Out Of Plane Rotation Research Articles

A hybrid algorithm based on particle filter and genetic algorithm for target tracking

The particle filter (PF) is an influential instrument for visual tracking; it relies on the Monte Carlo Chain Framework and Bayesian probability that is of tremendous importance for smart monitoring systems. The current study introduces a particle filter based upon genetic resampling. In the suggested method called Reduced Particle Filter based upon Genetic Algorithm (RPFGA), particles with the highest weights are chosen and go through evolution using a GA in the resampling phase of PF algorithm. Moreover, this study aims to introduce the ideas of marking (marking the target by user (observer) in the first frame of a video sequence) and decreasing image size. Applying both ideas leads to reduced number of particles, the processing time of each frame, and the total tracking time. Additionally, the performance of the offered RPFGA method to tackle the occlusion problem is enhanced by the marking idea. According to the results obtained in challenges, such as Occlusions (OCC), deformation (DEF), low resolution (LR), scale variations(SV), Fast Motions (FM), In-Plane Rotation (IPR), Out-Of-Plane Rotation (OPR), Motion Blur (MB), Illumination Variation (IV) and color similarity between the target and the background, and regarding precision and tracking time, the recommended hybrid approach only with a few particles overtakes the generic particle filter, Particle Swarm Optimization particle filter (PSO-PF) and the particle filter based upon improved cuckoo search (ICS-PF). The suggested method can be applied for real time video objects tracking.

Robust and Accurate Human Tracking Algorithm for Handling Occlusion and Out of Plane Rotation

Robust and accurate human tracking using computer vision is acquiring more and more attention, seeking to meet the demands of the increasing number of applications. This paper presents a novel approach to handle occlusion and out of plane rotation. Both these issues are crucial and continue to be a challenge in all state of art algorithms of computer vision-based human tracking. In this paper a SURF oriented scheme based human tracker is proposed, which searches for the target human in expanded rectangular region surrounding the previous target location. There is an online update of object model by selecting fresh templates every time. Here, superimposition of keypoints obtained from previous templates is done on fresh template using Affine transformation. Whether it’s a pose change or not, is affirmed by affine transformation, by calculating aspect ratio of target enclosed region. An Autotuned classifier discriminates the case of occlusion and pose change and confirms tracking failure. The success rate and computational time proves the accomplishment of the proposed algorithm

Reducing Seismic out of Plane Vulnerability of Masonry Church Façades through Optimization of Capacity Spectrum by Tie Rods

The analyses of the structural damages detected on the Italian churches after the recent earthquakes (Emilia 2012, Umbria-Marche 2016) highlighted the high vulnerability to the overturning of the façades. The façades collapse mechanisms are strongly dependent on the connection details between orthogonal masonry walls, the windows, the construction techniques and the possible restraining horizontal elements, such as tie-beams, bi-lateral connected roof, etc. Several studies focus on the evaluation of vulnerability of the church façades using different approaches, from global analyses (FEM and /or Discrete Element Methods) of the entire building, to local analyses (linear and non-linear kinematic approaches). The aims of the present paper is to use the method based on capacity spectra to evaluate the vulnerability of the church facades and the optimization of specific devices as tie-rods to improve their seismic behavior. The non-linear approach is now accepted by several standards regarding the evaluation of risks of collapse mechanisms for masonry walls of the facades. Appropriate devices have been considered in order to calibrate the capacity curve and to optimize the interventions. The out of plane rotation of blocks can be modified with various elasto-perfect-plastic tendons with appropriate retentions (while composite materials could be used to preserve integrity of blocks). The tendons can be allocated in proper location and the length of each calibrated to best determine their stiffness. This procedure have been here applied to the study of the façade of Aula Magna S. Lucia of the Bologna University, considering also the problem of the interaction with the structure of the roof.

Propagation speed of rotation signals for field lines undergoing magnetic reconnection

Reconnection is associated with two bending of the magnetic field lines. Considering the usual plane of a 2D reconnection simulation, the first bending is in-plane and produces the needed topological changes by bringing oppositely directed filed lines in proximity. The second is typical of fast reconnection and is out of plane, leading to the formation of the Hall magnetic field. This second rotation has recently been observed to proceed at superAlfvénic speeds and to carry substantial energy fluxes (Shay et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 065001 (2011)). We revisit these rotations with a new diagnostics based on dispersing a multitude of virtual probes into a kinetic simulation, akin the approach of multi spacecraft missions. The results of the new diagnostics are compared with the theory of characteristics applied to the two fluid model. The comparison of virtual probes and the method of characteristics confirm the findings relative to the out of plane rotation and uncover the existence of two families of characteristics. Both are observed in the simulation. The early stage of reconnection develops on the slower compressional branch and the later faster phase develops on the faster torsional branch. The superAlfvénic signal is only relevant in the second phase.

Measuring Interfraction and Intrafraction Motion with Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) and an Optical Localization System (OLS) for Lower Extremity Soft Tissue Sarcoma Patients Treated with Preoperative Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT)

Measuring Interfraction and Intrafraction Motion with Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) and an Optical Localization System (OLS) for Lower Extremity Soft Tissue Sarcoma Patients Treated with Preoperative Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT)

A Novel Method for 3D Face Detection and Normalization

When automatically analyzing images of human faces, either for recognition in biometry applications or fa- cial expression analysis in human machine interaction, one has to cope with challenges caused by different head pose, illumination and expression. In this article we propose a new stereo based method for effectively solving the pose problem through 3D face detection and normalization. The proposed method applies a model-based matching and is especially intended for the study of facial features and the description of their dynamic changes in image sequences under the assumption of non-cooperative persons. In our work, we are currently implementing a new application to observe and analyze single faces of post-operative patients. In the proposed method, face detection is based on color driven clustering of 3D points derived from stereo. A mesh model is matched with the post-processed face cluster using a variant of the Iterative Closest Point algorithm (ICP). Pose is derived from correspondence. Then, pose and model in- formation is used for the synthesis of the face normalization. Results show, stereo and color are powerful cues for finding the face and its pose under a wide range of poses, illumina- tions and expressions (PIE). Head orientation may vary in out of plane rotations up to ±45°. Key words—Image and Video Processing, ICP-Matching, Computer Vision, 3D Face Detection, Normalization

The Conformation of Some Disubstituted Anilides

The influence of substituents on the out of plane rotation of the acylamino group of anilides relative to the aromatic ring has been examined by X-ray crystallography

Improving yield, accuracy and complexity in surface tension self-assembled MOEMS

An advanced process for self-assembly of three-dimensional micro-opto-mechanical systems (MOEMS) is demonstrated, based on deep reactive ion etching of bonded silicon-on-insulator material, sacrificial etching, and out-of plane rotation powered by the surface tension of thick photoresist pads. Improvements in structure definition and design are described, which have led to an increase in process yield to approximately 75% and in the best assembly accuracy to <0.1°. Optical mirrors oriented at 45° and 90° to the substrate are demonstrated by simultaneous and sequential self-assembly, respectively. Profile measurements of assembled structures show very high surface quality, and distortions of parts by surface tension forces are identified.

Geometric correction for a two-dimensional link segment model

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a one camera analysis strategy to correct for the effects of perspective error due to out of plane rotation on the calculation of L4/L5 moment and compression and shear forces. A mathematical model was derived around the geometric relationship of a T-Bar shaped device and the measured camera to object plane distance. This geometric relationship was used to reorient a rotated subject back into the perpendicular film plane before calculation of joint moments and forces. Systematic errors (rotational perspective errors, forward/backward and side/side distances of subject from camera) and random errors (digitization error, anthropometrics, lifting techniques) were determined with maximum errors of 10.5%, within ±20 degree out of plane rotations. Results generally supported incorporation of a correctional device to extend the use of two-dimensional analysis strategies in industrial settings.

Operation of surface-tension self-assembled 3D micro-optomechanical torsion mirror scanner

The operation of an electrostatically-driven 3D micro-optomechanical resonant torsion mirror scanner is described. The device is fabricated in bonded silicon-on-insulator and self-assembled by out-of plane rotation powered by a surface tension torque obtained by photoresist melting. A scan angle of 16/spl deg/ is obtained at a drive frequency of 2.6 kHz using a voltage of 175 V.

Domain pattern formation in epitaxial rhombohedral ferroelectric films. II. Interfacial defects and energetics

The coherency defect technique is developed for the domain pattern energetics in rhombohedral (001) epitaxial ferroelectric films. The coherency defects that are necessary to maintain the epitaxy during the ferroelectric phase transition are considered to be the only sources of elastic strains and stresses (and, correspondingly energy) in the film/substrate system. The coherency defects include: (i) a uniform distribution of edge dislocations which are responsible for the in-plane tension or compression and have Burgers vectors parallel to the interface; and two kinds of mesoscale defects: (ii) Somigliana screw dislocations which are responsible for in-plane shear; and (iii) wedge disclinations which are responsible for the out of plane rotations in neighboring domains. Using this approach, analytical expressions were found for the elastic energy in the film/substrate system for both the {101}-ri/rj and the {100}-ri/rj domain patterns. These two configurations differ by the orientation of domain walls, coherency defect content, and also the morphology of the free surface (flat versus puckered surfaces). Calculations are performed for screened mesoscale coherency defect configurations that represent a single embedded domain pattern and multidomain patterns. The following mesoscale defect configurations are used for these calculations: Somigliana dislocation dipoles, wedge disclination dipoles, Somigliana dislocation quadrupoles, and disclination quadrupoles. It is predicted that there is no critical thickness for domain pattern formation in rhombohedral ferroelectric epitaxial films. Agreement is shown between experimentally observed domain widths and theoretically predicted values.

An evaluation of two methods of anatomical alignment of radiotherapy portal images

Purpose : Two techniques have been developed at our institution to allow anatomical registration of digitized portal images to a simulation film. Accuracy of the portal image alignment methods is tested and single intrauser and multiple interuser variation is examined using each technique. Methods and Materials : Method one requires the identification of anatomical fiducial points on a simulation image and its corresponding portal image. The parameters required to align the corresponding points are calculated by a least squares fit algorithm. Method two uses an anatomical template generated from the simulation image and superimposing it upon a portal image. The template is then adjusted by a computer mouse to obtain the best subjective anatomical fit on the portal image. Megavoltage portal images of a skull phantom with various known shifts and eight clinical image files were aligned by each method. Each data set was aligned several times by both a single user and multiple users. Results : Alignment of the anatomical phantom portal images demonstrates an accuracy of less than 0.8 ± 0.9 mm and 0.7 ± 1.0° with either method. As out of plane rotation increased from 0 to 5°, simulating out of plane malpositioning, alignment orthogonal to the plane of rotation worsened to 1.5 ± 1.1 mm with the point method and 2.4 ± 1.6 mm with the template method. Alignment parallel to the axis of the gantry rotation was insensitive to this change and remained constant as did the rotational alignment parameters. For the clinical image files the magnitude of variation for a single user is typically less than ± 1 mm or ± 1°. The magnitude of variation of alignment increased when multiple users aligned the same image files. The variation was dependent upon anatomical site and to a lesser degree the method of alignment used. The root mean square deviation of translational shifts range from ± 0.68 mm when using the template method in the pelvis to as high as ± 2.94 mm with the template method to align abdominal portal images. In the thorax and pelvis translational alignments along the horizontal axis were more precise than along the vertical axis. Multiple user variability was in part due to poor image quality, user experience, non rigidity of the anatomical features, and the difficulty in locating an exact point on a continuous anatomical structure. Conclusion : In well controlled phantom studies both the fiducial point and template method provide similar and adequate results. The phantom studies show that alignment error and variance increase with distortion in anatomical features secondary to out of plane rotations. In clinical situations intrauser variation is small, however, multiple interuser variation is larger. The magnitude of variation is dependent upon the anatomical site aligned.

Dynamical bottleneck in the reaction H+O2→OH+O at high collision energies

The nascent rotational and λ-doublet state distributions of OH produced in the reaction H+O2→OH(N,v,f )+O were probed by fast atom–laser induced fluorescence experiments at average collision energies E=100, 183, 200, 220, and 243 kJ/mol. With increasing E, the rotational product distributions become increasingly nonstatistical with a narrow peak at high rotational states, in good agreement with quasiclassical trajectory calculations on an ab initio potential energy surface. The calculations show the narrow product rotational peak to be due to an increasing specifity of the initial H–O2 configurations leading to reactions. At high E the impact parameters and initial polar angles are confined to a rather small range allowing reaction only for an optimal approach. The OH λ-doublet distributions show preference for the Π(A′) component probed by R lines at all collision energies investigated. This suggests a planar reaction path and little importance of out of plane rotation of the HO2 complex at the high collision energies of the experiment. The experimental λ-doublet distributions are quantitatively compared with the degree of in-plane scattering obtained from the trajectory calculations.

MULTIPLE SCATTERING CALCULATIONS FOR BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS

A restricted multiple scattering calculation based on the plane wave approximation but retaining Hankel function terms is presented for zinc bound to four imidazole ligands which is an excellent model for many enzyme active sites. The data show that multiple scattering calculations are essential to understand the EXAFS spectrum. It is also shown that Fourier transforms of this data are very sensitive to rotations about an axis perpendicular to the imidazole plane, and less so for out of plane rotations. The Fourier transform beyond shell one is not simply interpretable in terms of metal ligand distances owing to the interference of many multiple scattering paths.

Experimental study of H+O2 reaction dynamics at collision energies of 2.6, 1.9, and 1.0 eV

The nascent rotational and fine structure state distributions of OH produced in the reaction H+O2→OH (N,v, f)+O were probed by fast atom-laser induced fluorescence experiments. Translationally hot H atoms were formed by photolysis of HJ and HBr at 248 and 193 nm leading to H+O2 c.m. collision energies E of 2.6, 1.9, and 0.9 eV. The rotational state distributions are compared with trajectory calculations using the ab initio potential energy surface of Melius and Blint. The OH λ-doublet distributions show preference for the π+ component which increases with increasing E suggesting less importance of out of plane rotation of the HO2 complex at high E. The alignment of OH relative to the flight direction of the H atoms is measured by polarizing analysis and photolysis laser beams. The large polarization effects directly demonstrate that the OH angular momentum vectors are preferentially parallel to the electrical vector of the dissociation laser and perpendicular to the flight direction of the H atoms.