Orthorexic Tendencies Research Articles

Orthorexia Nervosa and Physical Activity: Impact on Food Choices and Quality of Life In Healthcare Workers

Objective: Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) which is formed by the combination of many factors such as biological, psychological and social factors, reduce the quality of life by affecting food choices. To evaluate the relationship between ON and physical activity status with food selection and quality of life among healthcare personnel at Balıkesir State Hospital in Türkiye. Methods: Sociodemographic characteristics and nutritional status, “ Orthorexia Nervosa Rating Scale (ORTO-15 Scale),” “International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)”, “Quality of Life Scale (WHOQOL-27)”, “Food Consumption Frequency (FFQ)”, and “3-Day Food Consumption Record Form (2 weekdays-1 weekend day)” administered in person to 400 participants. Results: The participants exhibited signs of orthorexia in 80.2% of cases. Other healthcare professionals were most active group (22.5%), while doctors were most inactive (29.7%). Healthcare workers with orthorexic tendencies frequently consumed water, beverages, and dairy products, whereas individuals with typical eating habits commonly consumed fats. Very active health workers most frequently consume fats, inactive nurses and doctors consume water and beverages, and inactive health workers consume milk. Physical activity status affects quality of life, and as “IPAQ Total” scores increased, “General Health Status”, “Physical Health” and “Environment” sub-factor scores of WHOQOL-27 increased (p

Is orthorexia nervosa a hidden threat impacting quality of life in IBS patients?

The potential link between functional gastrointestinal disorders and eating disorders has been reported recently. The present study aimed to explore the relationship between orthorexic tendencies and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-related quality of life in IBS patients. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 121 IBS patients. The data were collected using Orthorexia Nervosa-11 (ORTO-11) to assess orthorexic tendencies, Irritable Bowel Syndrome Quality of Life Scale (IBS-QoL) to measure quality of life, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptom Severity Score (IBS-SSS) to measure IBS symptoms. Food consumption record was taken to assess diet quality with the Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015). The relationship between measured variables was assessed. The mean ORTO-11 score of the patients was 24.76 ± 3.99. Most patients had poor diet quality (52.00%). A moderate positive correlation was found between ORTO-11 and IBS-QoL (model 0, p < 0.005 and model 1, p < 0.001) and a strong negative correlation between IBS-SSS and IBS-QoL (p < 0.001). In conclusion, we can conclude that both altered IBS symptoms and orthorexic tendencies affect the quality of life of irritable bowel patients independently of each other. These findings provide valuable insights into the treatment of IBS and inform clinicians and researchers in the fields of gastroenterology, nutrition, psychiatry,and psychology.

Orthorexic Tendency in Light of Eating Disorder Attitudes, Social Media Addiction and Regular Sporting Among Young Hungarian Women

This study examined a set of background psychological and other variables of orthorexic (ON) tendency in a sample of young women with special interest in healthy lifestyle. The sample consisted of female young adults (N = 310; aged 18–35 years; mean age = 24.3 years; SD = 4.97 years) who were recruited through social media health sites. Besides Orthorexia Nervosa Questionnaire (ORTO‑15), BMI, regular sporting activity, the following scales were used: Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI, drive for thinness, ineffectiveness and maturity fears); Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS); and The Proactive Coping Inventory. In this sample, 37.7% were at risk for ON. Eating disorder attitudes, regular sporting and social media addiction were the most relevant predictors of orthorexic tendency with drive for thinness being the strongest contributor (β = 0.54, p < 0.001). For young women with a special interest in healthy lifestyle, drive for thinness together with regular sporting, ON tendency may serve as a tool for achieving their goal. Social media addiction and other psychological problems (feeling of ineffectiveness or maturity fears) can also contribute to orthorexic rendency. It would be important to ask for support from qualified health professionals when changing nutritional practices.

Higher orthorexia tendency among female fashion models: an empirical international study

PurposeFemale fashion models are more at risk for developing eating disorders than non-models due to the intense occupational pressure they face. The present study focuses on assessing whether female models are more prone to report orthorexia nervosa signs and symptoms than non-models.MethodsFemale fashion models (n = 179, mean age: 25.9 SD = 4.40 years) and an age adjusted control group (n = 261, mean age: 25.0 SD = 4.97 years) were selected by snowball sampling. Participants filled out an online survey containing anthropometric questions and the 18-item Eating Habits Questionnaire.ResultsAccording to BMI, fashion models were underweight (mean BMI = 18.1 SD = 1.68) while control participants’ BMI was in the normal range (mean = 22.1 SD = 4.23, p < 0.001). On all three of Eating Habits Questionnaire subscales fashion models showed significantly higher average value (Knowledge subscale: M = 2.42 among models versus M = 2.08 in the control group, p < 0.01, Cohen’s d = 0.52; Problems subscale: M = 1.93 among models versus M = 2.61 in the control group, p < 0.01, Cohen’s d = 0.49; Feelings subscale: M = 3.20 among models versus M = 2.96 in the control group, p < 0.01, Cohen’s d = 0.38). Orthorexic tendencies were reported by 35.1% of the models versus 20.2% of controls.ConclusionFashion models are at risk for the development of eating disorders. Even though not yet included in the DSM-5, the assessment of orthorexia nervosa among fashion models seems to be important. It is suggested to take appropriate measures to prevent the spread of disordered eating habits among models as they can lead to the development of anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa.Level of evidenceLevel III, well-designed cohort study.

Orthorectic behavior among students and motivation for physical activity, dietary habits, and restrictive eating.

Orthorexia lacks official recognition as an eating disorder; however, orthorexic behaviors, associated with a stringent selection of food, may serve as a predisposing factor to the development of eating disorders. It is characterized by an obsessive preoccupation with healthy eating and strict dietary standards, often prevalent in high-risk groups such as athletes and individuals concerned with their physical appearance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of orthorexia among students exhibiting varying lifestyles (including dietary habits and levels of physical activity, along with their respective motivational factors). The research involved 600 participants equally distributed between health-related (HRF) and non-health-related (NRF) academic categories, with the majority of participants in the HRF category being women. Assessments included BMI calculations, dietary evaluation based on Polish standards, categorization of physical activity levels, the EMI-2 questionnaire on motivation to exercise, the DOS test for orthorexia propensity, and the TFEQ-13 questionnaire for eating behavior. Results showed that primary motivators for physical activity included disease prevention, health maintenance, strength/endurance, and physical appearance. Orthorexia tendencies were prevalent, particularly in the HRF group, linked to lower BMI, better diet quality, higher physical activity levels, and a higher prevalence of restrictive eating. In conclusion, students in health-related fields, driven by a strong health consciousness, are at risk of orthorexia. This emphasizes the need for balanced health education and support. Orthorexic tendencies are associated with distorted perceptions of food portions and calories, underscoring the importance of awareness and intervention.

Orthorexic tendency and its association with weight control methods and dietary variety in Polish adults: a cross-sectional study.

The methods for controlling weight play a central role in formally diagnosed eating disorders (EDs) and appear to be important in the context of other nonformally recognized disorders, such as orthorexia nervosa (ON). These methods also have an impact on eating behaviors, including dietary variety. Our study aimed to: (i) assess the intensity of ON tendency by sex and BMI groups, (ii) evaluate the associations between ON tendency, weight control methods, and dietary variety, and (iii) determine the extent to which weight control methods and dietary variety contribute to the ON tendency among both females and males. Data were gathered from a sample of 936 Polish adults (463 females and 473 males) through a cross-sectional quantitative study conducted in 2019. Participants were requested to complete the ORTO-6, the Weight Control Methods Scale, and the Food Intake Variety Questionnaire (FIVeQ). Multiple linear regression analysis was employed to evaluate associations between ON tendency, weight control methods, and dietary variety. Females exhibited a higher ON tendency than males (14.4 ± 3.4 vs. 13.5 ± 3.7, p < 0.001, d = 0.25). In the regression model, the higher ON tendency was predicted by more frequent use of weight control methods, such as restricting the amount of food consumed, using laxatives, and physical exercise among both females and males as well as following a starvation diet in females, and drinking teas to aid bowel movements among males. Moreover, the higher ON tendency was predicted by higher dietary variety, lower age in both sexes, and higher level of education among males. However, there were no differences in ON tendency across BMI groups. In conclusion, the findings showed that ON tendency was predicted by a higher frequency of weight control methods commonly used by individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). The resemblance to these two EDs is also suggested by the higher intensity of ON tendency among females and younger people. However, the prediction of ON tendency by dietary variety indicates that the obsessive preoccupation with healthy eating may not be advanced enough to observe a decrease in the dietary variety among these individuals.

Orthorexia Nervosa and exercise addiction in a sample of Tunisian athlete students

Introduction Orthorexia and exercise addiction can lead to serious health problems, such as malnutrition and exercise-related injuries.ObjectivesThe aims of our study were to assess the prevalence of exercise addiction and orthorexia nervosa in Tunisian students at the Institute of Physical Education in order to investigate the relationship between these different health dimensions.MethodsAn anonymous self-administered questionnaire was distributed to students in the Sfax and Gafsa sports sections during March 2023. The orthorexic tendency was assessed using the ORTO-15 questionnaire. An ORTO-15 score below 40 points indicates orthorexic tendencies. The Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) was used to study exercise addictionResultsIn our study, 240 students were included. Mean scores on the ORTO-15 and EAI scales were 38.6 ± 8 and 16.6 ± 4.1 respectively. Participants at risk of exercise addiction had a statistically significant tendency towards orthorexia (p&lt;0.001). Among the students, 82.5% had engaged in regular physical activity at a gym in the last two years. The reasons given by students for going to the gym were muscle strengthening (57.9%) and preparation for a sporting competition (37%).Among students taking part in sports activities at the gym, the mean ORTHO-15 score was significantly lower among those doing so to prepare for a sports competition (p=0.005). Participants who believed that they were addicted to sport had a statistically greater tendency towards orthorexia (p=0.012).ConclusionsOur study revealed an association between addictive exercise and orthorexic eating in Tunisian athlete students.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Orthorexia nervosa in dietitians and dietetics students-prevalence, risk factors, and interventions: a scoping review using a systematic approach.

Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is characterized by compulsive behaviors and increased concerns about healthful eating. Dietitians appear to be especially vulnerable to ON, and it is still debatable whether the disordered eating behaviors motivate individuals to enroll in nutrition programs, or whether these behaviors result from an exaggerated preoccupation with healthy eating triggered during their nutrition studies. The aim was to provide an overview of the present state of knowledge about the prevalence, risk factors, and interventions addressing ON among dietitians and dietetics students. More specifically, it was examined whether dietitians and dietetics students differ from students attending different education programs or other health professionals with regard to the severity and risk factors of ON, and whether the extent of ON changes during the progression in the nutrition education years of study. MEDLINE (Ovid), PubMed, EMBASE (Ovid), PsycInfo (EBSCO), CINAHL (EBSCO), Cochrane, ProQuest Central, CABI, ProQuest Dissertations, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink were searched on May 8, 2021, and updated on November 12, 2022. Records were screened for eligibility; study characteristics, methodology, and findings of included articles were extracted; and the methodological quality assessed using the AXIS tool. Each step was preceded by a calibration exercise and conducted independently and in duplicate by pairs of 2 reviewers. Any disagreements were resolved through discussions. A narrative synthesis was performed, whereby the characteristics, methodologies, and results of included studies were compared. Results were inconclusive; yet, a general status of the relatively "high" prevalence of ON among dietitians and dietetics students was established, stressing the need for systematic research to understand and mitigate orthorexic tendencies in this group. It is still too early to answer questions pertaining to prevalence, risk factors, interventions, and differences between dietetics students and other majors when it comes to severity and progress of ON throughout the continuing years of study, or between dietitians and other professional groups. Open Science Framework Identifier: DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/BY5KF.

Evaluation of factors related to organic food consumption and orthorexia nervosa tendencies.

The relationship between organic food consumption, awareness of reducing ecological footprint, and orthorexia nervosa (ON) tendencies has yet to be explored in detail. This study aimed to determine factors related to organic food consumption and ON tendencies in young adults. Also, the relationship between organic food consumption, awareness of reducing ecological footprint, and ON tendencies was investigated. This study was conducted with 887 young adults (58.4% female, 41.6% male, aged 18-25 years, mean age 20.8 ± 2.55 years). Study data were obtained with a web-based questionnaire. The questionnaire included socio-demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, the Organic Food Consumption Scale (OFC), ORTO-11, and the Awareness Scale for Reducing Ecological Footprint (ASREF). While 17.2% were overweight or obese, 74.9% had a normal body weight. There were no differences by sex in terms of ORTO-11, OFC, and ASREF total scores (p > .05). Significant positive correlations were found between ASREF and OFC (p < .001), while negative correlations were found for ORTO-11 and OFC (p < .001). A higher ASREF and increased ON tendencies predicted increased organic food consumption (p < .05). Furthermore, higher organic food consumption behaviors and awareness of reducing ecological footprint predicted increased ON tendencies (p < .05). Findings from this study will contribute to a deeper understanding of the factors associated with organic food consumption and ON tendencies among individuals. By shedding light on the interplay between ecological awareness, organic food consumption, and orthorexic tendencies, policymakers and health professionals can develop targeted interventions to promote sustainable and healthy food consumption.

Investigation Of The Relationship Between Orthorexia Tendencies And Nutritional Status Of Individuals In The Covid-19 Pandemic

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the orthorexia tendencies of individuals and especially the nutritional status of orthorexic people in the Covid 19 pandemic.&#x0D; Methods: 1129 people participated in the study conducted through Google Forms in June 2020, 297 people were excluded due to being under the age of 18, filling in the form and/or scale incompletely/incorrectly, and 832 participants were included in the study. The ORTO-11 Test and the developed questionnaire were used to collect the data. The variables of the research are the participants' gender, body weight, nutritional status, orthorexic tendencies, exercise status, occupation and social media use. The data of the study were evaluated using the SPSS program.&#x0D; Results: The risk of orthorexia was found to be higher in Instagram users, dietitians, and those who did not exercise during the pandemic. There was no statistically significant difference between body weight before and during the pandemic. Increase in consumption of meat and meat products, legumes; decrease in consumption of bread, rice, pasta, sugary drinks and sweets was mostly in orthorexic individuals. Considering all participants, highest consumption increase in vegetables and fruits, sweets, nuts, tea and coffee; consumption decreased mostly in bread, rice, pasta, sugary drinks and chips. &#x0D; Conclusion: Despite the studies that found an increase in body weight in the pandemic, no significant change was found in body weight according to the results of this study. In addition, it was observed that the participants, especially orthorexic individuals, preferred healthier foods during the pandemic.

Investigation of the relationship between orthorexic tendencies and some anthropometric measurements and variables in university students

Investigation of the relationship between orthorexic tendencies and some anthropometric measurements and variables in university students

Assessing Orthorexia Nervosa and its Relation With Body Shape Among Young Adults

Consuming nutritious food is of utmost importance for one’s health and well-being. But when an individual becomes obsessed with eating only healthy food and focusing more on the nutritional content of the food, this obsession is termed as Orthorexia Nervosa. This obsession is characterized by restricting oneself from eating unhealthy foods and making the required dietary changes. The available literature reveals that this is still an unexplored avenue, especially in the Indian context. Thus, the present research focuses on determining the prevalence of orthorexia nervosa among young adults along with its relation with body shape perception. Body shape perception is measured in the terms of how satisfied or dissatisfied people are with their body shape and appearance. The aim of the present research is to determine the prevalence of orthorexia nervosa and body shape concerns among young adults. Secondly, it also focuses on studying the relationship between orthorexia nervosa and body shape. A sample size of 200 participants comprising of 100 males and 100 females were undertaken for the research. The sample constituted of Undergraduate college students only. A convenience sampling technique was used to collect the data from the sample. Responses on two self-report measures, namely: ORTO-15 and BSQ-16(a) were taken from the sample. The Analysis and Interpretation of the data was done through Descriptive Statistics and Pearson’s Correlation. The results indicate that out of 200 participants, 115 participants (57.5%) exhibit orthorexic tendencies, and 103 participants (51.5%) have marked concerns with their body shape. Orthorexia and body dissatisfaction are observed more in females. A Negative Significant Correlation (r= -0.329, p&lt;0.01) is drawn between Orthorexia and Body Shape for the cohort. The current research tries to fill the gap around the sparse knowledge regarding Orthorexia Nervosa and Body Shape concerns especially in the Indian context and encourages further study.

Algılanan Anne Reddi İle Ortoreksiya Arasındaki İlişkide Mükemmelliyetçiliğin ve Öz-Eleştirel Ruminasyonun Aracı Rolü: Kadın Örnekleminde Bir Model Testi

Orthorexia nervosa (ON) refers to a pathological obsession with healthy eating characterized by a restrictive diet, ritualized eating patterns, and strict avoidance of foods believed to be unhealthy or unclean. On the other hand, healthy orthorexia (HO) is defined as an interest in healthy eating and a tendency to eat healthy foods. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between the ON, HO, maternal rejection, perfectionism, self-critical rumination, and body attitude in the women sample. 445 female students from diverse universities in Turkey was attended to our study. Participants completed questionnaires regarding ON and HO, body attitude, maternal rejection, perfectionism, and self-critical rumination. The results showed that negative body attitudes could not predict both HO (B=-.008, SE=.039, p=.791) and ON (B=.008, SE=.032, p=.835). However, perfectionism and self-critical rumination had mediator roles in the relationship between ON and HO with maternal rejection, despite this relationship was positive for ON (B = .014, Boot SE = .007, 95% Boot CI [.003, .029]), but negative for HO (B = -.023, Boot SE = .010, 95% Boot CI [-.042, -.008]). Not a negative body attitude, but maternal rejection, perfectionism, and self-critical rumination played roles in developing orthorexic tendencies.

Orthorexia Nervosa as a Disorder of Less Intuition and Emotion Dysregulation

Emotion regulation difficulties are a significant concern in the realm of eating disorders, serving as either contributing factors or ongoing challenges. While extensive research has explored these issues within prominent eating disorders like anorexia (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), there is a noticeable gap when it comes to understanding emotion regulation difficulties (ERD) and intuitive eating (IE) characteristics in the context of orthorexia nervosa (ON). This study aims to bridge this knowledge gap by introducing a quantitative approach to investigate ERD and IE in a Turkish population affected by ON, involving 159 participants. The study's primary findings reveal that ON represents a non-adaptive eating behavior inherently marked by ERD. Notably, a significant gender difference was observed, indicating that men exhibit a higher likelihood of displaying orthorexic tendencies compared to women . Prior research has highlighted the importance of ERD and the absence of IE in the context of AN and BN. This study extends these findings to assert that these emotional factors also constitute critical criteria in the understanding and treatment of ON. Thus, clinicians should be attentive to the emotional aspects when addressing individuals affected by ON.

Assessment of eating disorders and depression in postpartum women.

To determine the prevalence of eating disorders and orthorexia in postpartum women and examine the relationship with postpartum depression. Included in this study were 227 postpartum women. The Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26) was used to determine the risk of eating disorders in the women, followed by the Orthorexia 11 Scale (ORTO-11) to identify orthorexia, and the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) to identify postpartum depression. 63 of the women (27.8%) exhibited an orthorexic tendency, which was also related to eating disorders and postpartum depression. Each one-point increase in the EAT-26 score led to a decrease of 0.32 points in the ORTO-11 score. Similarly, each one-point increase in the EPDS score caused a reduction of 0.18 points in the ORTO-11 score. The ORTO-11 score increased by 0.26 points per each live birth. An obsessive focus on healthful nutrition may result in the impairment of health and numerous adverse psychological and physiological outcomes in the future. Healthy eating habits should be maintained to improve the quality of life without causing an obsession with healthy eating.

Evaluation of the recipient and donor in organ transplantation in terms of orthorexia nervosa.

The aim of this study is to evaluate recipients and donors undergoing organ transplantation in terms of orthorexia nervosa. The population of the study consisted of individuals over the age of 18 who were donors or recipients undergoing organ transplantation at the Organ Transplantation Centre of Research-Application Hospital of Gaziantep University in Turkey (n=74). A questionnaire consisting of 3 parts was used as a data collection tool. While the first part includes questions that ask socio-demographic characteristics of the participants and constitute the independent variables of the study (21 questions), the second and third parts include the Orthorexia Nervosa-15 (ORTO-15) and the Eating Attitude Test (EAT-40), respectively. Based on the cut-off point of the ORTO-15 scale, it was determined that while 78.4% (n=58) of the participants were normal in terms of orthorexia nervosa, 21.6% (n=16) were orthorexic. In terms of the cut-off point of EAT-40, 37.8% (n=28) of the participants did not have an eating disorder and 62.2% (n=46) suffered from an eating disorder. The ORTO-15 mean ranks were high in those who were females (p=0.035), were suffering from chronic diseases (p=0.002), did not consume fast food (p=0.004), were making arrangements before eating their daily meals (p=0.018), and were doing regular physical activity (p=0.042). Consequently, it was determined that those who were females, were suffering from chronic diseases, were making arrangements before eating their daily meals and were doing regular physical activity showed a more orthorexic tendency. It is recommended for healthcare professionals to determine the orthorexic tendency level of patients, who are female, suffer from chronic diseases, adhere to a regular diet and do a regular physical activity, and evaluate the whole patient group in terms of eating disorders while healthcare professionals conduct early diagnosis screenings of the patients (recipient/donor) in the organ transplantation process or referring them.

Kecenderungan orthorexia nervosa pada mahasiswa program studi gizi

Orthorexia nervosa tendency in nutritional studentsBackground: Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is a condition when someone is over obsessive about healthy food, and focus on food quality can lead to disturbed life. One of the vulnerable group is health related student which include health nutrition student. There is no research about this.Objectives: The study aims to evaluate the prevalence of ON tendency on nutritional student, and explore and investigate the related factors between common characteristics and ON tendency.Methods: This study is descriptive research with a cross-sectional design involving 100 samples of nutrition students chosen by proportional random sampling. Questionnaire-based on an Indonesian version of ORTO-15 which has been validated. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney, Spearman Rank, and multivariate.Results: Orthorexia nervosa tendency was documented in 38% of the sample (using cut-off point 40). The mean score of the participants from the ORTO-15 test is 39.99± 3.221. Meal frequencies were associated with ON tendency (p=0.040). While no significant correlation between orthorexic tendencies with sex, allergy, dietary pattern, frequent exercising, amount of social media accounts, and accessing social media duration (p&gt;0.05).Conclusions: The prevalence of ON tendencies in nutritional students is 38%. The factor that influences the tendency to ON is the frequency of eating.

Eating disorder and sports engagement in individuals playing sports

The main purpose of study is to investigate the relationship between the level of sports engagement, eating disorder tendency. A total of 524 individuals, a mean age of 24±8.00 in study. The data of the study were collected using the personal information form, the scale of engagement to sport, the orthorexia-11 scale. In the analysis of the data, the Independet Sample T-Test was used to compare the paired groups to determine the differences between the groups, One-Way Anova was used to compare the groups of three or more. In determining the effect size of the differences, Cohen d values for T-Test and eta2 values for ANOVA were calculated. Pearson Correlation test was used to determine the relationship between eating disorder tendency, sports engagement levels. Participants' sports engagement scores; while it did not differ according to gender (p&gt;0.05), it differed branch, level of sports, diet and year of sports (p&lt;0.05). Orthorexic (eating disorder) tendencies of the participants; while it did not differ gender and level of doing sports (p&gt;0.05), it differed branch, dieting status and year of doing sports (p&lt;0.05). It was determined that the sport, history, diet and training frequency were effective on adherence levels, orthorexic tendency, high level of sport adherence increased orthorexic tendency. Considering that people's physical appearance concerns are high, their desire to have a fit appearance due to environmental effects, this is thought to be effective in increasing the level of engagement to sports, orthorexic tendency.

Psychometric properties of Turkish Orthorexia Nervosa Inventory in a clinical adolescent sample

PurposeOrthorexic tendencies are increasingly prevalent among children and adolescents. This study set out to investigate the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Orthorexia Nervosa Inventory (ONI) in a clinical adolescent sample.Methods266 adolescents aged 12–18 years, who applied to the Department of Child and Adolescents Psychiatry were included in the study. Participants completed sociodemographic data form, ONI, Eating Attitude Test, Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Child Version and ORTO-15.ResultsThe Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the ONI reached 0.92, indicating very good internal consistency. Total factor scores and Cronbach alpha values for behaviors, impairments, and emotions were found to be 0.84, 0.84, and 0.83, respectively. The CFA performed supported the three-factor structure of the ONI obtained in the first sample. The minimum discrepancy per degree of freedom = 1.89 and the model generally fit well to the structure (RMSEA = 0.058, SRMR = 0.033, CFI = 0.92, TLI = 0.91).DiscussionThis study has shown that the Turkish version of the ONI is a valid and reliable scale for specifying the tendency for Orthorexia Nervosa in a Turkish adolescent population. These findings contribute in several ways to our understanding of orthorexic tendencies and provide a basis for more concrete research data that can be obtained by using the ONI, which is a reliable scale in studies to be conducted among adolescents.Level of evidenceLevel V, descriptive cross-sectional study.

The Relationship between Orthorexic Tendency and Bread Consumption Habits in Adults: A Cross-sectional Study

Objective: Recently, bread is a frequently discussed food whether it is healthy or not, due to its high carbohydrate and gluten content. It is thought that negative attitudes toward bread may effect on eating behavior. The present study examined attitudes toward bread consumption and orthorexic tendency. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 1220 adults. Data including the type and amount of consumed bread, food consumption frequencies and the ORTO-15 scale were collected through a questionnaire. Three stepwise linear regressions were conducted to evaluate the related factors with orthorexic tendency. Results: It was determined that 66.6% of the individuals had an orthorexic tendency. The idea that bread is an unhealthy food was more common in individuals with an orthorexic tendency (p&amp;lt;0.05). Similarly, the percentage of individuals who do not consume any bread was approximately 3 times higher among individuals with orthorexic tendency (p&amp;lt;0.05). Also, daily bread consumption amount (134.1±72.22 g vs. 152.9±76.71 g) and carbohydrate intake (200.7±110.45 g vs. 225.7±111.58 g) were found to be significantly lower in individuals with orthorexic tendency (p&amp;lt;0.05). High educational level, consuming whole grain bread, and low carbohydrate intake were associated with higher levels of orthorexic tendencies according to ORTO-15 scores (p&amp;lt;0.05). Conclusions: These results indicate that the orthorexic tendency was higher in individuals with negative attitudes toward bread. In this respect, it seems important to increase the awareness of individuals about healthy bread types and the amounts to be consumed in terms of gaining healthier eating behaviors/of improving their eating behaviors.