Specimen collections serve as core archives for global biodiversity. Particularly during periods of massive species population decline, physical specimens remain irreplaceable for biodiversity research and conservation. In this era of rapid digital advancement, traditional value and digital potential of specimens resonate in synergy. Digitization further transforms them into resources accessible across time and space. Among these collection specimens, type specimens are of paramount importance, they not only serve as the basis for species naming (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, ICZN), but also form as the core reference for morphological, biogeographical, and conservation biology research. Should their information be lost or the specimens themselves damaged, subsequent related studies would lose their verifiable foundation. Currently, despite the global surge in specimen digitization, most museums have yet to establish comprehensive digital management systems covering the entire workflow. Consequently, type specimen inventories remain essential foundational reference materials for taxonomists undertaking clade revision work. To address this, this paper compiles Orthoptera specimens in relatively good condition from the Zoological and Botanical Museum of Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), providing detailed documentation of 140 specimens labeled as “types”. These specimens belong to Acridoidea and Pyrgomorphoidea, comprising 4 families, 14 subfamilies, and 69 genera. According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), the aforementioned 140 type specimens represent 140 valid species. This paper provides high–resolution illustrations and complete original literature for all taxonomic units, aiming to offer a systematic guide for taxonomic research on specimens of Acridoidea and Pyrgomorphoidea within the order Orthoptera.

Dianemobius fascipes belongs to the superfamily Grylloidea within the order Orthoptera. Orthoptera is the only known insect order that has undergone genome gigantism, making it an ideal model for studying the mechanisms of genome expansion and contraction. In this study, we assembled a chromosome-level genome of D. fascipes using a combination of HiFi sequencing and Hi-C technology. The assembled genome is 1.676 Gb in size, with a scaffold N50 of 180.3 Mb, and 97.34% of contigs were anchored to nine chromosomes. The final assembly exhibited high completeness, with a BUSCO score of 98.2%. Genome annotation revealed that repetitive sequences accounted for 41.55% of the assembly, and 14,829 protein-coding genes were identified. This high-quality genome assembly of D. fascipes provides a valuable resource for comparative genomic analyses of orthopteran insects. In addition, this chromosome-level genome assembly provides a foundation for investigating the evolution and underlying mechanisms of genome gigantism.

ABSTRACT Gryllidea comprises approximately 6300 species worldwide, ranking as the third largest group within the order Orthoptera. However, due to the constraints of various morphological classification systems and the limited molecular phylogenetic studies based on a small number of genes, a robust and comprehensive phylogenetic framework for this group has not yet been established. As a result, the higher‐level classification remains underdeveloped, and the taxonomic status of certain clades is unclear. In this study, we supplemented completed mitochondrial and rDNA molecular data from 196 species, combined with DNA barcoding, to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of 443 cricket species belonging to 221 genera, 29 subfamilies and 11 families within extant Gryllidea. Our analysis reveals several new phylogenetic relationships at family, subfamily and tribe levels. Notably, we observed independent clustering patterns within the subfamilies Pentacentrinae, Eneopterinae and Landrevinae + Itarinae. We propose that the Gryllidea originated during the Late Triassic (223.11 Ma), splitting into two major lineages: the superfamily Gryllotalpoidea and Grylloidea. The ancestor of Gryllotalpoidea is hypothesized to have emerged in the Late Jurassic (127.98 Ma), while the ancestor of Grylloidea likely originated in the Late Triassic (200.18 Ma). Additionally, we identified a rapid diversification rate node within the superfamily Grylloidea, which coincides with the large‐scale diversification of angiosperms during the Cretaceous. The rapid expansion of angiosperms and the subsequent ecological niche restructuring may have been key drivers behind the rapid radiation of cricket lineages. Drawing on a variety of molecular markers, this study establishes the most comprehensive and well‐supported phylogenetic framework for the Gryllidea to date, with the broadest species coverage and the clearest species identification. Our findings provide new insights into the phylogenetic relationships within crickets, explore their correlation with environmental changes, and offer valuable references for the classification of Gryllidea and related evolutionary studies, contributing both data and theoretical support to further research in the Gryllidea.

Metarhizium acridum is a well-established specialist entomopathogenic fungus that primarily targets arthropods within the order Orthoptera. In this study, we investigated the genomic characteristics of a novel mycovirus infecting M. acridum, named "Metarhizium acridum unirnavirus 1" (MaUV1). Its genome is 2,907 bp in length and contains two open reading frames (ORFs), encoding a protein of unknown function and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The identified ORFs showed sequence similarity to those of "Botryosphaeria dothidea non-segmented dsRNA mycovirus" and "Nigrospora oryzae mycovirus 1". Phylogenetic analysis revealed that MaUV1 belongs to the recently established genus Unirnavirus, family Amalgaviridae. This is the first report of an amalgavirus infecting a member of the genus Metarhizium and the first report of a mycovirus infecting M. acridum.

Repetitive elements (REs), involving both satellite DNA (satDNA) and transposable elements (TEs), significantly influence the evolutionary dynamics of the host genome. The order Orthoptera, known for its large genomes, serves as an ideal model for studying the relationship between repeat elements and genome size. We conducted a comparative repeatome analysis across ten Tetrigidae species, using low-coverage short reads in RepeatExplorer2 and dnaPipeTE. Our findings revealed that RE content constitutes between 42.82% (in Thoradonta yunnana) and 60.86% (in Saussurella cornuta) of their genomes, with major components including LINEs, LTR/Gypsy, LTR/Copia, and DNA transposons (Maverick and Helitron). We observed a strong positive correlation between repeat and TE content with genome size, suggesting genome expansion in Tetrigidae is likely driven primarily by repetitive DNA, particularly transposable elements. TE divergence analysis, calculated using RepeatMasker, indicates that species with large genomes, such as S. cornuta (2.836 Gb) and Formosatettix gonggashanensis (1.465 Gb), have experienced both ancient and recent bursts of TE activity. Satellitome analysis revealed a diverse range of satDNA families, with Macromotettixoides jiuwanshanensis having the highest number (34 families) and Phaesticus moniliantennatus showing the greatest abundance (16.76%). Additionally, a fossil-calibrated phylogeny based on 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes (PCGs) enabled ancestral state reconstructions of genome size, repeat content, and TE composition, revealing lineage-specific patterns of genomic evolution. This study highlights the critical role of repetitive DNA, particularly TEs, in driving genomic complexity and expansion, offering key insights into the evolutionary dynamics of Tetrigidae.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-17670-2.

Phylogeny of Orthoptera (Insecta) using targeted ultraconserved element data.

This paper presents the list of insects found during the 15-day faunal assessment survey of the Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary (BWS), Bihar. In total, 112 species of insects were documented. A preliminary checklist has been prepared that provides baseline information for biodiversity studies in the region. These species are distributed across 11 orders and 56 families. Of these, 41 species belonged to order Lepidoptera, 18 to order Coleoptera, 12 to order Hymenoptera, 11 to order Orthoptera, nine to order Hemiptera, eight to order Odonata, six to order Diptera, three to order Blattodea, two to order Mantodea, and one each to order Plecoptera and Dermaptera. This checklist is crucial for understanding the health of the ecosystem of Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary.

Orthoptera are medium-sized, large terrestrial insects, with long and short antennae. They are the most diverse order of insects within the Polyneoptera. They play an important role in food webs. This paper aims to study the taxonomy of the Order Orthoptera in several stations in the Vlora area (Albania). The collected material was collected during the period of July to August 2024. In this paper we refer to 3 families and 23 species. From systematic analysis it results that the most represented family is Acrididae with 14 species and with a frequency of 60.86%. The least represented families are Tettigoniidae with 8 species and with a species frequency of 34.78%, followed by the family Oecanthidae with 1 species and with a species frequency of 4.34%. This shows that the ecosystems of the stations where biological material was collected for the Acididae family offer suitable conditions. The habitats of the Qafa e Pishes station showed a greater diversity of species compared to the other stations, with 12 species and a species frequency of 52.17%, while the Maja e Qores station had fewer species, with 8 species and a species frequency of 34.78%. This indicates that the habitats at the Qafa e Pishes station offer favorable conditions for species of the Order Orthoptera.

As Far As We Can Tell, Insects Are Very Colourful And Beautiful Animals. In Addition To Its Many Other Functions, Colour Aids In Signalling, Physiological Adaptability, And Predator Defence On An Insect's Body. Moreover, Colour Helps Identify Species And Provides Information In A Variety Of Directions. This Study Provides Unique Information On The Colour Pattern Of Painted Grasshoppers In Baburayanpettai Village, Srm College Of Agricultural Sciences. Located In The Chengalpattu District Of Chennai, Tamil Nadu (India), Baburayanpettai Is A Village. Insect Variety In This Region Is Truly Astounding. The Patterns Of Colour That Cover The Bodies Of Insects Differ. The Class Insecta And The Order Orthoptera Are Where Painted Grasshoppers Are Found In The Animal Kingdom. Painted Grasshoppers Have A Distinctive Colour On Their Body That Makes Them Look Attractive And Seductive. We Collect Data For This Study Using Insect Collection Nets, Field Research, Handpicking Methods, And Direct Observation In Order To Identify Colour Patterns.

Locusts, belonging to the order Orthoptera, are short-horned grasshoppers known for their migratory habits, marked polymorphism, and voracious feeding behavior. Among the various species, the Desert Locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forsskål) is particularly notorious for forming swarms of adults and hopper bands of nymphs, causing significant devastation to both natural and cultivated vegetation. These “sleeping giants” can flare up at any time, inflicting severe damage to crops and potentially leading to national emergencies concerning food and fodder supplies. This article aims to compile all relevant information about locusts to benefit students, teachers, researchers, policymakers, and others interested in this critical subject.

This review examines the current status and future prospects in the field of insect bioacoustics in India. This review have summarizes the diverse mechanisms of sound production and reception with a specific focus on the order Orthoptera. As one of the megadiverse nations, India is home to over 63000 insect species. With nearly a third of these endemics, the insect fauna in India is under great threat due to the expanding influence of human activity. Bioacoustics offers a viable option for rapid monitoring and biodiversity assessments. The available literature is reviewed for insect bioacoustics from India and the taxonomic orders and research themes are identified. This review also summarizes bioacoustics studies that have been carried out in the Order Orthoptera. Expanding research into other insect orders and exploration of ecosystems beyond biodiversity hotspots, as well as aquatic ecosystems, present viable avenues for future research.

Guira guira, a member of the subfamily Crotophaginae, is widely distributed across South America, occurring in countries such as Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina. Its diet is primarily carnivorous, consisting mainly of arthropods, particularly those from the order Orthoptera, though occasional predation on small vertebrates has also been recorded. The consumption of anurans by G. guira is considered infrequent, with rare and often imprecise records of prey identification. This study documents various anurans and reptiles species consumed by G. guira, as along with the the capture strategies employed. Observations were conducted in a rural of Corumbá, MS, in the southern Pantanal region, specifically in the Pantanal do Paiaguás, in northern Mato Grosso do Sul. A total of seven anurans species and one lizard species were recorded, with most of the consumed individuals being males. The findings expands the list of prey associated with G. guira and provides valuable information into its foraging behavior and hunting techniques, particularly during the parental care period.

The Order Orthoptera belongs to the class of insects and they live in terrestrial habitats. They have a significant impact on ecology. In this paper, taxonomic data are presented for the species of the Order Orthoptera in the different habitats of the Vlora area. The collection of biological material was carried out at three stations: Llogara National Park, Kurora e Malit, and Zvernec during the period 2024. From our taxonomic analysis, we identified 18 species in the Order Orthoptera belonging to the two families Acrididae and Tettigoniidae collected at these three stations: Zvernec, Llogara National Park and Kurora e Malit (Sevaster). The family Tettigoniidae represents the highest number of species with 10 species and a species frequency of 55.55%, while the family Acrididae represents the lowest number of species, with 8 species and a species frequency of 44.44%. In terms of stations, the Llogara National Park station represents the highest number of species, with 10 species with a species frequency of 55.55%, followed by the Kurora e Malit station with 9 species and a species frequency of 50%, while the Zvernec station represents the lowest number with 6 species and a species frequency of 33.33%. The habitats of the Llogara National Park station have a diversity of species of the Order Orthoptera.

Abstract Four families, 39 genera and 89 species of edible insects of the Order Orthoptera were registered in 21 states of Mexico, belonging to the families Acrididae (22 genera, 59 species), Romaleidae (2–4), Gryllidae (5–8), and Tettigoniidae (10–17). The Acrididae family is the one with the largest number of genera (22) and species (59). Its distribution by localities is indicated, which correspond to the municipalities of the different states sampled so far. This article provides information on the different ways of preparing of some edible insects and analyses their economic and industrial importance. It also provides information, on various aspects of insect collection, production and marketing, as well as on some foods made from them, since they are widely sought, collected, accepted as part of the diet and marketed.

Glutinous corn (Zea mays ceratina Kulesh) is a variety of corn that holds significant economic value. However, the productivity of this plant is frequently compromised by insect pest infestations. This study aims to investigate the effects of organic fertilizer on the insect pest population and identify the types of insect pests affecting glutinous corn plants. The objectives of this research are to assess the abundance of insect pests in glutinous corn plants under three treatments: (1) no organic fertilizer, (2) liquid organic fertilizer, (3) solid organic fertilizer, and (4) a combination of liquid and solid organic fertilizers. The research methods include field observations, insect sampling, and laboratory analyses for pest identification based on morphological characteristics. This study employed a non-factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with four treatments and six replications, resulting in 24 experimental plots. The results indicated that insect pests were highest in the treatment that did not utilize organic fertilizer. The types of insect pests found on glutinous corn plants belong to the orders Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Lepidoptera and were observed from the vegetative to the generative periods. Applying solid organic fertilizer from chicken manure proved the most effective treatment for enhancing corn production, yielding a production weight of 1.36 kg per plot, equivalent to 9.07 tons per hectare.

Orthoptera is always associated with plant vegetation, as these insects are herbivores and rely on plants as their primary food source. Institut Teknologi Sumatera is home to various types of vegetation and plant diversity, both naturally growing and managed for specific purposes. Based on this background, research is needed to inventory and document the species of grasshoppers found at Institut Teknologi Sumatera and understand their distribution and habitat. Data collection on the diversity of the Orthoptera order was carried out at Institut Teknologi Sumatera and identified in the Zoology Laboratory at Institut Teknologi Sumatera. Sampling was conducted using an insect net and the hand sorting method. Observations were conducted in the morning from 07:00 – 10:00 AM WIB and in the afternoon from 03:00 – 05:00 PM WIB. Based on the research conducted at the Institut Teknologi Sumatera, 12 genera were found at four observation station points. At station I, 161 individuals were found; at station II, 204 individuals were found; at station III, 136 individuals were found; and at station IV, 145 individuals were found. 12 genera of the order Orthoptera were found, belonging to four families. The most commonly found family was Acrididae, while the least commonly found families were Gryllidae and Pyrgomorphidae.

Kingdonella qinghaiensis Zheng, 1990 a species belonging to the genus Kingdonella Uvarov, 1933, within the family Acrididae in the order Orthoptera, is mainly distributed in Qinghai province, China. In this study, we determined, assembled and annotated the mitochondrial genome of Kingdonella qinghaiensis. The mitogenome is 15,597 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and a control region (D-loop). The entire mitogenome exhibits a strong A/T bias, with an A+T content of 75.4%. All 13 PCGs had the typical start codon of ATN (9 ATGs, 2 ATCs and 2 ATTs) and TAA was the most frequent stop codon in Kingdonella qinghaiensis PCGs, except TAGs for ND3 and ND1 genes. A total of 3,730 codons are present in the mitogenomic PCGs of Kingdonella qinghaiensis. Among these, UUA (9.65%) is the most frequent codon for leucine (L), followed by AUU (9.3%) for isoleucine (I), and UUU (8.12%) for phenylalanine (F). The Ka/Ks ratios of the 13 PCGs in Kingdonella qinghaiensis mitogenome ranged from 0.1436 to 0.9107 (0<Ka/Ks<1), and ND4L had the highest ratio while COX1 gene had the lowest value. The nucleotides diversity (Pi) analysis of the 13 PCGs from 46 species in Acrididae implied that ND2 gene contained the highest variability site (0.27862). While ND5, ND4 and ND1 had comparatively low nucleotide diversities. The phylogenetic tree based on the nucleotide sequences of the 13 PCGs from 46 different species (including 2 outgroups) supported the monophyly of Acrididae and indicated two stable clades in Acrididae. The phylogenetic analyses represented the main topology as follows: ((((Catantopinae+Calliptaminae) +Cyrtacanthacridinae) + ((Spathosterninae+Oxyinae) + Melanoplinae)) + (((Oedipodinae+Acridinae) + Gomphocerinae) +Coptacrinae)). Species from Melanoplinae in the phylogenetic tree confirmed that Kingdonella qinghaiensis had the closer taxonomy relationship with Kingdonella bicollina, another member in the same genus.

Orthoptera are important members of almost all terrestrial ecosystems, playing roles as both consumers and prey. Diversity refers to the various species found within a particular area. This study aims to determine the diversity index, dominance index, and evenness of the order Orthoptera at the Institut Teknologi Sumatera. Data collection on Orthoptera diversity was conducted and identified in the Zoology Laboratory at Institut Teknologi sumatera. Purposive sampling was used as the sampling technique, based on specific considerations. Observations were carried out at four locations around Institut Teknologi Sumatera and analyzed using diversity index, dominance index, and evenness index formulas. This study found 12 genera from the order Orthoptera. The diversity of Orthoptera at ITERA was categorized as moderate, with the diversity index (H’) values recorded as follows: Station I (1.879); Station II (1.765); Station III (1.626); and Station IV (1.843). No dominant individuals were found at any station. The evenness index at ITERA was categorized as high, with values of 0.784 at Station I; 0.767 at Station II; 0.678 at Station III; and 0.742 at Station IV, where Station I had the highest evenness value

Members of the insect order Orthoptera comprising grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets form a dominant and vital group of invertebrates in the arid environment. Orthopterans play an important role in grassland ecosystems and their species diversity and abundance in grasslands are much higher compared to those in the agricultural and scrubland areas. We attempt to create a comprehensive list of Orthopteran species from the Desert National Park (DNP) and its surrounding areas from the Thar Desert landscape of Rajasthan. This area constitutes one of the largest and few protected areas of arid biodiversity in India. In different enclosures of DNP sweep net sampling was done to sample the focal species in different seasons. 24 orthoptera species belonging to 20 genera and 11 subfamilies under 5 families were recorded.

This study was conducted in the Abdul Wali Khan University Campus, Mardan in the Gardan Campus. This study has developed a detailed classification system for the identification of insect order within Insecta class. The study was conducted in June 2023 in the campus with specimen collection, while considering ample care and precaution. Hand nets were the predominant specimen collection methods used in this study. The specimens were identified with proper care and, where these specimens were big, pinned for closer examination of any distinctive features; the smallest specimens mounted on triangular card points made the identification work easier. The next poll found that there were four classes of insects, namely, Diptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, and Lepidoptera. Of the four classes, there were 1000 species making up four families whereby they were identified mainly through making detailed visual observation of the color of the wings and patterns. Authoritative field guides were never lacking. Diversity indices permit the most useful application in comparing insect diversity in the campus ecosystem by summarizing richness-that is, the absolute number of different species-with abundance or evenness (the distribution of individuals across species)-into one numerical value. The species count for the Order Diptera was 393 (39% of the total) the highest of all Orders; for the Order Orthoptera, 318 species (31%); the Order Coleoptera, 192 species (19%); and the Order Lepidoptera, 97 species (10%). This research therefore will go a long way to help in the knowledge of insect biodiversity within the campus of Gardan due to availability of an identification key such as that as a reference. A finding like this, however, has great importance for further studies and especially about the conservation aspect of the area.