Outbreak Of Bacillary Dysentery Research Articles

Comparison and Analysis of Incidence Rate of Bacillary Dysentery in Selected Countries

Bacillary dysentery is a waterborne and foodborne disease, which results in substantial morbidity all over the world. However, the changes in morbidity over time and the cause of bacillary dysentery varies in countries with different level of development. The study aims to compare the characteristics and changes of bacillary dysentery incidence and proper interventions in selected countries. From 2010 to 2019, the morbidity and mortality of it in underdeveloped countries are higher, indicating that the disease burden of bacillary dysentery in a specific country is associated with the level of development. The species of Shigella also show a difference. The outbreaks of bacillary dysentery in under-developed and developing countries are mainly caused by S.flexneri, while S.sonnei account for most infections in developed countries. The risk factors in underdeveloped countries are uneven health conditions and funding, inadequate health education, and poor hygiene and sanitation. As for developing countries, the risk factors are related to regional economic conditions, meteorological conditions, health conditions, and living habits. However, for developed countries, the emerging drug resistance of the pathogenic Shigella and the transmission between the men sex with men (MSM). Individual, household and government should be carried out with cooperation in countries with varying levels of development to reduce the burden of bacillary dysentery. The pathogen of bacillary dysentery has advanced quickly in recent years, bringing much disease burden globally. All nations must address the socioeconomic causes of bacillary dysentery. Scientific interventions need to be carried out according to the actual situations and specific risk factors to meet the demand of reducing Shigella morbidity and mortality.

Real-time forecasting and early warning of bacillary dysentery activity in four meteorological and geographic divisions in China

BackgroundAccurate and timely forecasts of bacillary dysentery (BD) incidence can be used to inform public health decision-making and response preparedness. However, our ability to detect BD dynamics and outbreaks remains limited in China. ObjectivesThis study aims to explore the impacts of meteorological factors on BD transmission in four representative regions in China and to forecast weekly number of BD cases and outbreaks. MethodsWeekly BD and meteorological data from 2014 to 2016 were collected for Beijing (Northern China), Shenyang (Northeast China), Chongqing (Southwest China) and Shenzhen (Southern China). A boosted regression tree (BRT) model was conducted to assess the impacts of meteorological factors on BD transmission. Then a real-time forecast and early warning model based on BRT was developed to track the dynamics of BD and detect the outbreaks. The forecasting methodology was compared with generalized additive model (GAM) and seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model (SARIMA) that have been used to model the BD case data previously. ResultsAmbient temperature was the most important meteorological factor contributing to the transmission of BD (80.81%–92.60%). A positive effect of temperature was observed when weekly mean temperature exceeded 4 °C, −3 °C, 9 °C and 16 °C in Beijing (Northern China), Shenyang (Northeast China), Chongqing (Southwest China) and Shenzhen (Southern China), respectively. BD incidence (Beijing and Shenyang) in temperate cities was more sensitive to high temperature than that in subtropical cities (Chongqing and Shenzhen). The dynamics and outbreaks of BD can be accurately forecasted and detected by the BRT model. Compared to GAM and SARIMA, BRT model showed more accurate forecasting for 1-, 2-, 3-weeks ahead forecasts in Beijing, Shenyang and Shenzhen. ConclusionsTemperature plays the most important role in weather-attributable BD transmission. The BRT model achieved a better performance in comparison with GAM and SARIMA in most study cities, which could be used as a more accurate tool for forecasting and outbreak alert of BD in China.

Correlation analysis for the attack of bacillary dysentery and meteorological factors based on the Chinese medicine theory of Yunqi and the medical-meteorological forecast model

To explore the impact of meteorological factors on the outbreak of bacillary dysentery, so as to provide suggestions for disease prevention. Based on the Chinese medicine theory of Yunqi, the descriptive statistics, single-factor correlation analysis and back-propagation artificial neural net-work were conducted using data on five basic meteorological factors and data on incidence of bacillary dysentery in Beijing, China, for the period 1970-2004. The incidence of bacillary dysentery showed significant positive correlation relationship with the precipitation, relative humidity, vapor pressure, and temperature, respectively. The incidence of bacillary dysentery showed a negatively correlated relationship with the wind speed and the change trend of average wind speed. The results of medical-meteorological forecast model showed a relatively high accuracy rate. There is a close relationship between the meteorological factors and the incidence of bacillary dysentery, but the contributions of which to the onset of bacillary dysentery are different to each other.

Changing Epidemiology of Shigellosis and Emergence of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Shigellae in India

Changing Epidemiology of Shigellosis and Emergence of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Shigellae in India

Outbreak of Dysentery Associated with Ceftriaxone-Resistant Shigella sonnei : First Report of Plasmid-Mediated CMY-2-Type AmpC β-Lactamase Resistance in S. sonnei

We document the first report of plasmid-encoded CMY-2-type AmpC beta-lactamase identified among Shigella sonnei isolates resistant to ceftriaxone and obtained after an outbreak of bacillary dysentery in Taiwan. One hundred eighty-two children in two elementary schools in Yu-Li, Taiwan, where an outbreak occurred after a typhoon hit this area in 2001, were enrolled in this study. Clinical and epidemiologic data on the infected children were collected. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed on the isolates to determine the genetic relatedness of outbreak strains. Plasmid analysis and PCR were performed to identify beta-lactamase genes responsible for ceftriaxone resistance. Forty-seven children from the two elementary schools were culture positive for S. sonnei in this outbreak. Twenty-three children were asymptomatic. Of the total isolates 55.3% were resistant to ampicillin. One hundred percent of the isolates obtained from children in school A were initially susceptible to both ampicillin and ceftriaxone. Of isolates obtained from school B 96.2% were nonsusceptible to ceftriaxone. However, two isolates from school A developed resistance to ampicillin during the course of treatment. All 18 available isolates showed closely related PFGE patterns (4, 4a, 4b, and 4c). CMY-2-type AmpC beta-lactamase was responsible for ceftriaxone resistance in ceftriaxone-nonsusceptible isolates; Southern blot hybridization confirmed that such a resistance gene was located on the plasmid. This is the first report of plasmid-mediated CMY-2-type AmpC beta-lactamase in S. sonnei. Ampicillin-resistant isolates can develop during the course of antibiotic treatment.

P0548 BACILLARY DYSENTERY IN CHILDREN- A LINGERING PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM IN TAIWAN

Introduction: Shigellosis is primarily a disease of poor, crowded communities that do not have adequate sanitation or tap water. Occasional outbreaks of infection still occur in industrialized countries; the predominant species is S. sonnei. The purposes of this study are to investigate the epidemiological, clinical and microbiological features of an outbreak of Shigella dysenteriae caused by S. sonnei at Yu-Li Hua-Lien, Taiwan. Genes responsible for antimicrobial resistance in the clinical isolates were examined. Methods: An outbreak of bacillary dysentery caused by S. sonnei in 2 elementary schools at Yu-Li, Hua-Lien occurred in October, 2001, after one typhoon hit that area. The children admitted to Yu-Li Veteran Hospital were enrolled in this study. The clinical and microbiological data of the infected children were collected. We performed PCR, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and plasmid analysis to further characterize the clinical isolates. Results: Altogether 47 children from two elementary schools admitted to Yu-Li Veteran Hospital were culture-positive for S. sonnei in this outbreak. Twenty-three children were asymptomatic. The symptoms and signs among the symptomatic children were fever (95.8%), diarrhea (75%), abdominal pain (66.7%), vomiting (50%), bloody stool (16.7%). The rate of resistance to ampicillin was 55.3%. Of note, 2 isolates obtained from 2 children of school A developed resistance during the course of treatment. All patients recovered without complications and follow-up stool cultures were negative after the last course of antibiotic treatment. 21 isolates were available from the outbreak of Hua-Lien for the performance of PFGE. The isolates from school A showed the same PFGE pattern (pattern 4a) except for two isolates; yet the PFGE pattern of the ampicillin non-susceptible isolates were identical to the susceptible ones. Isolates from school B showed another identical PFGE pattern (pattern 4) except for one isolate. CMY type AmpC beta-lactamase was responsible for ceftriaxone resistance in ceftriaxone-resistant isolates, and Southern blot hybridization confirmed the resistance gene was located on the plasmid. Conclusion: Shigellosis is still a public-health problem in some area of Taiwan. The clinical manifestations of shigellosis are variable. Antimicrobial resistance might develop during the course of treatment. Ceftriaxone-resistant gene was located on a plasmid, which might be responsible for the spread of resistance among isolates.

A Molecular Fingerprint Analysis of Shigella flexneri 1b in Bacillary Dysentery Outbreaks in a Nursing Home in Lungchi Township, Tainan County

A Molecular Fingerprint Analysis of Shigella flexneri 1b in Bacillary Dysentery Outbreaks in a Nursing Home in Lungchi Township, Tainan County

Investigating Bacillary Dysentery Outbreaks in Dabang and Shanmei Villages of Alishan Township, Chiayi County

The Saint Martin Hospital of Chiayi county reported on 9 April 2001 a bacillary dysentery case of a 66-year old female in Tefuyeh Tribe of Dabang Village, Alishan Township. As there had never been such cases in the last ten some years, a large-scale epidemiological investigation was conducted. The investigation took primarily the forms of case interviews, survey of the residents, review of medical records of all medical care institutions in Alishan Township, and review of student school attendance, and healthcare records at schools. Surveillance stations for diarrhea patients were set up at the same time at the Alishan Health Station, medical units of the Saint Martin Hospital, the Chiayi Christian Hospital, the Wang FF Clinic, the Wang CL clinic, the Dabang Primary School, the Sanmei Primary School, and the Dabang and Sanmei nurseries. Any individuals with two or more diarrhea in a day should be reported immediately and their rectal specimens collected for laboratory testing. These measures were taken to detect suspected cases. The epidemiological survey described the date of onset of each case, their distribution and their personal and geographic relationship to disclose the possible causes of infection and route of transmission. Between the first confirmed case in Dabang on 9 April till 7 June, 82 cases had been identified (10 confirmed cases, one asymtomatic positive case, and 34 suspects in Dabang, and 14 confirmed cases and 23 suspects in Shanmei). The first case in Dabang became ill on 31 March. The first case in Shanmei became ill on 22 April and her grandmother is a sister of the first case of Dabang. She had visited the case in Dabang. As all cases were related through personal contacts, time of onset and geographically, it was decided that the present bacillary dysentery outbreaks were brought about by person-to-person contacts. It was, however, not possible to decide when and where the outbreaks broke out. By the medical records of the residents, bacillary dysentery did occur in the past, but was in most cases treated as gastrointestinal infections. The outbreaks concluded on 24 May when the last case was detected. A special feature of this investigation was that all cases were, with the exception of the first case which was reported by the hospital, identified by the health and medical care institutions at all levels through surveillance, symptom reporting, and immediate investigation. Control measures taken at the same time effectively prevented the spread of the infection to other parts of Alishan Township.

Epidemic shiga-bacillus dysentery in Central America. Evolution of the outbreak in El Salvador, 1969-70.

Abstract In mid-1969 a regional outbreak of bacillary dysentery extended into El Salvador from neighboring Guatemala and Honduras. The etiologic agent was Shigella dysenteriae type 1; epidemic strains from El Salvador had antibiotic-resistance patterns identical to those of strains previously isolated in Guatemala. The areas first affected were the Departments of Ahuachapan, which is contiguous with Guatemala to the northwest, and Chalatenango, which borders Honduras to the north. Subsequently, cases of severe dysentery developed in all 14 departments of El Salvador with a general pattern of spread from north to south along main routes of commerce. The continued increase in cases late in 1969 and early in 1970 indicated that the epidemic would continue, since such contributing factors as overcrowding and poor sanitation remained unchanged. Infants seemed to be at greatest risk of severe illness and death. Similarly high attack rates in older children and adults suggest that the population was uniformly susceptible to this organism. Confusion about the etiology contributed to the high mortality rate: treatment at first was limited to antiamebic therapy and ineffective antimicrobial agents. The case-fatality ratio dropped wherever adequate antibiotic and fluid therapy were employed.

An outbreak of bacillary dysentery in an isolated army establishment.

An outbreak of bacillary dysentery in an isolated army establishment.

Studies of the Acute Diarrheal Diseases: IV. An Outbreak of Bacillary Dysentery Due to the "New-Caste Dysentery Bacillus"

Studies of the Acute Diarrheal Diseases: IV. An Outbreak of Bacillary Dysentery Due to the "New-Caste Dysentery Bacillus"

An outbreak of bacillary dysentery

An outbreak of bacillary dysentery