Outbreak Of Novel Coronavirus Research Articles

Research on the Personal Income Tax of Chinese Network Anchors

With the progress of Internet technology in China, with the outbreak of novel coronavirus at the end of 2019, the development of offline industry is sluggish, but the development of webcast industry is more rapid. At the same time, there are many hidden problems behind the rapid development. From 2021 to 2022, multiple malicious incidents of online anchors evading taxes were exposed, involving a huge amount of money and attracting widespread attention nationwide. Our country's financial revenue has also caused great losses in the cases of tax evasion and evasion by these online anchors. In addition to the quality of anchors, it also reflects that China's development in personal income tax supervision has not caught up with the development of the anchor industry in a timely manner. Currently, the tax authorities attach great importance to this issue and have successively introduced some regulations on tax related matters in the online live streaming industry. However, China's laws and regulations related to personal income tax are not sufficient to meet the requirements of tax supervision. The state maintains social stability, improves infrastructure, and provides complete social security. As public figures, internet anchors, based on their own influence, cannot shirk their corresponding social responsibilities. They should bear the obligation of positive publicity and guidance to the public, and the most basic step is to pay taxes in accordance with the law. The online live streaming industry is not an impossible place, but a place full of enthusiasm and a sense of responsibility to achieve self-worth.

Mucormycosis and Its Upsurge During COVID-19 Epidemic: An Updated Review.

Although mucormycosis may have reached an epidemic situation during theCOVID-19 pandemic, the term was much more familiar even before the COVID-19 period. The year 2020 showed an outbreak of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) which affected millions of people all over the world. One of the noticeable complications observed to be associated with this disease is mucormycosis. It is an opportunistic infection caused by members of the Order Mucorales existing worldwide and has beencommonly reported as a laboratory contaminant for a long time. However, nowadays due to the changes in the host environment, they have been emerging as potent opportunistic pathogens responsible for causing primary infections or coinfections with other diseases eventually resulting in morbidity and even mortality in severe cases. Although immunocompromised patients are more susceptible to this infection, few cases have been reported in immunocompetent individuals. Various risk factors which are responsible for the acquisition of mucormycosis include diabetes mellitus type 2, ketoacidosis, hematological malignancies, organ transplants, and chemotherapy recipients. Among the various etiological agents, Rhizopus is found to be the most common, and rhino-cerebral to be the most frequent clinical presentation. As far as pathogenesis is concerned, host cell invasion, thrombosis, and necrosis are the main events in the progression of this disease. The aim of the present review is to address a complete spectrum of mucormycosis and COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) in a single article. Both global and Indian scenarios of mucormycosis are taken into account while framing this review.

Impact on Stock Market across Covid-19 Outbreak

Abstract: This paper analysis the impact of pandemic over the global stock exchange. The stock listing values are determined by variety of factors including the seasonal changes, catastrophic calamities, pandemic, fiscal year change and many more. This paper significantly provides analysis on the variation of listing price over the world-wide outbreak of novel corona virus. The key reason to imply upon this outbreak was to provide notion on underlying regulation of stock exchanges. Daily closing prices of the stock indices from January 2017 to January 2022 has been utilized for the analysis. The predominant feature of the research is to analyse the fact that does global economy downfall impacts the financial stock exchange.

Optimal interventions of infectious disease

AbstractThe recent outbreak of novel coronavirus has highlighted the need for a benefit‐cost framework to guide unconventional public health interventions aimed at reducing close contact between infected and susceptible individuals. In this paper, we propose an optimal control problem for an infectious disease model, wherein the social planner can control the transmission rate by implementing or lifting lockdown measures. The objective is to minimize total costs, which comprise infection costs, as well as fixed and variable costs associated with lockdown measures. We establish conditions concerning model primitives that guarantee the existence of a straightforward optimal policy. The policy specifies two switching points , whereby the social planner institutes a lockdown when the percentage of infected individuals exceeds , and reopens the economy when the percentage of infected individuals drops below . We subsequently extend the model to cases where the social planner may implement multiple lockdown levels. Finally, numerical studies are conducted to gain additional insights into the value of these controls.

Identification of RdRp inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 through E-pharmacophore-based virtual screening, molecular docking and MD simulations approaches

The outbreak of novel Coronavirus, an enduring pandemic declared by WHO, has consequences to an alarming ongoing public health menace which has already claimed several million human lives. In addition to numerous vaccinations and medications for mild to moderate COVID-19 infection, lack of promising medication or therapeutic pharmaceuticals remains a serious concern to counter the ongoing coronavirus infections and to hinder its dreadful spread. Global health emergencies have called for urgency for potential drug discovery and time is the biggest constraint apart from the financial and human resources required for the high throughput drug screening. However, computational screening or in-silico approaches appeared to be an effective and faster approach to discover potential molecules without sacrificing the model animals. Accumulated shreds of evidence on computational studies against viral diseases have revealed significance of in-silico drug discovery approaches especially in the time of urgency. The central role of RdRp in SARS-CoV-2 replication makes it promising drug target to curtain on going infection and its spread. The present study aimed to employ E-pharmacophore-based virtual screening to reveal potent inhibitors of RdRp as potential leads to block the viral replication. An energy-optimised pharmacophore model was generated to screen the Enamine REAL DataBase (RDB). Then, ADME/T profiles were determined to validate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties of the hit compounds. Moreover, High Throughput Virtual Screening (HTVS) and molecular docking (SP & XP) were employed to screen the top hits from pharmacophore-based virtual screening and ADME/T screen. The binding free energies of the top hits were calculated by conducting MM-GBSA analysis followed by MD simulations to determine the stability of molecular interactions between top hits and RdRp protein. These virtual investigations revealed six compounds having binding free energies of −57.498, −45.776, −46.248, −35.67, −25.15 and −24.90 kcal/mol respectively as calculated by the MM-GBSA method. The MD simulation studies confirmed the stability of protein ligand complexes, hence, indicating as potent RdRp inhibitors and are promising candidate drugs to be further validated and translated into clinics in future.

A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practice regarding prevention of Covid-19 Infection among parents of 10 Years Children attending the selected OPD and Immunization Clinic of AIIMS Raipur

Background: Corona viruses are large group of viruses that causes illness in human and animals. The outbreak of novel corona virus (COVID -19) was initially noticed in a seafood market in Wuhan city in Hubei province of China in mid-December, 2019. Novel Corona virus spreading globally at very fast rate each and every individual is at risk. No treatments clinically proven to be effective yet. A global coordinated effort is needed to stop the further spread of the virus so assess the knowledge and practice regarding prevention of COVID infection among parents of under 10 years children. Method: A descriptive research design was employed among parents of children of under 10 years who are attending the selected OPDs and immunization clinic of AIIMS Raipur. The size of the sample was 263. Non probability purposive sampling technique is used. The data collection tools are socio demographic proforma, knowledge questionnaire and checklist which is validated by experts. The data is collected through online mode via goggle form. Data analysis is done by descriptive and inferential statistics. Information regarding the clinical signs of the disease, modes of transmission, protection measures against COVID-19 and satisfaction with governmental measures was collected. Results: The analysis of data regarding the objective of the research findings reveals that out of 263 parents, 213(80.98%) were have adequate knowledge, 33(12.54%) have moderately adequate knowledge and 16(6.08%) have inadequate knowledge and out of 263 parents, 193(50.57%) parents are following good practice measures, (41.82%) are following moderately good practice and 20(7.60%) are following poor practice measures regarding prevention of COVID infection. There is significant association between knowledge and practice with selected demographic variables. Conclusions: In summary, we believe that the findings reported here are important for understanding the clinical characteristics and vertical transmission potential of COVID‐19 infection in children, from the perspective of parents. The knowledge of parents about COVID‐19 in children was considered good in the case of most parents. This knowledge and practice helps with creating educational programs to increase awareness for areas that have weakness.

Analyzing the Impact of COVID-19 on China’s International Image

At the end of 2019 the first outbreak of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infections occurred in Wuhan, prompting the China government to take up lockdown measures to stop the outbreak from spreading. This showed that the country’s pursuit of administrative efficiency against the epidemic came at the expense of the universal values of freedom, democracy, and human rights. Moreover, the central government’s slow response to the initial outbreak of COVID-19 and its concealment led to it quickly spreading around the world. For this reason, U.S. President Trump’s administration frequently used the term “Chinese virus” in place of its proper terminology.Although China has been actively building up its image as a “great nation that has succeeded in fighting epidemics” through its “Global Foreign Propaganda” campaign and diplomatic actions, it has still been criticized by European countries, the United States, and other countries at international conferences. The United States and other countries formally blamed China for COVID-19 and asked for compensation, and even anti-Chinese sentiments in the international community have arisen. Although China has employed its “Global Foreign Propaganda” campaign and various diplomatic actions to refurbish and build up a heroic image of fighting against the epidemic, the international community still questions the integrity of its government and its political propaganda purposes.

Application of immunosuppressive agents in crtical coronavirus disease

The outbreak of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection has brought great harm to people's life and social development. Although SARS-CoV-2 infection is more common in mild patients at present, considering the characteristics of crtical disease, rapid progress and high mortality, the treatment of critical patients are the focus of clinical attention. Immune imbalance which is characterized by cytokine storm plays a vital role in SARS-CoV-2 induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), extrapulmonary multiple organ failure and even death. Therefore, the application of immunosuppressive agent in crtical coronavirus disease patients has a promising prospect. In this paper, different immunosuppressive agents and their application in crtical SARS-CoV-2 infection are reviewed, so as to provide reference for crtical coronavirus disease therapy.

In Silico Screening 2019-Coronavirus Inhibitors by SARS Template-Based Molecular Docking on ANTI-HIV Drugs

Proteases or proteolytic enzymes are effective targets for developing antiviral drugs. The chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease (3CLpro), known as the main protease (Mpro) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) plays an essential role in the proteolytic processing of viruses, and it is an effective target for anti-SARS drug development. An outbreak of novel coronavirus, named 2019-nCoV that occurred in Wuhan, China, has been identified as the cause of the disease and spread rapidly in multiple countries. There are no drugs approved to be an effective treatment for the 2019-nCoV yet. The result of sequence alignment revealed that the 2019-nCov Mpro shows 96% similarity with that of SARS-CoV 3CLpro (SARS Mpro). This is a potential discovery for developing 2019-nCov inhibitors. In order to find more potential inhibitors of the 2019-nCov Mpro protein, we selected SARS-CoV 3CLpro (PDB ID: 2GTB) as a template to perform molecular docking on 10 approved anti-HIV drugs. The docking results revealed that the SARS Mpro gave the highest binding affinity for saquinavir with a binding energy of -29.21 kcal/mol. Anti-HIV drugs darunavir (-23.43 kcal/mol), indinavir (-22.87 kcal/mol), and nelfinavir (-21.54 kcal/mol) also showed good binding modes with the active sites of protein, indicating that they may have the potential to be used as anti-COVID-19 clinical drugs. The observations would contribute more drug candidates that could interact with key residues of 2019-nCov Mpro similarly to the existing inhibitors against SARS-CoV 3CLpro.

Covid-19 waste facemask conundrum: A facile way of utilization through fabricating composite material with unsaturated polyester resin and evaluation of its mechanical properties

Since the outbreak of novel coronavirus (COVID-19), the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) has increased profusely. Among all the PPEs, face masks are the most picked ones by the mass people for protective purpose. This spawned extensive daily use of face masks and production of masks had to augment to keep up this booming demand. Such extensive use of face masks has resulted in a huge waste generation. Lack of proper disposal, waste management and waste recycling have already led this waste to pervade in the environment. In quest of finding a solution, here in this research, a composite material was fabricated utilizing waste face mask (WFM) with unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) and the mechanical properties were evaluated. The composites were fabricated by incorporating 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% WFM (by weight) within the UPR matrix in the shredded form following hand lay-up technique. Tensile properties, i.e., tensile strength (TS), tensile modulus (TM) and percentage elongation at break (% EB) as well as flexural properties, i.e., bending strength (BS) and bending modulus (BM) were evaluated for the fabricated composites. According to the results obtained, the 2% WFM loaded composites showed highest values of TS, TM, BS and BM which are 31.61 N/mm2, 1551.41 N/mm2, 66.53 N/mm2 and 4632.71 N/mm2 respectively. These values of 2% WFM loaded composite are 69.58%, 107.78%, 129.49% and 152% higher than the values of the control sample (UPR). Such results depict the successfulness of WFM's incorporation as a reinforcing material in the composite materials. Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water uptake and thickness swelling tests were also carried out for the fabricated composites. FTIR of the collected WFM revealed the fiber to be of polypropylene and the existing functional groups were also identified. The SEM images confirmed the proper adhesion of WFM and UPR in terms of mechanical bonding rather than chemical bonding. Water absorption and dimension change was investigated by water uptake and thickness swelling test. To sum up, the way we have utilized WFM as a reinforcing agent in a composite material, this could be a possible solution for the face mask's waste conundrum.

The Challenges of Caregivers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders Comorbidity during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Serbia.

Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) experience significantly higher prevalence of other mental disorders, which amplifies their need for overall support. The outbreak of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) resulted in restrictions and limited access to different services with great challenge for families and children with ASD. We used an electronic SurveyMonkey questionnaire to examine the experiences of 114 caregivers of children with ASD. We compared: (a) level of support by the child's school, changes in child behavior, and priority needs for families of ASD and ASD with comorbidities (ASD+) children, during pandemic, and (b) developmental history and diagnosis for ASD and ASD+ children before the pandemic. Our research shows significant behavioral difficulties in the population with ASD and ASD+ that arose in the field of altered living conditions and overall functioning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Statistically significant results comparing ASD to ASD+ children we found in area of getting additional help and support before the outbreak of the pandemic (47.1% vs 16.0%, p=0.002), as well as in worsening of sleep problems, statistically significant more common in children with ASD+ (ASD+ 47.7% vs. ASD 25.7%, p=0.046). Our findings can contribute to the faster development and implementation of protocols for dealing with situations such as pandemics, related to the vulnerable population of children with ASD and their caregivers.

Postmortem Lung Biopsy in a Sample of COVID-19 Patients in Iraq

Background: The entire world was affected by the outbreak of novel coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which influenced daily life worldwide and affected the medical, social, and economic prospects of all nations. This virus occurs clinically in four variants: asymptomatic; mild upper respiratory tract infection (URTI); anosmia and/ or ageusia as the only symptoms; and severe systemic disease, such as bilateral interstitial pneumonia. Approximately 20% of the population develops the severe course associated with cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Those who develop lung injury and dyspnea have higher mortality. An autopsy can reveal the pathogenesis and determine the cause of death. Objectives: To understand the pathophysiological changes in lung tissue in COVID-19-affected individuals. Patients and Methods: This is a case series of post-mortem lung histopathology examinations of deceased COVID-19-positive patients. Samples were collected from postmortem models acquired from six diseased individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain (PCR) reaction and subsequently passed away in the tertiary hospital between July and September 2020 because of COVID-19. Their slides and paraffin-embedded blocks of lung biopsies, as well as their reports, were collected and sent to two pathologists for further evaluation of COVID-19-related changes in the lungs. Results: Only two of the six patients confirmed features of diffuse alveolar injury with hyaline layer and fibrin thrombi in pulmonary arteries, small vessel congestion, and pulmonary infarction. Two patients demonstrated diffuse alveolar fibrosis (organizing pneumonia), severe inflammation, and foci of squamous metaplasia, in addition to the deposition of carbon particles. One case had diffuse pulmonary fibrosis with pulmonary artery thrombosis without an inflammatory background. In another case, there were atypical large cells, ischemic necrosis, and severe inflammation with macrophages and pneumocyte hyperplasia inside the alveoli. Conclusion: the thromboembolic events suggest a role for COVID-19-induced coagulopathy. Molecular mechanisms and clinical features of COVID -19 should be studied. Atypical alterations need to be investigated to confirm their relation to COVID-19 infection.

The impact on education of university students in COVID-19 pandemic period: A factor analysis

The educational sector of Bangladesh is severely affected due to the sudden outbreak of novel Corona virus (COVID-19). Bangladesh which is one of the densely populated countries has a significant improvement in the education sector along with the others in last some decades but this pandemic has played a serious setback to almost all the sectors of this small country. As all the educational institutes of Bangladesh are closed since 17th March 2020 till 30th June 14, 2021 and this may lead to many detrimental effects. To measure these, a survey was conducted and collected data was analyzed by SPSS Statistics v 25.0. This paper highlighted the mental stress, socio-economic crisis of the students that badly affected their education. It is observed in this study that around 80% of the students are going through mental stress particularly for internet facilities and financial crisis in pandemic period.

Perception Of Adverse Reactions after COVID-19 Vaccine Receipt among High School Students in Klongsamwa District in Bangkok

Background: Thailand is currently in the midst of a spike of new infections. Guidance from WHO Thailand regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) that was first reported from Wuhan, China.The spread of COVID-19 has caused many deaths. We can prevent COVID-19 infection by vaccination because vaccination will help alleviate the symptoms of the disease. Side effects of getting vaccinations are tiredness,headache,muscle pain,chills,fever and nausea. Objective:To assess adverse effects of vaccination among high school students in Bangkok Study Methods: The study was conducted during february-april 2021. A total of 160 students participated. COVID-19 related knowledge, stress Level after COVID-19 vaccine receiptand and perception of adverse effects after receipt of COVID-19 vaccination were assessed. Differences between outcomes and sociodemographics were analysed through independent t-test and the ANOVA. For perception of adverse effects after receipt of COVID-19 vaccination were analysed by a generalised linear model. Result: From the respondents 160 people it was found the respondents have knowledge about the COVID-19 was at a moderate (M=7.71, SD=1.70), Stress Level after COVID-19 Vaccine receipt was at a low level (M=5.69 , SD=2.45) and Perception of adverse effects after receipt of COVID-19 vaccination was a low level (M=10.74 , SD=3.24). There were positive correlation between Stress Level after COVID-19 Vaccine receipt and Perception of adverse effects after receipt of COVID-19 vaccination (r=0.665) and a negative correlation between Vaccine related knowledge and Perception of adverse effects after receipt of COVID-19 vaccination (r=-0.228). Predictive factors of Perception of adverse effects after receipt of COVID-19 vaccination were gender (Bate=.157, p<0.01) and Stress Level after COVID-19 Vaccine receipt (Bate=.662, p<0.01). Conclusion: COVID-19 related participants knowledge about the COVID-19 was at a moderate level , participants stress level after COVID-19 vaccine was at a low level and participants perception of adverse effects after receipt of COVID-19 vaccination was low. There were positive correlation between Stress Level after COVID-19 Vaccine receipt and Perception of adverse effects after receipt of COVID-19 vaccination (r=0.665) and a negative correlation between Vaccine related knowledge and Perception of adverse effects after receipt of COVID-19 vaccination (r=-0.228). Predictive factors of Perception of adverse effects after receipt of COVID-19 vaccination were gender (Bate=.157, p<0.01) and Stress Level after COVID-19 Vaccine receipt (Bate=.662, p<0.01). level. From the results, it is recommended that more information about COVID-19 should be spread in the news and respondents should study about this epidemic for their own benefit.

Phytochemicals of Cocculus hirsutus deciphered SARS-CoV-2 inhibition by targeting main proteases in molecular docking, simulation, and pharmacological analyses

The COVID-19 pandemic is spreading rapidly due to the outbreak of novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 across the globe. Anti-COVID-19 drugs are urgently required in this situation. In this regard, the discovery of promising new anti-COVID-19 moieties is expected from traditional medicine. The study is aimed to discover phytochemicals of Cocculus hirsutus having anti-COVID-19 activity via inhibiting main proteases of SARS-CoV-2. Main proteases (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 serve as a protuberant target for anti-COVID-19 drug discovery because it is a key enzyme of coronaviruses and has a pivotal role in mediating viral replication and transcription that makes it an attractive drug target. Recent studies indicated the utility of C. hirsutus in the treatment of viral disorders like Dengue. Phytochemicals from C. hirsutus were docked against SARS-CoV-2 main proteases (6LU7, 5R7Y, 5R7Z, 5R80, 5R81, 5R82) using the PyRx virtual screen tool and discovery studio visualizer. Further, molecular dynamics simulations were performed (for 100 ns) to see conformational stability for all complexes. Pharmacokinetic properties and drug-likeness prediction of selected C. hirsutus phytoconstituents were also performed. Betulin, coclaurine, and quinic acid of C. hirsutus were found promising with significant binding affinity to SARS-CoV-2 Mpro in comparison to control. They have shown stable interactions with the amino acid residues present on the active site of most of the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and were found as promising anti-COVID-19 candidates. These compounds could be potential leads for the development of target-specific anti-COVID-19 therapeutics while ethnomedicinal uses of this herb could further needed for its detailed antiviral therapeutic exploration. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Immunomodulation in COVID-19: A Review of Literature

The outbreak of novel corona virus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019 in Wuhan, China caused a worldwide pandemic. Both symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers were responsible for the transmission of the diseases. Many studies showed high infectivity of the virus. It is therefore urgent to control the transmission of the virus and treat patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus. Many evidences have suggested that involvement of human hyperactivation and severe acute respiratory syndrome plays an important role in pathogenesis of critically ill patients with COVID-19. Therefore, repurposing of approved drugs has been used to tackle COVID-19 as the pharmacokinetic and safety profile of these drugs are known. Several immunomodulatory drugs such as disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD) have been proposed as potential therapies for treatment of COVID-19. In this Review we discuss human immune response to virus, pathogenesis of COVID-19 and potential drugs for COVID-19.

Impact of covid-19 on mediocre life-style and their psychology (Special emphasis on middle-class indian households)

India being the second most populated nation, observed the chronic outbreak of Novel Coronavirus as an instrumental factor for bringing about a major shift in the conduct of routine work and regular course of common life during the tragic year of 2020. The virus has given severe jolts to the economy, its distinct classes as well as its citizens alike, projecting far reaching effects across the country and disrupting the ordinary flow of the vital world. With special reference to the middle- class households in India, the purpose of this study is to highlight the impact of COVID-19 on the various facets of mediocre lifestyle including law and order, family and festivals, income and expenditure, mental and physical health, community welfare and social work, creativity and culture, citizen compliance and environmental concern etc. This research intends to provide a useful insight on how the virus is affecting the perspective of mediocre men under the exceptional circumstances of Pandemic and what are the surfacing pros and cons ascribed to the preventive measures like lock- down, quarantine and social distancing.

Analysis on the Causes of Italian Economic Recession after the 1990s

Italy is the world's tenth largest economies, one of the four big economies in Europe, but since there are many problems of its economic development, Italy had been mires in three recessions since 2008. In recent years, development situation is not optimistic because of the hit of COVID-19 pandemic; expect that, the influence of European debt crisis also made the Italian economy could not return to the past economic level. Being faced with the pressure of epidemicpreventionandcontrolas well as the recession risks, containing a recession seems extremely difficult for Italy. This article will start from the chronic illness of Italy's economic development, combined with the Italian economy development history after the Second World War and investigate the key causes of the Italian economic downturn. Italy used to be the birthplace of the Roman Empire, with a remarkable history and glorious culture;it also had its own moment of glory in the modern economic history. In the 1950 s until the end of the 1960 s, it witnessed a lasted 20 years of rapid economic growth, which is called "economic miracle" of Italy. Nowadays, this prosperity period is long gone, and Italy even be seen as Europe's "white elephant".Fierce outbreak of novel corona virus since 2020, Italian domestic epidemic is raging. And the increasingly rigorous anti-epidemic measures not only made the local people "flee at the news", but also act as a daunting prospect try for the investors, then cause a full-blown attack on the weak Italian economy. Since 2000, there is an almost zero growth in Italian economy, and falls into the predicament of the recession after 2008. Therefore, with the spread of the epidemic, now Italy's economic risk has been close to the edge of the cliff.

Image enhancement techniques on deep learning approaches for automated diagnosis of COVID-19 features using CXR images.

The outbreak of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) disease has infected more than 135.6 million people globally. For its early diagnosis, researchers consider chest X-ray examinations as a standard screening technique in addition to RT-PCR test. Majority of research work till date focused only on application of deep learning approaches that is relevant but lacking in better pre-processing of CXR images. Towards this direction, this study aims to explore cumulative effects of image denoising and enhancement approaches on the performance of deep learning approaches. Regarding pre-processing, suitable methods for X-ray images, Histogram equalization, CLAHE and gamma correction have been tested individually and along with adaptive median filter, median filter, total variation filter and gaussian denoising filters. Proposed study compared eleven combinations in exploration of most coherent approach in greedy manner. For more robust analysis, we compared ten CNN architectures for performance evaluation with and without enhancement approaches. These models are InceptionV3, InceptionResNetV2, MobileNet, MobileNetV2, Vgg19, NASNetMobile, ResNet101, DenseNet121, DenseNet169, DenseNet201. These models are trained in 4-way (COVID-19 pneumonia vs Viral vs Bacterial pneumonia vs Normal) and 3-way classification scenario (COVID-19 vs Pneumonia vs Normal) on two benchmark datasets. The proposed methodology determines with TVF + Gamma, models achieve higher classification accuracy and sensitivity. In 4-way classification MobileNet with TVF + Gamma achieves top accuracy of 93.25% with 1.91% improvement in accuracy score, COVID-19 sensitivity of 98.72% and F1-score of 92.14%. In 3-way classification our DenseNet201 with TVF + Gamma gains accuracy of 91.10% with improvement of 1.47%, COVID-19 sensitivity of 100% and F1-score of 91.09%. Proposed study concludes that deep learning modes with gamma correction and TVF + Gamma has superior performance compared to state-of-the-art models. This not only minimizes overlapping between COVID-19 and virus pneumonia but advantageous in time required to converge best possible results.

Conductive Silver/Carbon Fiber Films for Rapid Detection of Human Coronavirus.

Polymerase chain reaction has gained attention since the outbreak of novel coronavirus in 2019. Due to its high specificity and capability for early detection, it is considered a standard method for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. However, the conventional thermocyclers used for nucleic acid amplification are not suitable for point-of-care testing applications, as they require expensive instruments, high-power consumption, and a long turnaround time. To suppress the widespread of the pandemic, there is an urgent need for the development of a rapid, inexpensive, and portable thermal cycler. Therefore, in this paper, we present a conductive silver/carbon fiber film-based thermal cycler with low power consumption (<5 W), efficient heating (~4.5 °C/s), low cost (<USD 200), and handheld size (11.5 × 7.1 × 7.5 mm). The conductive film, which was used as a heating source of the thermal cycler, was fabricated by the electrochemical deposition method. The successful coating of Ag was characterized by a scanning electron microscope and confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The film showed excellent electrical/thermal conductivity and durability. Using our thermal cycler, 35 cycles of amplification were accomplished within 10 min. We also successfully demonstrated the multiplexed detection of various human coronaviruses (e.g., OC43, 229E, and NL63) using our thermal cycler.