Osteochilus Hasselti Research Articles

Enhancing Reproductive Performance of Nilem Fish (Osteochilus hasselti) through Artificial Spawning

This study aims to evaluate the reproductive performance of Nilem fish (Osteochilus hasselti) through artificial spawning methods. Spawning was conducted in glass aquaria using the sGnRH-a hormone on both male and female broodstocks. Egg production, fertilization rate (FR), hatching rate (HR), and survival rate (SR) were the main observed parameters. The research results revealed that the average egg production per female broodstock reached 25,350, indicating a high level of fecundity. The fertilization rate reached 97.70%, indicating an effective egg fertilization process. The hatching rate (HR) value of 92.20% indicates success in the egg-hatching process. Larval survival rate (SR) during the 4-day rearing period reached 84.70%. Maintaining optimal water quality also contributed to the success of artificial spawning. In conclusion, artificial spawning in Nilem fish could achieve high levels of success by optimizing reproductive parameters and considering environmental factors. This study provides valuable insights into the sustainable development of Nilem fish cultivation.

Effect ofcarica papayaleaf extract toward hatching and survival rate of nilem fish (Osteochilus hasselti) larvae

One of the problems in nilem fish (Osteochilus hasselti) harvesting is the unfulfilled availability of seed that is caused by low hatchability of eggs and larvae survival as well as high larvae abnormalities due to attacks by microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria. Papaya leaf was known as one alternative to increase the egg’s hatching rate because it has antifungal and antibacterial bioactive compounds. This study aimed to determine the effect of papaya leaf extract on egg hatchability, larvae abnormalities, and larvae survival. This study used an experimental method using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 4 repetitions. The treatment doses of the papaya leaf extract that were tested were control (A), 0.75 mg/L (B), 1 mg/L (C), and 1.25 mg/L (D). The results showed that the addition of papaya leaf extract had a significant effect (P<0.05) on egg hatchability, larvae abnormalities, and survival rate ofOsteochilus hasseltilarvae. The hatching rate results for each treatment were 76.50% (A), 79.50% (B), 83.50% (C), and 87.25% (D). The results of larvae abnormalities showed 9.16% (A), 7.24% (B), 5.09% (C), and 4.30% (D). Meanwhile, the results of larvae survival showed 73.87% (A), 76.13% (B), 77.25% (C), and 80.55% (D). Treatment D (1.25 mg/L) was the best treatment in this study, resulting in egg hatchability of 87.25%, larvae abnormality of 4.30%, and larvae survival of 80.55%.

Purification and characterization of amylases from three freshwater fish species providing new insight application as enzyme molecular markers for zymography.

Purification of amylases from digestive tracts of three freshwater fish species with Q-Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephacryl S-200 columns displayed two isoforms of amylases from Osteochilus hasselti (O1, O2) and three isoforms of those from both Hampala dispar (UB, H1, H2) and Puntioplites proctozystron (P1, P2, P3). The optimum pH values displayed at 7.0 and 8.0, while the optimum temperatures revealed at 40 and 50°C. Almost isoenzyme activities were activated by NaCl and CaCl2, whereas EDTA and SDS strongly inhibited all enzymatic activities. Verification with an atomic absorption spectrophotometry exhibited the presence of Ca2+ ions in the range of 0.02-13.53ppm per mg protein indicating that amylases are Ca2+ dependent. Molecular weight analysis revealed 12 to 147kDa. The UB, O1, and H2 amylases with appropriate molecular masses of 64, 49, and 25kDa validated with LC-MS/MS were selected. Three certain enzymes revealed high stability in a sample buffer after five cycles of freeze-thawing process upon storage at - 20°C for 12weeks. No protein degradation was observed on polyacrylamide gel, and the enzymes still displayed sharp and clear bands on zymograms. The result suggested that the purified fish amylases, which expressed high activities and stabilities, were potentially used as enzyme molecular weight markers for zymography.

Inhibitive Assay of Insecticides using the Acetylcholinesterase from Poe-cilia reticulata (Peters, 1859)

Poecilia reticulata (P. reticulata) is a species of tropical fish in the family Poeciliidae that is found all over the world and is a favorite in freshwater aquariums. The Malay name for this fish is "Ikan Gapi," although the English term "Guppy" has become more common. The Million Fish, or Rainbow Fish, as it's known in other parts of the world. The goals of this research were to char-acterize the acetylcholinesterase that will be partially purified from P. reticulata brain extract using ammonium sulphate fractionation The screening results show that at 1 mg/L insecticide, acephate, dimethoate, trichlorfon and bendiocarb leads to 100% inhibition, whilst parathion, methomyl and malathion cause >90% inhibition. The AChE from P. reticulata is less sensitive to other species as far as the insecticides carbofuran, carbaryl, methomyl, bendiocarb, parathion, diazinon, chlorpyrifos with the exception of malathion, where the sensitivity of malathion to the AChE from was within the range of the AChE from other species such a E. electricus , Pangasius sp., Chan-na micropeltes, Clarias batrachus, H. nemurus, Tor tambroides, and Osteochilus hasselti.

PENGARUH TINGKAT PEMBERIAN PAKAN BERBEDA TERHADAP LAJU PERTUMBUHAN IKAN NILEM (Osteochilus hasselti) YANG DIPELIHARA PADA SISTEM BIOFLOK RASIO C/N 20

Biofloc technology is an alternative in overcoming the problem of feed waste in hard-lipped barb culture media. The decline in hard-lipped barb production was caused by limited knowledge and traditional aquaculture. This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the effect of different feeding levels on the ratio of C/N 20 on the growth of hard-lipped barb (Osteochilus hasselti). This research was conducted in May 2021-June 2022 with a trial period of May-June 2021. The design used was a Completely Randomized Design with 3 treatments (feeding rate 1%, feeding rate 3%, feeding rate 5%) and 4 replications. Parameters observed included specific length growth rate (SLGR), specific weight growth rate (SWGR), feed efficiency (FE), and survival rate (SR). Water quality parameters (DO, temperature, Ammonia, CO2, and pH) were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the different levels of feeding with a C/N ratio of 20 had a significant effect on SLGR, SWGR, FE, and SR. SLGR in the treatment of FR 1% (0.17±0.03), FR 3% (0.28±0.03), and FR 5% (0.32±0.01). SWGR in treatment A (0.33±0.06), B(0.95±0.04), and C(1.53±0.11), FE at 1% FR treatment (16.85±1, 12%), FR 3% (25.04±0.73%), and FR 5% (30.95±1.87%). SR in the treatment of FR 1% (55.83%), FR 3% (59.16%), and FR 5% (68.33%). FR 5% treatment had the highest growth rate compared to FR 1% and FR 3% treatment. The water quality during the 40-day trial period was still within normal limits for Nilem fish cultivation in the biofloc system.

Feeding incidence and biological performance of Nilem carp, Osteochilus haseltii larvae to juvenile stages cultured under different aeration rate

Nilem carp, Osteochilus hasselti is one of the local species which has an economic value in Indonesia especially the fingerling size “baby fish”. The purpose of this research is to determine the suitable of aeration rate for feeding incidence, survival, and growth. The aeration rates of this research were adjusted to A) 0 ml/minute; B) 500 ml/minute; C) 1,000 ml/minute; D) 1,500 ml/minute; and E) 2,000 ml/minute. Each treatment consisted of three replicates. 600 of newly hatched larvae (1 day old) were stocked in the fiber tank with size of 60 x 40 x 40 cm. Each fiber tank was completed by water heater. Larvae were cultured for 45 days. Larvae were fed Artemia and artificial diet. The parameters observed such as feeding incidence, survival, absolute weight and absolute length. The result showed that the aeration rate has influenced feeding incidence, the survival, absolute weight, and absolute length (P<0.05). The water quality parameter such as dissolved oxygen was affected by aeration rate where the higher of aeration will be led to increase the value of dissolved oxygen concentration. The aeration rate of 1,000 ml/minute is recommended to be suitable for larviculture of nilem carp in order to increase the seed production.

Pengaruh Pemberian Pakan Cacing Sutra (Tubifex sp.) Yang Berbeda Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Kelangsungan Hidup Benih Ikan Nilem (Osteochilus hasselti)

ABSTRACNilem fish (Osteochilus hasselti) is a freshwater fish native to Indonesia which is greatly appreciated by the public by its eggs and larvae, the morphology of nilem fish has a flat body form, the mouth can be ripped off. The purpose of this study was to determine the best phase of the silk worm (Tubifex sp.) in the growth rate and survival of nilem fish seeds (Osteochilus hasselti). This research took place from November to December 2021. The research was located in Petuguran Village, Punggelan District, Banjarnegara Regency, Central Java. The search method used was a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 3 repeats. Treatments in this study were A (baby silk worms), B (juvenile silk worms) and C (adult silk worms). Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by a further Ducan’s Multiple Range Test. Parameters observed in the study included absolute weight growth, absolute length growth, feed conversion ratio, and survival. The results of these observations had a significant effect on the increase in absolute weight with the highest treatment found in treatment C (adult silk worms) of 1.56 grams and the increase in absolute length had a significant effect with the highest treatment found in treatment C (adult silkworms) of 8.47 centimetres. However, it does not have a significant effect on the feed conversion ratio and the survival of nilem fish seeds (Osteochilus hasselti). Keywords: silkworms (Tubifex sp.), FCR, nilem fish, survival rate, fish growth

Turmeric Flour Supplementation Through Feed-in Biofloc System Cultivation on the Growth of Nilem Fish (Osteochilus hasselti)

Nilem fish (Osteochilus hasselti) is favored by the community because of its chewy meat texture, good taste, and relatively cheap price, so it has the potential to be developed. However, the growth of nilem fish is slow therefore it needs to be given an immunostimulant to increase its growth. Biofloc is known as a cultivation system that can maintain water quality and provide sufficient floc for additional fish feed. This study aims to determine the effect of using turmeric flour in feed to increase the growth of nilem fish reared in the biofloc system. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD), with 3 treatments and 1 control each repeated 4 times. The treatments were supplementation of turmeric flour through feed at a dose of 1.125 g (B), 0.75 g (C), and 0.375 g (D) kg-1 feed and control (A) in cultivation with a biofloc system. The study lasted for 90 days with feeding 3%/kg of biomass weight given 2 times a day, in the morning and evening. Parameters observed in this study were weight (WG) and length growth (LG), daily growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed efficiency (EF). The data collection method was carried out by weighing and measuring the weight and length of the fish and the amount of feed consumed. The data obtained were collected and analyzed using SPSS 2.0.The results showed that supplementation of turmeric flour through feed reared in the biofloc system could increase weight and length growth, daily growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and feed efficiency. The optimal dose was obtained in the treatment of 1.125 g kg-1 feed (B), proving that supplementation of turmeric flour through feed has the potential to be applied to fish culture using the biofloc system.

Growth of Goramy (Osphronemus goramy Lac 1801) Monoculture and Polyculture with Nilem (Osteochilus hasselti C.V)

This research was conducted to determine the optimal density of gorami (Osphronemus goramy Lac 1801) and nilem (Osteochilus hasselti C.V) polyculture with varios nilem density. The research are carried out in the maintenance pool of the Kawungsari Fish Farmers Group, Kertayasa Village, Pangandaran Regency, Indonesia. The research method used is an experimental method with 4 treatments and 4 replications using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Variation of stocking densities carried out with the ratio of gorami: nilem is 30 : 0 fish m2 -1 (control), 30:10 fish m2 -1, 30: 20 fish m2 -1 and 30: 30 fish m2 -1. The fish are kept for 40 days in a pond with an area of 6 x 8 m and a height of 1.2 m. The fish used are gorami with 6-8 cm long and nilem with 4-6 cm long, gorami fish from the PangandaranKertayasa farmer group and nilem fish come from the seed hall which triggers gorami stock and nilem (BPPSIGN) Tasikmalaya. Obtained data are done at the beginning of the study and every 10 days, namely on day 10th, 20th, 30th and 40th. The parameters observed included daily growth rate, survival rate, feed efficiency, periphyton abundance and water quality. The results showed the stocking density of 30 fish m2 -1gorami with 20 fish m2 -1nilem was the most optimal stocking density with survival rate of 93.5%, daily growth rate of 1.19%, and gorami’s feed efficiency is 32.66%. Pond water quality including temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen is still within optimum range in accordance with the Indonesian National Standard for maintenance of gorami and nilem.

THE EFFECT OF PROBIOTIC BOSTER BIO LACTO IN DIFFERENT DOSES OF FEED ON THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL RATE OF NILEM FISH (Osteochilus hasselti) IN THE RECIRCULATION SYSTEM

The aims of the research was determine the optimal Bio Lacto probiotic boster dose on comersial feed additing to improve growth rate and survival of Nilem Fish ( Osteochilus hasselti ) in recirculation systems. The research was conducted for 40 days from April to May 2020. This research was conducted at the laboratory of aquaculture technology Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Riau University. The experiment method using a Completely Randomized Design (RAL) which consists of 4 treatments and 3 replications, is treatment 1). 0 mL/kg of feed (control); 2). 7 mL/kg of feed; 3). 9 mL/kg of feed; 4). 11 mL/kg of feed. The results of this study showed the addition of probiotics Bio Lacto in the feed to give significant effect to the growth rate of Nilem Fish ( Osteochilus hasselti ) reared in the recirculation system, but had no significant effect on the survival of Nilem fish seeds. The best treatment was found in the addition of probiotic at a dose of 11 ml / kg of feed giving absolute weight growth of 4.08 g, absolute length growth of 3.10 cm, feed digestibility of 75.5%, protein digestibility of 88.7%, specific growth rate of 3.31%/day, feed efficiency of 71.36%, feed conversion ratio of 1.40, and survival of 82.22%.

STRESS RESPONSES OF THREE SPECIES OF CYPRINID: COMMON CARP (Cyprinus carpio), BONYLIP BARB (Osteochilus hasselty), AND TORSORO (Tor soro) SUBJECTED TO OXYGEN DEPLETION

Fish in stressed conditions will show symptoms of a decreased physiological function. These symptoms include changes in the respiration system (gills, breathing frequency) and blood hemoglobin. Cyprinid fish are active fish that require high oxygen levels. In a minimum oxygen condition, cyprinid fish are easy to get stressed. Despite the extensive literature on cyprinid biology, comparison of declined physiological functions due to oxygen depletion in cyprinid are few and far between. The purpose of this study was to determine the physiological reactions and organ responses of three species of Cyprinidae, common carp (Cyprinus carpio), nilem carp (Osteochilus hasselti), and Torsoro carp (Tor soro) challenged to oxygen depletion. The study was conducted using 18 fishes for each species with an average body weight of 48.11 ± 4.24 g. Oxygen depletion challenge was done by placing the test fish in closed and non-aerated aquaria (40 cm x 20 cm x 20 cm). The dissolved oxygen level in each aquarium was measured every 30 minutes. Fish breathing frequency was calculated by the frequencies of mouth movement every 30 minutes. Histological examination of gills and blood was taken from healthy fish (at the beginning of treatment) and at LC50 (lethal concentration). The results showed that oxygen depletion reduced blood hemoglobin levels down to 5.1 ± 1.4 gram%, 3.3 ± 1.15 gram%, and 1.5 ± 0.71 gram% for goldfish, nilem, and torsoro, respectively. The respiratory rate varied from normal to depleted conditions. When depletion occurred, the respiratory rate increased and decreased again when the fish started to get weak. In normal conditions, the breathing frequency of goldfish was 60 beats/minute, nilem was 108 ± 20.8 beats/minute, and Tor soro was 144 ± 31.7 beats/minute. The highest respiration frequency occurred in tor soro fish in the 150th minute with a value of 216 ± 0.0 beats/minute. The fastest mortality at LC50% occurred in torsoro at 245.00 ± 17.32 minutes.

Addition of Nilem Fish Protein Concentrate to Find Its Preferred Level in Cakwe

Nilem fish (Osteochilus hasselti) are native Indonesian fish that live in freshwaters, such as rivers and swamps. This research aims to determine the right level of nilem fish protein concentrate addition to the preferred level of cakwe. The design is using a non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with four levels of treatment like 0% or without the addition of nilem fish protein concentrate, 2.5% addition of nilem fish protein concentrate, 5% addition of nilem fish protein concentrate, and 7.5% addition of nilem fish protein concentrate. The parameters tested are organoleptic showing color, aroma, texture, and taste carried out by 20 semi-trained panelists. The results showed that cakwe with 5% nilem fish protein concentrate is mostly preferred by consumers with organoleptic values (color 6.9, aroma 7.3, texture 6.5, and taste 7.3).

POTENSI IKAN Osteochilus hasselti SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU LOKAL UNTUK PAKAN DALAM KEGIATAN BUDIDAYA IKAN DI DANAU RANO

Lake Rano has abundant water resources, one of which is Nilem fish (Osteochilus hasselti). However, the abundance of Nilem (O. hasselti) has not been appropriately utilized and has become a pest in the local community's fishery activities. This study aimed to examine the potential of Nilem (O. hasselti) in terms of nutrient content as a local raw material in making the fish feed to support fish farming activities in Lake Rano. The method in conducting the research was initiated by taking samples of Nilem fish directly from the waters of Lake Rano, then drying the whole fish (without cleaning), and mashing it. Furthermore, testing the nutrient content of fish meal as a test sample. The analysis showed that the whole Nilem fish meal had a protein content of 39.62%, a fat content of 1.4%, a carbohydrate content of 31.7%, an ash content of 17.9%, and a moisture content of 9.38%. It can be concluded that Nilem fish (O. hasselti) has the potential to be used as a substitute for the primary raw material as a source of animal protein for making fish feed, especially in Lake Rano.

The Proximate Analysis of Cakwe with Addition of Nilem Fish Protein Concentrate

Nilem fish (Osteochilus hasselti) are native Indonesian fish that live in freshwaters, such as rivers and swamps. This research aims to obtain the composition of proximate cakwe with the addition of nilem fish protein concentrate. Proximate parameters observed were water content, protein content, fat content, and ash content using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) method. This research was conducted from March 2019 to January 2020 at the Laboratory of Fishery Product Processing, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Padjadjaran University and Laboratory of Chemistry Research, PPBS, Padjadjaran University. The method used is an experimental method with the treatment of 5% nilem fish protein concentrate. The proximate test results showed that cakwe with the addition of nilem fish protein concentrate contained 27.72% water content, 10.42% protein content, 5.36% fat content, and 4.38% ash content.

Bonylip Barb Fish Fingerlings Cultivation (Osteochilus hasselti C.V.) in a Growing Round Container

This research was purposed is to find the optimum current for growth and growth of Bonylip Barb fingerlings (Osteochilus hasselti C.V). Method used in this research is compelitely Randomized Design (CRD), consists of three treatments and four replications. The treatments are : A (without current or (control), B (with 0.1 ms-1 water current) and C. (0.1 ms-1 water current cabined with venture aeration). Bonylip Barb of 4 – 6 cm size are kept as many as 15 fish / x Liters and the amount of feed given is adjusted to the feeding rate (FR) of 10 % of Bonylip Barb biomass carried out every three times a day and adjusted for growth every ten days. Water quality during maintenance (40 days) was observed once every 10 days while survival, absolute weight growth, daily growth rate, feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency were observed every ten days. After 40 days of maintenance, the best result showed 0.1 ms-1, with 100% survival rate , 6.09 g absolute growth, 3.13% specific growth rate , 3.48% feed conversion ratio was , and 30.04%. feed efficiency.

The Effect of Addition of Nilem Fish Protein Concentrate Flour on the Preference Levels of Mochi Cake

Nilem fish (Osteochilus hasselti) is a type of freshwater fish that is widely farmed in West Java. Nilem fish can be made into fish protein concentrate (FPC) flour, so that it can have wide application. The addition of fish protein concentrate flour to the mochi cake might affect the organoleptic characteristics. This research aims to determine the proper concentration of nilem fish protein concentrate to get the mochi cake that was preferred by panelists. This research was conducted from August 2019 - January 2020 at the Laboratory of Fisheries Product Processing, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Padjadjaran University. The method used in this research was experimental with four treatments, which is the addition of 0%, 3.5%, 4.5% and 5.5% nilem fish protein concentrates from white glutinous rice flour was used. The parameters observed were the preference level of color, aroma, texture, and taste of Mochi cake. The results showed that mochi cake with the addition of 4.5% nilem fish protein concentrate flour produced a mochi cake that was preferred most by panelists, which has a characteristic ivory white color, a bit of fish smell, chewy but dense enough and sweet taste with a little typical flavor of nilem fish protein concentrate.

The Effect of Addition of Nilem Fish Protein Concentrate Flour on the Proximate Characteristics of Mochi Cake

Nilem fish (Osteochilus hasselti) is a type of freshwater fish that is widely farmed in West Java. Another application of nilem fish is made into fish protein concentrate (FPC) flour. The addition of fish protein concentrate flour to the mochi cake can affect the proximate characteristics. This study aims to determine the proximate characteristics of mochi cake added by nilem fish protein concentrate flour. This research was conducted from August 2019 - January 2020 at the Laboratory of Fisheries Product Processing, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, and the Chemical Research and Services Laboratory, Basic Science Service Center (PPBS), Padjadjaran University. The method used in this research was experimental with two treatments, that were the addition of 0% and 4.5% nilem fish protein concentrates from white glutinous rice flour was used. The parameters observed were proximate characteristics including carbohydrate, water, protein, fat, and ash content. The results showed that mochi cake with the addition of 4.5% of nilem fish protein concentrate had proximate characteristics namely carbohydrate content 59.57%, water content 29.93%, protein content 8.71%, fat content 1.41%, and ash content 0.38%.

The Effect of Potassium Diformate as Feed Additive on Immune Performances of Nilem (&lt;i&gt;Osteochilus hasselti&lt;/i&gt; Valenciennes, 1842) Under Infection of &lt;i&gt;Aeromonas hydrophila&lt;/i&gt;

This research aims to determine the most effective dosage of potassium diformate additives in feed to increase the body resistance of nilem carp (Osteochilus hasselti). This research used Complete Random Design (CRD) experimental method with 4 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment used was the addition of potassium diformate on feed (0 %, 0.1 %, 0.3 % and 0.5 %). After 28 days of treatment, nilem fingerlings were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria with a density of 108 cfu ml-1. Parameters observed were the number of leukocytes, erythrocytes, survival rate, clinical symptoms and water quality. The result showed that leukocytes and erythrocytes number were significantly different in each treatment. Meanwhile, leukocytes and erythrocytes number of nilem fingerlings in challenged test were increased and decreased due to the addition of potassium diformate and A. hydrophila infection. Clinical symptoms after challenged test were relatively similar such as haemorhagic, ulceration, exopthalmia, dropsy and abnormal swimming movements. Therefore, survival rate of nilem fingerlings with 0.3 % of potassiun diformate was the highest compared to other treatments, namely 81.67 %.

Food preferences of nilem carp (Osteochilus hasselti) at paddy-fish culture pond in Kuningan, Garut and Tasikmalaya, West Java Province

The research aims are to determine the availability of natural feed resources and to study the food habits of nilem carp (Osteochilus hasselti) in the paddy-fish culture system in Kuningan (300 m from sea level), Garut (700 m from sea level) and Tasikmalaya (500 m from sea level) districts. The research used a survey method with descriptive analysis. The treatment was without commercial feeding so that it utilizes natural feed, and consists of two replications in each location. The research was conducted in August 2018 - May 2019. The fish used was java carp with a length of 5-7 cm and a stocking density of 2000 fish/paddy field 200 m2. The results showed that there were two types of feed composition, namely phytoplankton and zooplankton. The preponderance index of nilem carp in each location generally utilizes phytoplankton from the phylum Bacillariophyta as its main feed. The index of electivity shows that the preference level of Java carp for phytoplankton has similarities in each region. Its mostly preferred phytoplankton, such as Cyclotella, Gomphonema, Gyrosigma, Navícula, Nitzschia, and Synedra from Bacillariophyta and Closterium, Coelastrum and Cosmarium from Chlorophyta.

Vertebral ossification, growth, and survival of nilem carp, Osteochilus hasselti larvae using shell flour of local mussel, Pilsbryocancha exilis

Nilem carp is one of the local freshwater fish species in Indonesia that has an economical value. The present study was to determine the optimal of water hardness level on the vertebral ossification, growth, and survival of nilem carp larvae. The four treatments of hardness level with 3 replicates applied using A) 80 mg/L (control), B) 100 mg/L, C) 120 mg/L, and D) 140 mg/L on one day old. Larvae were reared in the fiber tanks with the density of 40 larvae/L fed with artemia and artificial diet. The parameters observed were the vertebrae ossification, absolute length, absolute weight, and survival. The result showed that the best vertebrae ossification, absolute length, absolute weight, and survival was found at water hardness with concentration of 120 mg/L compared to the others treatments (P<0.05) under optimal range of temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen during the rearing period. The use of shell flour of local mussel (P. exilis) in the rearing water media is very important to support vertebrae ossification, growth, and survival of nilem carp larvae.