ≥8.0% groups, which were significantly higher than in 6.5–7.0% and 7.0–7.5% groups (p = .044). The cumulative incidence rate of MACEs significantly differed among the groups (p = .046). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed a U-shaped relationship between 2-year HbA1c level after PCI and risk of MACEs. 2-year HbA1c <6.5% after PCI was an independent risk factor for MACEs in type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with ACS who underwent PCI (p < .001). Conclusions The findings indicated an increased risk of MACEs by strict glycemic control after PCI (2-year HbA1c < 6.5% after PCI) in type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with ACS who underwent PCI.

Anemia is a novel predictor for clinical ISR following PCI

BackgroundConflicting data were found regarding the anemia’s effect on percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) outcomes. We directed our study to investigate anemia’s effect on clinical in-stent restenosis (ISR) following PCI.ResultsA prospective multi-center cohort study was performed on 470 consecutive participants undergoing elective PCI. We classified the participants into two groups: group 1 who were anemic and group 2 who were non-anemic as a control group. At 1, 3, 6, and 12 months by clinic visits, we followed up with the patients to assess anemia’s clinical ISR effect. We found that 20% of the patients undergoing PCI had anemia. Anemic patients showed a statistically significant higher rate of impaired renal function and diabetes and a higher percentage of the female gender. Multivariate regression analysis for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) after adjusting for confounding factors revealed that anemia represents a more risk on MACE (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) was 4.13; 95% CI 2.35–7.94; p value < 0.001) and carries a higher risk upon clinical ISR (adjusted HR was 3.51; 95% CI 1.88–7.16; p value < 0.001) over 12 months of follow-up.ConclusionAnemic patients going through PCI are generally females, diabetics, and have renal impairment. Anemia might be considered another indicator for clinical ISR and is fundamentally associated with an increased MACE incidence.

Percutaneous Coronary Interventions in Patients Supported with Left Ventricular Assist Devices

<h3>Purpose</h3> More than half of patients with advanced heart failure (HF) requiring left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support have severe ischemic cardiomyopathy, yet the incidence, indications, and outcomes of coronary interventions in the LVAD population are unknown. The objective of this study was to describe outcomes of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in LVAD patients. <h3>Methods</h3> Using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample (HCUP-NIS), we identified LVAD patients who underwent diagnostic coronary angiography from 2015-2017. The index admission for LVAD implantation was excluded. Baseline characteristics and in-hospital outcomes of those who underwent PCI vs. diagnostic catheterization only were described. <h3>Results</h3> A total of 33,456 admissions for LVAD patients were identified. Coronary catheterization was performed in 3,830 admissions (11.5%) and 260 of these resulted in PCI (6.8%). Overall, patients were more commonly men (77.3%), white (62.3%), with a high burden of comorbidities based on Elixhauser index ≥3 (99.3%). Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (83%) was the most common indication for PCI; 35.6% were identified as a ST-elevation MI and 40% presented with or developed cardiogenic shock. Among patients undergoing PCI, the median length-of-stay was 6 days (IQR 4-10) and in-hospital mortality was 15.4%. Among patients undergoing diagnostic catheterization only, the median length-of-stay was 10 days (IQR 5-18) and in-hospital mortality was 4.3%. Other in-hospital outcomes are described in <b>Table 1</b>. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Although PCI procedures are uncommon in LVAD patients, they may be appropriately performed in severe AMI cases. PCI in LVAD patients is associated with significantly high in-hospital mortality. Further studies are warranted to better characterize the risk and outcomes of CAD progression in LVAD patients, as well as the utility of PCI in this complex population.

Abstract 16267: Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting versus Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients Presenting With Acute Coronary Syndrome With Culprit Unprotected Left Main Artery

Background: Outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) versus (vs) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) with unprotected left main (ULM) as culprit vessel are not well represented in major clinical trials. We performed a meta-analysis and meta-regression of studies that compared the outcomes of CABG vs PCI in ULM in ACS. Methods: Medline, EmCare, CINHAL, Cochrane database, and Google Scholar were searched for studies comparing CABG vs PCI in patients who presented with ACS and was found to have ULM as culprit vessel. Our primary outcome was mortality at longest follow up. Our secondary Outcome was repeat revascularization at longest follow up. We used PM method with HKSJ adjustment to estimate risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed using I 2 statistics. Multivariable meta-regression analysis was used to account for heterogeneity. History of smoking, diabetes, hypertension and previous PCI was used for multivariable regression. R version 3.6.2 was used for all statistical analysis. Results: A total of 8 studies met our inclusion criteria. The follow up period varied from 6 months to 10 years. There was no significant difference in the risk of mortality between CABG vs PCI; RR: 1.31, CI: 0.76 - 2.27, I 2 = 71%. However, the PCI as compared to CABG was associated with higher risk repeat revascularization at longest follow up; RR: 2.64, 95% CI: 1.56 to 4.46, I 2 = 60%. Meta-regression analysis reported previous PCI to be associated with lower mortality with CABG [P value =0.01], while history of diabetes was associated with higher mortality with CABG [P value &lt;0.001]. Conclusion: CABG vs PCI in ULM in ACS is associated with similar risk of mortality. Previous PCI and non-diabetics were associated with higher mortality with PCI as compared to CABG. However PCI as compared to CABG was associated with higher risk of repeat revascularizations.

Abstract 16231: Long-term Outcomes of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting versus Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With Non-st Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome

Background: Long term outcomes of culprit multi-vessel and left main patients who presented with Non-ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome (NSTE-ACS) and underwent either coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are not well defined. Randomized trials comparing the two modalities constituted mainly of patients with stable coronary artery disease (SCAD). We performed a meta-analysis of studies that compared the long term outcomes of CABG vs. PCI in NSTE-ACS. Methods: Medline, EmCare, CINAHL, Cochrane databases were queried for relevant articles. Studies that included patients with SCAD and ST-elevation myocardial infarction were excluded. Our primary outcome was major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 3-5 years, defined as a composite of all-cause mortality, stroke, re-infarction and repeat revascularization. The secondary outcome was re-infarction at 3 to 5 years. We used the Paule-Mandel method with Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman adjustment to estimate risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed using Higgin’s I 2 statistics. All statistical analysis was carried out using R version 3.6.2 Results: Four observational studies met our inclusion criteria with a total number of 6695 patients. At 3 to 5 years, the PCI group was associated with a higher risk of MACE as compared to CABG, (RR): 1.52, 95% CI: 1.28 to 1.81, I 2 =0% (PANEL A). The PCI group also had a higher risk of re-infarctions during the period of follow up, RR: 1.88, 95% CI 1.49 to 2.38, I 2 =0% (PANEL B). Conclusion: In this meta-analysis, CABG was associated with a lower risk of MACE and re-infarctions as compared to PCI during 3 to 5 years follow up period.

Abstract 16599: Impact of Race and Ethnicity on Long Term Outcomes Post Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Drug Eluting Stents

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, irrespective of race/ethnicity. Previous studies reported that minority patients with ACS have distinct clinical, genetic and socioeconomic backgrounds that may affect clinical outcomes. Hypothesis: To investigate post percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) outcomes according to race/ethnicity in a contemporary ACS population. Methods: We included consecutive patients undergoing drug-eluting stent implantation for STEMI, non-STEMI or unstable angina (UA) between 2012-2017. The study population was stratified into Caucasian, African American, Hispanic and Asian. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) defined as a composite of death, spontaneous myocardial infarction or stroke at 1 year. Results: Of the 6800 patients included, 3377 (49.7%) were Caucasian, 1408 (20.7%) Hispanic, 1156 (17.0%) Asian and 859 (12.6%) African American. Caucasians were the oldest, Hispanics and Asians had the highest prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and African Americans had more insulin dependent DM and chronic kidney disease. Hispanics and African Americans had the highest STEMI rate, while Asians were more likely to present with UA, have private insurance and be discharged on aspirin and clopidogrel. Compared to Caucasians, Asians had a lower rate of MACCE at 1 year (3.9% vs. 7.1%; p&lt;0.01) whereas Hispanics (6.2% vs. 7.1%; p-value=0.17) and African Americans (8.0% vs. 7.1%; p-value=0.38) had comparable outcomes. Differences were driven by fewer deaths in the Hispanic (2.1% vs. 4.2%; p&lt;0.01) and Asian (1.7% vs. 4.2%; p&lt;0.01) subgroups. Findings remained unchanged after adjusting for potential confounders [Figure]. Conclusions: Among patients undergoing PCI for ACS, Asian race is associated with favorable cardiovascular outcomes compared to Caucasian. No significant differences were observed for Hispanics and African Americans.

Abstract 15330: Association Between Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Appropriateness and Publicly Reported Outcomes

Introduction: Public reporting of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) outcomes such as readmission and mortality may cause harm by adversely affecting patient selection for PCI. Little is known about the relationship between these outcomes and elective PCI appropriateness - a validated metric of PCI quality. Methods: We identified all patients in the national Veterans Administration healthcare system who underwent elective PCI for stable coronary disease between 2013 and 2015. We defined PCI appropriateness using 2012 criteria. The primary outcome was 90-day all-cause hospitalization or mortality. We used hierarchical Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for patient- and facility-level covariates to compare outcomes across PCI appropriateness categories, and a joint survival/logistic model to compare facility-level variation in inappropriate PCI and 90-day outcomes. Results: Among 2,561 patients (mean age 66 years, 99% men) undergoing PCI across 59 sites, 29.6% were classified as appropriate, 10.4% as inappropriate, and 60% as uncertain. The proportion of patients who were readmitted or died were 15.6%, 16.4%, and 15.3% among patients who received appropriate, inappropriate, and uncertain PCI respectively. There were no significant differences in 90-day outcomes between the groups (hazard ratio for appropriate compared to inappropriate PCI 0.82 [CI 0.57 to 1.17; p=0.28]). The site level covariance between inappropriate PCI and 90-day outcomes was -0.033 (95% CI -0.117 to 0.047), indicating no site-level correlation between appropriateness and 90-day outcomes (Figure). Conclusion: We found no association between elective PCI appropriateness and 90-day outcomes among a national cohort of Veterans. Including appropriateness in public reports may 1) characterize PCI quality more fully and 2) potentially mitigate the harms of reporting outcomes by empowering providers to perform appropriate PCI in higher-risk patients.

Coronary artery bypass grafting versus percutaneous coronary intervention for left main disease in chronic kidney disease patients: a meta-analysis

Abstract Background Limited data exist on the optimal revascularization strategy for patients with left main coronary artery disease (LMCAD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). We conducted a meta-analysis to compare the outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) versus percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in this population. Methods Multiple electronic databases were queried for studies comparing CABG and PCI in CKD patients undergoing LMCAD (&amp;gt;50% diameter stenosis) revascularization. CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate of &amp;lt;60 ml/min/1.73 m2. The primary outcome was long-term major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), which was a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke and repeat revascularization. Secondary outcomes included all-cause mortality, MI, stroke and repeat revascularization. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. The analysis was performed using the DerSimonian and Laird random effect model. Results Six studies (4 observational, 2 randomized controlled trials) met inclusion criteria with a total of 2051 patients (CABG: 977, PCI: 1074). Patients undergoing CABG had a higher incidence of multi-vessel disease (74.7% vs 65.7%, p=0.01). At a mean follow-up of 3.4±1.1 years, MACCE was significantly lower in the CABG group (OR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.57–0.87; p=0.001) (Figure 1). The odds of MI or repeat revascularization were lower with CABG, whereas the odds of stroke were higher; no statistically-significant difference was seen in all-cause mortality. Conclusion This meta-analysis shows that CABG is associated with lower rates of MACCE and MI but with a higher rate of stroke compared to PCI in LMCAD patients with CKD. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

ACTION and NCDR risk models outperform GRACE for prediction of in-hospital mortality in acute coronary syndrome – a retrospective analysis from a German Heart Center

Abstract Background Risk prediction with the GRACE risk model is guideline-recommended clinical practice in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, more modern risk models such as ACTION (Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network) Registry–GWTG (Get With the Guidelines) and National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR) risk models are available. We aimed to compare these models to the established GRACE risk model in ACS. Methods and results In-hospital mortality was retrospectively assessed in 1,138 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization for Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI, 566 patients, 70.7% male) or ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI, 572 patients, 69.1% male) at a German University Hospital from 2014 to 2017. In-hospital mortality was 14.7% for STEMI and 3.7% for NSTEMI, respectively. GRACE, ACTION and NCDR risk models for prediction of in-hospital mortality were calculated for individual patients, 0.75% missing data were imputed. ACTION risk model showed a good discrimination of risk (c-index 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.83–0.87) with a slight numerical advantage in NSTEMI (c-index 0.92, 95% CI 0.86–0.98) over STEMI patients (c-index 0.83, 95% CI 0.79–0.88). The NCDR risk model showed comparable performance in the overall cohort (c-index 0.86, 95% CI 0.84–0.88; NCDR vs. ACTION p=0.4097), also with superior performance in NSTEMI (c-index 0.89, 95% CI 0.86–0.91) vs. STEMI (c-index 0.81, 95% CI 0.78–0.84). The GRACE risk model showed significantly worse performance in the overall cohort (c-index 0.76, 95% CI 0.74–0.79; vs ACTION p&amp;lt;0.0001; vs. NCDR p&amp;lt;0.0001) and in STEMI patients (c-index 0.72, 95% CI 0.69–0.76; vs ACTION p&amp;lt;0.0001; vs. NCDR p=0.0018). In NSTEMI patients, GRACE discrimination performance was comparable to NCDR (c-index 0.87, 95% CI 0.84–0.90, p=0.73), but still inferior to ACTION (p=0.04). The ACTION risk model showed a good calibration whereas NCDR and GRACE models lacked accuracy in our cohort. Conclusion In a contemporary German patient population with acute coronary syndrome, ACTION and NCDR risk models outperform the established GRACE risk model for prediction of in-hospital mortality. This performance difference was more pronounced in STEMI than in NSTEMI. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

Improving Outcomes for Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Guidelines for patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) include treatment with dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin and a P2Y12

Dual anti-platelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention in a population of patients with thrombocytopenia at baseline: a meta-analysis

BackgroundIn this meta-analysis, we aimed to systematically compare the post percutaneous coronary interventional (PCI) adverse bleeding events, stent thrombosis, stroke and other cardiovascular outcomes in a population of patients with and without thrombocytopenia at baseline who were followed up on dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT).MethodsRelevant English language articles which were published before June 2019 were retrieved from MEDLINE, http://www.ClinicalTrials.com, EMBASE, Cochrane central, and Google scholar briefly using specific terms such as percutaneous coronary intervention or dual antiplatelet therapy, and thrombocytopenia. All the participants were followed up on DAPT following discharge. Specific endpoints including bleeding events, stent thrombosis, stroke and other adverse cardiovascular events were assessed. The latest version of the RevMan software was used for the statistical assessment. Odd ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) based on a fixed or a random statistical model were used to represent the data graphically.ResultsA total number of 118,945 participants (from 8 studies) were included with 37,753 suffering from thrombocytopenia at baseline. Our results showed post procedural bleeding (OR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.16–3.07; P = 0.01), access site bleeding (OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.15–2.39; P = 0.006), intra-cranial bleeding (OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.30–2.43; P = 0.0003), gastro-intestinal bleeding (OR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.14–1.82; P = 0.002) and any major bleeding (OR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.42–1.97; P = 0.00001) to be significantly higher in thrombocytopenic patients treated with DAPT after PCI. Total stroke (OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.18–1.78; P = 0.0004) specifically hemorrhagic stroke (OR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.30–2.14; P = 0.0001) was also significantly higher in these patients with thrombocytopenia at baseline. All-cause mortality and major adverse cardiac events were also significantly higher. However, overall total stent thrombosis (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 0.90–1.55; P = 0.24) including definite and probable stent thrombosis were not significantly different compared to the control group.ConclusionsAccording to the results of this analysis, DAPT might have to be cautiously be used following PCI in a population of patients with thrombocytopenia at baseline due to the significantly higher bleeding rate including gastro-intestinal, intra-cranial bleeding and hemorrhagic stroke. Hence, special care might have to be taken when considering anti-platelet agents following PCI in these high risk patients. However, considering the present limitations of this analysis, this hypothesis will have to be confirmed in future trials.

P3737Predictors, feasibility and outcomes of coronary interventions up to 3 years after TAVI with a balloon-expandable valve. Results from a large European multicenter registry

Abstract Background/Introduction Coronary artery disease (CAD) and aortic stenosis often coexist. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is emerging as a favorable treatment for younger and lower surgical risk patients. The need for coronary angiography (CA) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) after TAVI will thus increase. Purpose We retrospectively evaluated the outcome of PCI performed after TAVI with the balloon-expandable SAPIEN 3 transcatheter heart valve in the SOURCE 3 European registry. Methods Cardiovascular (CV) mortality was computed at 3 years for patients with PCI and for those without. Univariate and Cox multivariate models were developed to assess the potential impact of PCI on CV mortality. Results Out of 1939 TAVI patients, 44 (2.3%) underwent PCI within 3 years after TAVI (mean interval from TAVI: 428±341 days). Patients with PCI were 80.9 years old and 63.6% were male. They had higher baseline logistic EuroSCORE (22.6% vs. 18.3%, p=0.007), higher rate of prior CAD diagnosis (72.7% vs. 51.0%, p=0.005), prior PCI (45.5% vs. 33.6%, p=0.108) and previous CABG (25.0% vs. 11.0%, p=0.013) than other patients of the cohort. Coronary access (ability to cannulate selectively the coronaries) was feasible in 100% of patients; PCI was successful in all but one case. The univariate model showed that CV mortality was slightly higher in patients undergoing PCI compared with those without PCI (Hazard Ratio: 1.86 [0.96–3.59], p=0.07); CV mortality rate was even lower with the multivariate model (HR: 1.39, p=0.52). Conclusions Interventions of CA and PCI after TAVI with a balloon-expandable valve was feasible and successful in all but one case in this large European registry. There was a trend towards a worse CV mortality at 3 years in patients needing PCI, which did not reach statistical significance likely because of the low incidence of PCI in our TAVI population. Acknowledgement/Funding The SOURCE 3 registry is sponsored by Edwards Lifesciences