Other-oriented Perfectionism Research Articles

Investigating the relationship between personality traits of hardiness and perfectionism with stress and psychosomatic symptoms: a cross-sectional study among nurses in Iran

BackgroundMedical and health sector employees are always exposed to physical and psychological risk factors, which affects their personal, social and professional performance. It’s important to explores the intricate interplay between personality traits, stress levels, and psychosomatic symptoms among nurses as one of the most sensitive jobs in society. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigating the relationship between the personality traits of hardiness and perfectionism with stress and psychosomatic symptoms among nurses.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted among 340 nurses in Mazandaran, Iran in 2022–2023. The instruments utilized to collect data included four questionnaires, namely Cubasa Hardiness Questionnaire, Tehran Multidimensional Perfectionism Questionnaire, Nursing Stress Questionnaire and Takata and Sakata Psychosomatic Questionnaire. The structural equations modeling was used for path analysis. All analyzes were done using SPSS V.25.0 and AMOS V.24.0 software.ResultsThe results of the present study revealed that the prevalence of psychosomatic symptoms and stress in nurses was high, and all path coefficients were significant, except for the paths of commitment to stress, challenge to psychosomatic symptoms, self-orientation to psychosomatic symptoms, and community-orientation to psychosomatic symptoms. The results showed that in the final model, the highest coefficient (0.807) is assigned to the other-oriented perfectionism path to psychosomatic symptoms. The weakest coefficient (-0.276) is related to the path of the hardiness component of the challenge to stress. The current research examined the fitting of the proposed model and the suitability of the proposed model was confirmed.ConclusionThe results of the present study revealed that psychological factors such as personality traits of hardiness, and perfectionism are among the important and influencing parameters on occupational stress, and psychosomatic symptoms and as a result the efficiency and effectiveness of nurses in working environments. Therefore, it is absolutely necessary to implement mitigating and control measures to reduce the mentioned risk factors among nurses in medical settings.

Values and perfectionism: There is more beyond achievement

This study focuses on the association between basic personal values and perfectionism. It explores how the 19 values of Schwartz's refined theory are related to multiple dimensions of perfectionism. A sample of 426 young adults (57.7 % females) with a mean age of 26.03 years completed the Portrait Value Questionnaire-Revised and Hewitt and Flett's and Frost et al.'s multidimensional perfectionism scales. Results showed that values and perfectionism are meaningfully related. Self-Oriented Perfectionism and Personal Standards, two forms of perfectionism that have adaptive aspects, exhibited the highest positive correlation with Achievement. Socially Prescribed Perfectionism and Concern over mistakes, two predominantly maladaptive dimensions, correlated most positively with Conformity-Interpersonal and Face. Other-oriented Perfectionism, a form of maladaptive perfectionism directed to others, correlated most positively with Power-Dominance and most negatively with Universalism-Tolerance. Organization correlated most positively with Conformity-Rules and most negatively with Stimulation. Although the observed associations were small to moderate, results from the present study add to our understanding of the compound nature of perfectionism, by providing a thorough coverage of the motivational goals underlying different forms and manifestations of perfectionism.

Fear of failure among perfectionist students

Fear of failure (FOF) has been reported as a construct that hinders individuals from achieving higher, working harder, and even moving from one stage of development to another. Studies indicated that university students with traits perfectionism tend to develop FOF, which prevented them for achieving better accomplishment in their academic life. In order to obtain further knowledge to curb FOF among this population, this study investigates which one of the three dimensions of perfectionism (self-oriented, other-oriented, socially prescribed) is the main predictor of FOF. 351 participants from the target population of 4,000 undergraduate students from UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia were recruited via convenience sampling to provide us with their data through a Google Form. Perfectionism dimensions were measured by the multidimensional perfectionism scale and fear of failure by the performance failure appraisal inventory. The collected data was analyzed via simple and multiple regression by multiple regression technique, and the findings showed that self-oriented and other-oriented perfectionism did not significantly predict the fear of failure. However, socially prescribed perfectionism was the only significant predictor of the fear of failure among the perfectionism model, therefore indicating that it was the most significantly predictor as well. In conclusion, students are more likely to be afraid to fail when they believe that there is a social standard of perfection that they have to follow.

Exploring and Evaluating the Two-Factor Model of Perfectionism in Sport

Perfectionism is a multidimensional personality trait with two higher-order dimensions; perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. The purpose of the present study was to explore and evaluate the two-factor model for the first time using three instruments developed to measure perfectionism in sport. In doing so, we (i) assessed the fit of two-factor models when including and excluding various contentious subscales (other-oriented perfectionism, parental pressure, coach pressure, organisation, and negative reactions to imperfection) and (ii) compared two-factor models to alternative one-factor (or unidimensional) models. Participants were recruited from community and university sports clubs in the UK ( N = 527; M age = 18.07 years, SD = 0.49) and completed the Sport-Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-2, the Multidimensional Inventory of Perfectionism in Sport, and the Performance Perfectionism Scale-Sport. Support was found for the two-factor model, with superior fit displayed each time the aforementioned subscales were excluded and, in all cases, when compared to a unidimensional model. The findings suggest that the two-factor model is an adequate representation of the underlying structure of instruments designed to measure perfectionism in sport with better fit and conceptual clarity offered by more parsimonious models.

The Only way is up? How Different Facets of Employee and Supervisor Perfectionism Help or Hinder Career Development.

Although the double-edged nature of perfectionism is widely acknowledged, little is known about how it shapes employee career development. By combining two field studies, we provide a multiperspective insight into the relevance of both employee and supervisor perfectionism for employee career development. While we expected self-oriented perfectionism (SOP) to have an ambivalent role for career development, we proposed that socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP) in particular, but also other-oriented perfectionism (OOP), would show maladaptive relationships with career-related indicators. In Study 1 (N = 116), we focused on the employee perspective and how multidimensional perfectionism relates to career aspirations (operationalized via work motivation) and subjective career success. Employees high in SOP reported higher, whereas those high in SPP reported lower perceived career success. OOP was negatively related to intrinsic motivation, but positively explained extrinsic (social) motivation and amotivation. In Study 2 (N = 146), we examined the role of supervisor perfectionism in supporting or hindering employees' career development by providing or draining resources. Our results show that supervisors high in SOP - and partly in OOP are reluctant to delegate highly responsible tasks; SPP even increased the likelihood of assigning illegitimate tasks to subordinates. Our findings suggest that both employee and supervisor perfectionism may boost or thwart employee career development and success. We discuss that supervisor perfectionism may limit employees' opportunities for experiential learning.

Why does a leader's other-oriented perfectionism lead employees to do bad things? Examining the role of moral disengagement and moral identity.

Moral disengagement is an essential concept in organizational behavioral ethics, as it is strongly related to employee behaviors and attitudes. What is not clear, however, is which leader traits are directly associated with employees' moral disengagement and which are indirectly associated with unethical behavior. This study draws on a social cognitive perspective that links leaders' other-oriented perfectionism (LOOP) with unethical employee behavior. Specifically, we propose that LOOP provides employees with excuses and encouragement to engage in unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB). We analyzed data collected from 266 full-time employees at two-time points, and used mediated and moderated structural equation models to test the hypotheses, and the findings largely support our claims. The results suggest that LOOP effectively promotes employees' involvement in UPB. Moderated mediation tests suggest that the positive indirect impact of LOOP on employees' unethical behavior via moral disengagement was attenuated by higher employees' moral identity. In summary, the results indicate that when leaders emphasize only perfection and make unrealistic demands on their employees, the latter perceive that engaging in unethical behavior is demanded by the leader, that the responsibility is not theirs, and thus they are more willing to engage in unethical behavior. This study discusses the implications of these findings from both practical and theoretical perspectives.

Effects of Multidimensional Perfectionism and Career Preparation Behavior According to Gender of College Students on Career Decision Level

This study examines the impact of college students' multidimensional perfectionism on their career decision level through career preparation behavior. In particular, the purpose of this study was to identify the functions of college students' perfectionism tendencies, such as self-oriented perfectionism, other-oriented perfectionism, and socially imposed perfectionism, to determine what effect they have on career preparation behavior and career decision level. Based on previous research, career preparation behavior was selected as a mediating factor that affects the relationship between college students' multidimensional perfectionism tendency and career decision level to verify the research problem. The subjects of the study were 433 college students, and data were collected through an online survey. Basic analysis was performed using SPSS to confirm the relationship between variables, and mediation effects were verified using Process macro. Looking at the analysis results, first, based on the impact of multidimensional perfectionism on career preparation behavior, we confirmed that socially imposed perfectionism had a positive influence on male students, and self-oriented perfectionism had a positive effect on female students. When looking at the influence of multidimensional perfectionism on the level of career decision-making, we can see that self-oriented perfectionism had a positive influence and socially imposed perfectionism had a negative influence for both male and female students. Second, looking at the mediating effect of career preparation behavior between college students' multidimensional perfectionism tendency and career decision level, we confirmed that self-oriented perfectionism had a negative mediating effect only for male students, and other-oriented perfectionism was found to have a negative mediating effect only for male students as well. Also, this study confirmed that socially imposed perfectionism was effective, but that it had a positive mediating effect only for female students. Based on the results of this study, which showed that the multidimensional perfectionism tendencies (self-orientation, other-orientation, and social imposition) according to gender of college students have different effects on the level of career decision-making through career preparation behavior, implications and suggestions for follow-up research were discussed.

The Effectiveness of Schema Therapy on Self-efficacy, Burnout, and Perfectionism of Employees with Imposter Syndrome

Background: One of the problems in the way to success is behaviors within the framework of imposter syndrome (IS). The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on self-efficacy, burnout, and perfectionism of employees with IS. Methods: This randomized trial employed a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of employees from private offices in five districts of Tehran in 2019. The study participants were comprised of 40 employees who were selected through purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group. The data collection tools included questionnaires on IS, general self-efficacy, job burnout, and perfectionism. While the control group received no intervention, the experimental group underwent ten 90-minute schema therapy sessions. The data obtained were ultimately analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance via SPSS 24. Results: According to the findings, schema therapy significantly increased self-efficacy (P<0.01, F=37.73) and decreased emotional exhaustion (P<0.01, F=30.08), depersonalization (P<0.01, F=71.63), low personal accomplishment (P<0.01, F=65.58), self-oriented perfectionism (P<0.01, F=44.28), other-oriented perfectionism (P<0.01, F=57.36), and society-oriented perfectionism (P<0.01, F=50.46) among employees with IS (P<0.001). Conclusion: Considering that employees’ performance and progress are of special importance to office managers, examining the psychological dimensions of employees to reduce IS and strengthen the sense of self-efficacy is of great importance.

Effect of perfectionism on self-other blame in driving situations

Previous studies have reported mixed findings regarding the associations between perfectionism and self-other-blame. We used an online survey to investigate the association between perfectionism and self-other-blame in driving situations. We evaluated the perfectionism traits of drivers (N = 4681) by utilizing the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS). This scale comprises three subscales: self-oriented perfectionism, other-oriented perfectionism, and socially prescribed perfectionism. The participants also watched short movie clips depicting near-miss traffic incidents. We instructed them to imagine themselves as the drivers in the movies and rate their own and the other driver's culpability. The results revealed that individuals with high levels of socially prescribed perfectionism and low levels of other-oriented perfectionism are more prone to experiencing more self-blame. Additionally, individuals with high levels of other-oriented perfectionism tend to blame others more. These results align with previous research and suggest that perfectionism is linked not only to the personality trait of self-other-blame but also to self-other-blame as acute responses to specific situations, including those encountered while driving. We suggest further investigating acute responses and personality traits related to self-other-blame to explain the association between perfectionism and self-other-blame better.

The leader’s other-oriented perfectionism, followers’ job stress and workplace well-being in the context of multiple team membership: The moderator role of pressure to be performant

Nowadays, perfectionism in organizations is a popular topic in the scientific literature (Ocampo, Wang, Kiazad, Restubog, & Ashkanasy, 2020; Saklofske, Di Fabio, Svicher, & Smith, 2023; Steinert, Heim, & Leichsenring, 2021). Building on the research on the topic of perfectionism at individual level, the present study investigates how the leader’s other-oriented perfectionism influences followers’ workplace well-being and their job stress, and how the pressure to be performant moderates these relationships in the context of multiple team membership. In order to test the four proposed hypotheses, a quantitative predictive correlational research design was used. Our sample consisted of 155 Romanian employees. Our results indicate that the leader’s other-oriented perfectionism was not related to followers’ job stress. Surprisingly, this form of perfectionism positively related to followers’ workplace well-being. In addition, the pressure to be performant did not moderate the relationship between the leader’s other-oriented perfectionism, on one hand, and job stress and workplace well-being, on the other hand. These findings extend the literature on others-oriented perfectionism and well-being in the context of multiple team membership.

Perfecționismul și deznădejdea: implicații pentru performanța academică a studenților

The article examines variables that might influence associations between dimensions of perfectionism and current feelings of hopelessness and suicidal ideation in pandemic and post-pandemic in university students. Review of the literature indicates that self-oriented and other-oriented perfectionism are possibly adaptive or maladaptive under certain conditions. Implications for the development of comprehensive, and multidimensional models of the perfectionism-suicide risk link in students and for prevention of perfectionists at risk of suicide are discussed.

Going it alone: Examining interpersonal sensitivity and hostility as mediators of the link between perfectionism and social disconnection.

Perfectionism is linked to a variety of mental health conditions in university students. The Perfectionism Social Disconnection Model posits that perfectionistic individuals exhibit off-putting interpersonal behaviors (i.e., rejection sensitivity and hostility), which lead to social disconnection, and in turn contribute to psychological distress. Although several longitudinal studies have found that social disconnection mediates the link between perfectionistic traits and psychological distress, less is known about how perfectionism leads to social disconnection. The present study aimed to address this gap. A sample of 877 university students completed one survey a month for three consecutive months. Our random-intercept cross-lagged panel model results showed significant positive associations between the random intercepts of socially prescribed and self-oriented perfectionism with rejection sensitivity, hostility, and loneliness, with stronger associations for socially prescribed perfectionism. In addition, the random intercept of other-oriented perfectionism showed positive associations with hostility but not rejection sensitivity or loneliness. Moreover, almost all cross-lagged paths were nonsignificant. Collectively, these findings indicate that although perfectionistic traits may be associated with rejection sensitivity and hostility to varying degrees at the between-person level, these behaviors may not cause social disconnection at the within-person level.

Exploring the Relationship between Perfectionism and Pain in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between perfectionism and pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). A total of 345 TMD patients were included. A questionnaire consisting of questions of demographic information, the 15-item short form of the Hewitt and Flett Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) was distributed. According to the diagnostic criteria for TMDs, patients were categorized as pain-related (PT) and non-pain-related (NPT) groups, whereas PT patients were further divided into patients with pain-related TMDs only (OPT) and patients with combined pain-related and intra-articular TMDs (CPT). Data were analyzed using the chi-square test, Spearman's correlation, and logistic regression analysis with the significance level set at p < 0.05. There were 68 patients in the NPT group, 80 in the OPT group, and 197 in the CPT group. PT patients had significantly higher perfectionism scores (63.58 ± 13.63) than NPT patients (56.32 ± 12.95, p < 0.001). The PHQ-4 score in the PT group was also higher. After adjusting the PHQ-4 scores, perfectionism scores of the PT group were 6.11 points higher than those in the NPT group (p < 0.001). There were no statistical differences in all parameters of OPT and CPT groups (p > 0.05). Perfectionism in total, other-oriented perfectionism (OOP), and socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP) showed significant but weak correlations with PHQ-4 scores (p < 0.001), while self-oriented perfectionism (SOP) was also significantly but very weakly correlated with PHQ-4 scores (p < 0.05). Pain-related TMD patients exhibited higher perfectionism scores than NPT patients, and neither their perfectionism nor pain scores were correlated with intra-articular diseases of TMJ. OOP and SOP presented weak correlations with psychological distress in TMD patients. It is suggested that pain-related TMD patients could be screened for perfectionism and perfectionism could be considered when proposing psychological treatment strategies to PT patients.

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Burnout Owing to Perfectionism in Elite Athletes Based on the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) and Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ).

Previous studies have shown that burnout negatively affects athletes' mental health. To further explore this subject, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis by combining data from previous studies. This study followed the PRISMA guidelines for systematic and reliable research and completed data extraction using 10 databases and 8 keywords in December 2021. There were 93 cases of initially extracted data from the selected articles (n = 14) and the meta-analysis was conducted using the "meta" package, version 4.8-4 of R Studio 3.3.3, with data (k = 77) excluding other-oriented perfectionism data (k = 16). The results showed that self-oriented perfectionism had a negative effect on sports devaluation (SD) (ESr = -0.246, p < 0.001), and socially prescribed perfectionism had a positive effect on emotional/physical exhaustion (ESr = 0.150, p < 0.05) and SD (ESr = 0.138, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the test for publication bias showed that no groups had asymmetrical data, and four moderator analyses were conducted to prove the heterogeneity (I2) of the total effect size; however, there was no difference among groups (QB), thereby resulting in unexplained variance. Consequently, this study presents variable data that determine the effects of perfectionism and burnout on elite athletes.

The “Perfect Storm” – Perfectionists’ Perceptions and Experiences of Abusive Supervision

Abstract. Using followership theory and the perpetrator predation framework, we examine how perfectionism may impact subordinates’ perceptions of abusive supervision and risk for being targeted by an abusive supervisor. Full-time workers ( N = 495) responded to a vignette survey assessing their multidimensional perfectionism and experiences and perceptions of abusive supervision. As hypothesized, socially prescribed perfectionism was associated with increased experiences of abusive leadership, whereas self-oriented perfectionism was related to fewer experiences. Unexpectedly, other-oriented perfectionism was related to lower perceptions of abusive supervision, and self-oriented perfectionism was related to greater perceptions. Theoretical and practical implications are further discussed.

Perfectionistic Children and Their Parents: Is There Room for an Intergenerational Transmission? A Study of a Clinical Sample of Italian Children and Their Parents.

The relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and Internalizing (ID) and Externalizing Disorders (ED) in children needs to be better understood, along with the intergenerational transmission of these traits from parents to children. The present work aimed to share light on both these issues. 39 children with ID, 19 with ED, and their parents were recruited*. The Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, the Big Five Inventory, the Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale, and the Hierarchical Personality Inventory for Children were used. The association between parent personality and perfectionism traits and children's perfectionism dimensions was evaluated through hierarchical regression analysis. ID and ED groups did not differ significantly concerning perfectionism. Fathers presented higher scores than mothers in Self-Oriented Perfectionism, Other-Oriented Perfectionism, and Socially-Prescribed Perfectionism. Parents of children with ID report higher levels of Obedience in their children, while parents of children with ED reported higher levels of Creativity and Perseverance. Significant associations were found between perfectionism in parents and their children, as well as between perfectionism and the personality of children. Results suggest a transdiagnostic nature of Perfectionism and support the transgenerational transmission of the personality traits investigated.

The Relationship between Mood Symptom Severity and Perfectionism Subtypes in Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Previous research suggests that there is a link between perfectionism and symptoms of depression. This study aimed to see if different types of perfectionism are linked differently to symptoms of depression in mood disorders and if there is a relationship between perfectionism and symptoms of mania in bipolar disorder. A systematic search was conducted in the databases PsycINFO, EMBASE, Web of Science, and PubMed to find papers which examined the relationship in clinical depression and bipolar disorder. A meta-analysis pooled the correlation effect sizes for mood symptoms severity and the severity of the perfectionism subtype. Twelve papers were included in the review, with five of these being included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis found statistically significant positive correlations between greater severity of depression symptoms and more severe perfectionism for the following subtypes: concern over mistakes, doubts about actions, other-oriented perfectionism, parental criticism, self-oriented perfectionism, and socially prescribed perfectionism. There was no significant relationship between depression symptoms and perfectionism subtypes of organisation and personal standards. There were not enough studies reporting data for manic symptoms for the meta-analysis or for any firm conclusions to be drawn. The relationship between depression and perfectionism differs depending on the particular type of perfectionism examined. Most studies were cross-sectional and correlational, so causation cannot be inferred, and future longitudinal studies are needed.

The mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between trait perfectionism and psychological resilience among Filipino university students

Perfectionism has been a challenge in university students’ everyday lives. As perfectionism can negatively affect students’ mental health, researchers have suggested ways to manage perfectionism and build students’ resilience towards having a better wellbeing. One way is to practice self-compassion. This study utilized mediation analyses to investigate if self-compassion mediates the relationship between the trait dimensions of perfectionism and psychological resilience among Filipino university students. A sample of 317 undergraduate students from the University of the Philippines Diliman participated and answered scales that measure the variables of interest. Results indicate that when covariates were excluded, self-oriented perfectionism (SOP) and socially prescribed perfectionism influenced psychological resilience indirectly via self-compassion, while SOP and other-oriented perfectionism (OOP) directly affected psychological resilience, independent of self-compassion. When covariates were included, the same findings were found, but OOP also influenced psychological resilience indirectly via self-compassion. Implications of the findings are discussed in this study.

A longitudinal study of perfectionism and orthorexia in exercisers

Research suggests that trait perfectionism and perfectionistic self-presentation are related to orthorexia – a pathological obsession with correct nutrition. However, no studies have examined these relationships over time or compared the influence of the two aspects of perfectionism on orthorexia. In the present study we sought to address these two issues. Gym members who engaged in high degrees of exercise were recruited via social media platforms. They completed an online questionnaire that included the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-Short Form, Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale, and the Eating Habits Questionnaire on two occasions: 177 participants (Mean age = 31.6 years) initially completed the questionnaire and 82 completed the questionnaire six weeks later. A series of multiple regression analyses revealed that (i) trait perfectionism predicted an increase in orthorexia symptomatology over time with socially prescribed perfectionism and other-oriented perfectionism unique predictors of orthorexia, (ii) perfectionistic self-presentation predicted orthorexia over time with nondisplay of imperfection a unique predictor of orthorexia, and (iii) when considered alongside each other, only trait dimensions of perfectionism were unique predictors of orthorexia. The present study provides further evidence that perfectionism is related to orthorexia. In addition, the study also provides preliminary evidence that more engrained trait aspects of perfectionism are more predictive of orthorexia over time than the self-presentational aspects of perfectionism.

Multidimensional perfectionism trends among various core and allied health care professionals in a major Indian metropolitan city of Western India.

This exploratory study was done to assess the multidimensional perfectionism trends among various core and allied health care professionals in a major Indian metropolitan city of western India. Unlike other scales, here we considered both individual and intersubjective components of perfectionism by introducing three trait dimensions - self-oriented perfectionism, other-oriented perfectionism, and socially prescribed perfectionism. A cross-sectional descriptive type of study was conducted with total sample consisting of 500 participants with the main motive of evaluation and comparison of the multidimensional perfectionism among interns of the core and allied health care professionals from fields of medicine, dentistry, ayurveda, and homeopathy residing in the major Indian metropolitan cities of western India. This study showed that under the self-oriented domain, highest mean score is of medical faculty (73.97). In other-oriented domain, dental (62.62) and homeopathy (62.38) professionals have almost similar mean. Lowest being of ayurveda (61.65) compared to the highest score of the medical fraternity (67.62). In the socially prescribed domain, medical professionals (65.53) have the highest mean though it is the lowest mean value of the medical faculty compared to other two domains. Chi-square test is applied to the data for the questions among all the three domains. Correlation has been deduced by applying Pearson's correlation to the collected data from the study. The degree of correlation between self-oriented with self-oriented is 1, self-oriented with other-oriented is 0.763, and that of self-oriented with socially oriented is 0.678. Medical professionals scoring maximum in self-oriented perfectionism compared to other two domains reflect their extreme personal standards. Medical professionals are followed by dental professionals in self oriented perfectionism who are demanded of perfection in their routine practice. Ayurveda and homeopathy professionals scored better in other-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism attributing to their sentiments of fulfilling the expectations and demands of others.