Outcome Of Cooperation Research Articles

Holocaust in Lithuania: Annihilation of the Jewish Communities of Palanga and Darbėnai Rural Areas of Kretinga County in Summer and Autumn 1941

The article is dedicated to the annihilation of the Jewish communities of Palanga and Darbėnai rural areas of Kretinga County in summer and autumn 1941. The annihilation is considered to be the outcome of cooperation between the German military and civil administration, Tilsit operational squad and Lithuanian institutions (Lithuanian Security Police of Telšiai security district [Kretinga District], public police and subordinate auxiliary police). It has been established that 51 persons (public police officers and members of the auxiliary police squad) indirectly contributed to the genocide of Jews in Palanga rural area. Of these, 15 contributed directly, i.e. shot or otherwise executed victims. In Darbėnai rural area 33 persons (32 public police officers, members of the auxiliary police squad and one municipal official) indirectly contributed to the genocide of Jews. Of these, 13 contributed to the death of Jews directly, i.e. shot the victims. A total of 84 persons in these rural areas contributed indirectly to the genocide of Jews. Of these, 28 participated in the killings directly, i.e. shot the victims.

Human Skin Microbiota – Essentials for Beauty Studio Professionals

Abstract Skin, the largest organ in the human body, presents the largest possible area for colonization by microorganisms. The aspects of the interaction between microbiota and the host cannot be omitted during procedures in a beauty studio. Professional cosmetologists should consider their work’s impact on skin biodiversity and know the probable consequences. This review reviewed the current state of the art on skin microbiota with a focus on the connection between body area, microbiological biodiversity and the outcome of cooperation between the host and microorganisms. The role of the skin microbiota in maintaining the host’s homeostasis was also summarized.

How did the outcome of international cooperation in school-based management help schools respond to the COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal?

PurposeThis study aims to determine how school-based management (SBM) capacity developed through international cooperation functioned to overcome challenges during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Nepal.Design/methodology/approachThe research structure was designed based on the success case method. The researchers conducted a questionnaire survey of head teachers to understand schools’ responses during the COVID-19 pandemic period, identified likely success-case schools, held workshops at the likely success-case schools and conducted in-depth interviews with head teachers and school management committee (SMC) members to understand how SBM functioned and contributed to the success cases.FindingsStorytelling from the success-case schools provided reliable evidence that the localised approaches of SBM are effective for planning and implementing suitable responses at school. The reviews of the head teachers showed that both head teachers and teachers had strong leadership and understood the importance of collaboration with teachers, SMC members, Parent Teacher Association (PTA), guardians and students. Although the research could not show clear evidence of a causal relationship between their achievement and Japan’s project input, the success-case schools clearly benefited from the head teachers’ appropriate execution of SBM with their strong leadership as well as the collaborative efforts of the stakeholders.Originality/valueThe research tries to clarify the influence of the effects of SBM capacity development projects by analysing the changes of head teachers and teachers through the storytelling aspect of the success case method with in-depth consideration of actual school responses during the emergency period of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The effect of asymmetric interdependence on the outcomes of military cooperation in the Sahel

In this article, I make a case for studying the outcome of security cooperation between external and host forces through the lens of their relationship. This is because in order for such military cooperation to have a sustainable effect, the host needs to develop ownership and autonomy over its own security responses. This article sets out from the observation that there is an evident discrepancy between the stated intent and the actual outcome of the cooperation between the G5 Sahel Joint Force (G5S-JF) and external actors. Building on insights from peace-building and security force assistance (SFA) literature, I argue that the relationship between the G5S-JF and external actors is best characterised as one of asymmetric interdependence and that this asymmetric interdependence can explain why the G5S-JF never developed into an autonomous force with ownership over its security responses. The concept of asymmetric interdependence provides a new lens through which to research SFA and can potentially shed light on other relationships between international, regional, national and local actors more generally.

몽골과 러시아 간의 경제협력 현황과 주요 과제

Diplomatic between Mongolia and Russia has developed rapidly from “Good Neighbor Relations” in 1993 to “Comprehensive strategic partnership” in 2019 while overcoming the stagnation during the 1990s through active political exchanges. In order to strengthen strategic cooperation, they have actively promoted policy sharing, which could lead to economic viability. With shared policies and political support, the two countries could increase bilateral trade to $10 billion. Infrastructure, such as the railroad and road transmission networks linking the two countries, was also expected to improve. Mongolia expected to increase exports of key commodities such as meat and knitted fabrics. And Russia has several key fields that it considers important in order to maintain its influence on Mongolia including the transportation sector such as railways, fuel supply and distribution, energy industry such as electricity, and mining industry such as uranium. In recent high-level talks between the two countries, the main agenda is to strengthen economic cooperation in these areas, namely, cooperation between state-owned enterprises, promotion of large-scale projects, human resources training, and expansion of capital investment. In some cases, they have restricted investment by foreign companies or private entities in related businesses. However, bilateral trade between the two countries barely reached to 2 billion US$. It seems that a different approach is needed to visualize the results of large-scale development projects and lead to trade expansion. The purpose of this paper is to review the recent trade relationship between Mongolia and Russia and major policy projects under the premise that the outcome of economic cooperation between the two countries will be shown in trade and investment relations.

Conceptualizing Community-based Environmental Peacebuilding in Cesar, Colombia

In conflict studies, environmental peacebuilding (EPB) has become an established concept to explain how environmental cooperation among opposing parties provides a platform for peacebuilding. EPB literature has been shaped predominantly by political science perspectives, initially with a focus on interstate conflicts, and ecological dynamics have received little attention to date. Building on the Social-Ecological Systems Framework (SESF), we develop a framework for community-based EPB and test it in post-conflict settings in the department of Cesar, Colombia. We use a qualitative mixed-methods approach, with 26 semi-structured interviews, six focus group discussions, and a World Café session with 30 participants. Our findings show that in six cases communities self-organize to access, conserve, and defend water and land resources while striving to achieve recognition of their civic rights by state actors. A central outcome of cooperation within and among communities is the (re)construction of collective and territorial identities and increased social cohesion. However, community-based EPB does not contribute to improving relations between communities and the private sector or the state, thus failing to strengthen actor relationships that are essential for Colombian peacebuilding. Despite limitations of this exploratory analysis, our approach proves fruitful for integrating ecological aspects in the understanding of EPB. To further develop the EPB concept, future research should look to other disciplines to diversify the understanding of key terms like resource value, cooperation, and peace.

Cooperators Pay More Attention to the Outcome of Mutual Cooperation in the One-Shot Prisoner’s Dilemma Game: Empirical Evidence From an Eye-Tracking Study

Based on the dual-process theory, we hypothesized that cooperators in the one-shot prisoner’s dilemma game would exhibit intuitive decision-making. We also hypothesized that an experimental manipulation that may prevent intuitive cooperation (in this study, inverting the payoff matrix) would result in more protracted decision-making and thus lower cooperation rates. To examine these hypotheses, we designed an experiment using an eye-tracking device. In one condition, the outcome of mutual cooperation in the one-shot prisoner’s dilemma game was presented in the upper left-hand corner explaining the result of mutual cooperation first, as in many previous studies (control condition). To suppress the function of intuitive cooperation, we also set the inverted payoff matrix condition in which the positions of the outcomes of mutual cooperation and mutual non-cooperation in the payoff matrix were inverted, explaining the result of mutual non-cooperation first. Although our results did not show the expected differences between the two conditions, it was suggested that cooperators’ decision-making time was shorter in the control condition and that cooperators consistently paid more attention to the outcome of mutual cooperation regardless of the conditions. These results are discussed in relation to the intuitive cooperation model and the social exchange heuristic.

On big boss fuzzy interval games

This paper introduces and studies a class of cooperative fuzzy interval games suitable to model market situations with two corners where players face fuzzy interval uncertainty regarding the outcome of cooperation. We discuss how the model of cooperative fuzzy interval games extends the cooperative game theory literature, and studies its existing and potential applications in two corner market situations with fuzzy interval data.

كلمة العدد (الإنجليزي)

كلمة العدد (الإنجليزي)

Toward Unifying Evolutionary Ecology and Genomics to Understand Positive Plant-Plant Interactions Within Wild Species.

In a local environment, plant networks include interactions among individuals of different species and among genotypes of the same species. While interspecific interactions are recognized as main drivers of plant community patterns, intraspecific interactions have recently gained attention in explaining plant community dynamics. However, an overview of intraspecific genotype-by-genotype interaction patterns within wild plant species is still missing. From the literature, we identified 91 experiments that were mainly designed to investigate the presence of positive interactions based on two contrasting hypotheses. Kin selection theory predicts partisan help given to a genealogical relative. The rationale behind this hypothesis relies on kin/non-kin recognition, with the positive outcome of kin cooperation substantiating it. On the other hand, the elbow-room hypothesis supports intraspecific niche partitioning leading to positive outcome when genetically distant genotypes interact. Positive diversity-productivity relationship rationalizes this hypothesis, notably with the outcome of overyielding. We found that both these hypotheses have been highly supported in experimental studies despite their opposite predictions between the extent of genetic relatedness among neighbors and the level of positive interactions. Interestingly, we identified a highly significant effect of breeding system, with a high proportion of selfing species associated with the presence of kin cooperation. Nonetheless, we identified several shortcomings regardless of the species considered, such as the lack of a reliable estimate of genetic relatedness among genotypes and ecological characterization of the natural habitats from which genotypes were collected, thereby impeding the identification of selective drivers of positive interactions. We therefore propose a framework combining evolutionary ecology and genomics to establish the eco-genomic landscape of positive GxG interactions in wild plant species.

Complex Network Game Model Simulation of Arctic Sustainable Fishery Trade Cooperation under COVID-19

Under the background of COVID-19, the conditions and environment of international cooperation in Arctic sustainable fisheries have changed. Accurately predicting the impact of environmental changes on the evolution of Arctic fishery cooperation, identifying its key influencing elements, and formulating appropriate corresponding measures have practical value for the sustainable development of Arctic fisheries. Based on the collection of fisheries trade data in Arctic sustainable fisheries trade cooperation countries, this paper builds a trade cooperation network, identifies key influencing factors, establishes a network game model, and uses simulation methods to verify the variables. The results show that the reward value given by neighboring countries has a positive effect on such cooperation. The higher the reward value is, the more countries choose to cooperate. The cooperation cost has the opposite effect, the lower the cost, the more countries choose to cooperate. The impact of cost on cooperation is greater than the incentives. The game structure also affects the outcome of cooperation, and the number of countries participating in cooperation based on the Stag Hunt Model is the largest. The change of network structure will have an impact on cooperation, and the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced cooperation on Arctic sustainable fisheries trade cooperation in the short term.

Infrastructure Design for the People: Focus on the User – Exemplified by the Kienlesberg Bridge, Ulm

In the realm of bridge construction, outstanding results that convince both engineering specialists as well as the general public are mostly the outcome of intense cooperation between clients, structural engineers and often architects. Particularly in the field of densely populated areas such as inner cities, urban planners as well as future users must be involved in the decision-making process. Kienlesberg Bridge is a successful example of this, from competition to commissioning. The multi-award-winning bridge for trams, pedestrians and cyclists crosses a broad rail area of Deutsche Bahn (German railway) at Ulm's central railway station. After a competition announcement in 2011, the bridge was developed in close cooperation between architects and structural engineers and built parallel to an underlying Deutsche Bahn construction site leading to its inauguration in 2018. The competition design already referred directly to the urban development situation. The elegant wave form results naturally from the interplay between the alignment, the force flow and the severe limits on possible pillar positions due to the complex construction site. In addition to its crossing function, the bridge offers a high quality of user environment thanks to its materials, lighting and equipment concepts. This creates a new urban space in inhospitable surroundings.

Characteristics of MD Matriculation in American Universities

Characteristics of MD matriculation in American universities lie in cooperation between Association of American Medical Colleges and Medical Schools on campus. AAMC highlights its role in three aspects, arranging Medical College Admission Test, providing American Medical College Application Service, entrusting to conduct Criminal Background Check. Medical School takes its part by proclaiming premedical courses and identifying applicants with attributes essential for medical education. The outcome of cooperation is having satisfying matriculants. The essence underlying is the professionalism permeated in medicine profession.

Collaboration for the Future: The Summary of the Belarusian-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference “Designing the Future and the Horizons of Digital Reality”

The Belarusian-Russian scientific-practical conference “Designing the Future and the Horizons of Digital Reality” is an outcome of long-term cooperation between scientists of the Institute of Philosophy of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, M.V. Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, and the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The conference participants focused on the problems of digital transformation of social reality, the formation of a common scientific and technological space of the Union State of Russia and Belarus, the interdisciplinary synthesis of knowledge and the role of the theory of self-organization in these processes. The conference participants also raised the issues of modern management theory, artificial intelligence, strategies for ensuring global national security, new generation transport, and prospects for Eurasian integration.

The Urban Governance of Asylum as a “Battleground”: Policies of Exclusion and Efforts of Inclusion in Italian Towns

The article argues that the governance of immigration, especially at local level, can be considered a “battleground” involving diverse actors. Beyond the idea of a “negotiated order” as the result of the interaction among actors (mainly institutional) in the multilevel governance framework, the management of asylum at a local level is the outcome of conflict and cooperation, of alternative views and political actions, of official policies and practical help, of formal statements and informal practices. The practical governance of immigration and asylum is not only determined at an institutional level; it is also influenced by this mobilization on the part of civil society. In order to reconstruct the dynamics of this “battleground”, the article first analyses the different attitudes of Italian municipalities to asylum seekers, and in particular the mobilization of local governments against refugees’ reception. It then shows by contrast how civil society actors mobilize either in favour of the reception of refugees and immigrants with dubious legal status or against them. Thereafter, among civil society actors, it focuses in particular on “supporters” acting on behalf of asylum seekers in various ways, for moral, political or religious reasons, and on the issue of their political engagement.

Are third states pulling the strings? The impact of domestic policy change on EU-third state cooperation

ABSTRACT Since the launch of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) in 2004, scholars have extensively analysed whether the EU’s external governance strategy is effective. In this paper, we propose a change in perspective and argue that domestic policy change in third countries is not merely a possible outcome of the EU-third state cooperation, but also a condition for the design of cooperation between the EU and third states in the first place. ENP states with a track record of domestic policy reforms are more likely to agree on a comprehensive reform agenda with the EU than states with no prior domestic reform activities. This implies that third states are 'pulling the strings', since their willingness and capacity for reform is the crucial determinant of close cooperation with the EU. We probe our argument in the field of asylum policy across all 16 ENP states and proceed with a within-case analysis of asylum policy reform in Moldova.

Models and evidence of intersectoral cooperation in prevention and health promotion

Abstract Background Inter-sectoral coalitions are regarded as a key principle of health promotion. The study examines the questions of how these are defined, which scientific theories and models are available, and which methods and parameters are used for their evaluation. Methods The scoping review in three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, LIVIVO) included studies in English and German published in 1/2010 to 5/2018. The results were analyzed qualitatively. In addition, relevant websites and textbooks in the field of public health, health promotion and social work were subjected to a document analysis in an iterative procedure. Results The database searches yielded 186 hits, of which 48 publications were systematically examined. Document analysis revealed 128 materials. Six common terms on inter-sectoral cooperation (network, collaboration, partnership, coalition, cooperation, alliance) were identified. Uniform definitions and unambiguous distinctions do not exist. Overall, only a few of the identified inter-sectoral collaborations are theoretically based, nine publications present models. Only seven studies provide insights into the effectiveness of model/theory-based strategies, whereby these almost exclusively examine output parameters. In particular, there are parameters on structure and process (e.g. team functioning, coalition capacity). Qualitative success factors and barriers were identified (e.g. integration of different actors, development of new financial sources, formalization). Eight validated instruments are identified. Four studies also examine the outcome level and demonstrate intended effects on behavioral parameters. Conclusions For research and practice, it is necessary to sharpen the terminology of intersectoral cooperation. Existing models should be systematically used and evaluated. In the future, an evaluation of the outcome of inter-sectoral cooperation and long-term effects will be increasingly necessary. Key messages Inter-sectoral coalitions are an evolving field, and both their theoretical foundation and empirical testing are still in their infancy. While success factors are well investigated, evaluations at the outcomes level are particularly necessary.

Lithuania’s foreign policy in the public policy cycle: efficient evaluation is still missing

The Activity Report of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania for 2017 declares that Lithuania’s foreign policy is effective and claims that public opinion is the most important criteria for measuring its effectiveness. The article analyses Lithuania’s foreign public policy cycle, with the focus on its formation and evaluation peculiarities. It argues that the cycle of Lithuanian foreign public policy is stagnating since its evaluation stage lacks efficiency and misses critical evaluations. The lack of strategic documents does not allow defining core foreign policy goals and in this matter to evaluate their achievement. The ambiguous goals in lower level documents prevent critical evaluation because of political interests. Lithuanian foreign policy is the outcome of close cooperation between President’s Office and Ministry of Foreign Affairs which limits criticism between institutions. The Seimas provides greater criticism only when initiative is showed by the opposition. Foreign policy remains the sphere of responsibility of the political elite which has broad consensus and has differences in their views on a tactical level. Media and experts, for the most part, avoid critical evaluations of foreign policy as they want to remain in the dominating discourse and keep close contacts with state institutions. The current evaluation environment and tools are not sufficient to make changes at the agenda-setting stage of foreign policy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.18.1.23125

Content and Statistical Analysis of Papers in Contemporary Arabic Literary Criticism Biannual Journal Published by Yazd University

The present inquiry attempts to provide a content and statistical examination of papers in the journal of Contemporary ArabicLiterary Criticism published by Yazd University. This biannual journal is a credible publication in the area of Arabic language and literature in Iran. In this study, the number of authors, their qualifications, the extent of co-authorship among them, active facilities and institutions contributing to journals, etc. are examined. The results of the study show that there are 70 papers published in 10 issues of this journal; consequently, the journal has adhered to its publishing order. Statistics regarding the authors demonstrated that there are eight and 62 papers written individually and by group partnership respectively, which is also considered as one of the strengths of this journal. Furthermore, 44 of the articles were the outcome of within-university cooperation of the authors, while 18 papers were the outcome of the cooperation of members of different universities; the journal must strive to further improve such partnerships. Having authored four papers, Faramarz Mirzaei and Ali Salimi have produced the highest number of articles. There are also 12 papers written through partnership with the editorial board, with an acceptable average of 7.59%. The main subject of almost half the papers includes fiction literature and poetry analysis. It would be more appropriated if various issues of the journal are edited based on a particular subject. Overall, there are 1657 references used, with an average number of 23.6 references per paper, which is acceptable. However, most of these references are books, while it would be better to use more up-to-date references such as papers, dissertations, etc. Also, the mean age of 55.76% of references is over 14 years.

Moran-evolution of cooperation: From well-mixed to heterogeneous complex networks

Configurational arrangement of network architecture and interaction character of individuals are two most influential factors on the mechanisms underlying the evolutionary outcome of cooperation, which is explained by the well-established framework of evolutionary game theory. In the current study, not only qualitatively but also quantitatively, we measure Moran-evolution of cooperation to support an analytical agreement based on the consequences of the replicator equation in a finite population. The validity of the measurement has been double-checked in the well-mixed network by the Langevin stochastic differential equation and the Gillespie-algorithmic version of Moran-evolution, while in a structured network, the measurement of accuracy is verified by the standard numerical simulation. Considering the Birth–Death and Death–Birth updating rules through diffusion of individuals, the investigation is carried out in the wide range of game environments those relate to the various social dilemmas where we are able to draw a new rigorous mathematical track to tackle the heterogeneity of complex networks. The set of modified criteria reveals the exact fact about the emergence and maintenance of cooperation in the structured population. We find that in general, nature promotes the environment of coexistent traits.