Orthogonal Design Optimization Research Articles

Enhancing water transportation capacity by asymmetrical patterned surface with super-wettability

Spontaneous and directional water droplet transportation based on patterned surface with super-wettability is crucial for the development of frontier science technology. However, water droplet transportation cannot meet both long distance and fast transportation simultaneously. Here, we overcame this limitation by proposing an asymmetric serial brachistochrone-shaped pattern (ASBP). Water droplet could be transported on the ASBP with a transportation distance of 72.52 mm and a transportation velocity of 158 mm/s after a series of single-factor experiments, orthogonal design optimization, and junction transition optimization. In addition, the water droplet could be transported on a curved ASBP, a super-long ASBP for multi-droplet scenarios, and an ASBP at an inclination angle. Moreover, acidic and alkaline aqueous solution droplet showed similar transportation distance and transportation velocity on the ASBP. Based on the aforementioned superb water transportation capacity, this ASBP can be applied in the fields of fog collection, solution mixing and reaction, and reagent detection. This work has strong implications for promoting the application of patterned surface with super-wettability in the field of high-performance fluid transportation systems.

Orthogonal design optimization for Cu/Sn58Bi-0.4Mg/Cu solder joint strength in ultrasonic-assisted soldering

This study investigated the influence of three ultrasonic-assisted soldering process parameters, namely soldering temperature, ultrasonic duration, and ultrasonic power, on the strength of Cu/Sn58Bi-0.4Mg/Cu solder joints. A three-factor, three-level orthogonal experiment was conducted by us using an L9 (34) orthogonal design, and the research outcome was evaluated in terms of solder joints shear strength. The optimal experimental design was determined through range analysis, and the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed to assess the individual impacts of each factor on the experimental results. Furthermore, we employed scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine the microstructures of the solder joints, investigate the progression of intermetallic compounds (IMC), and analyze the fracture surface morphology. Furthermore, we conducted essential Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) elemental analysis to study the diffusion and distribution of elements. Finally, validation experiments were performed to compare the optimal design from the orthogonal experiment with the design derived from theoretical analysis, revealing that the latter yielded superior results. This study has identified an excellent set of parameters for ultrasonically assisted Cu/Sn58Bi-0.4Mg/Cu bonding. It offers novel insights into parameter selection for ultrasonic-assisted soldering, with potential energy conservation and efficiency improvement benefits.

Efficient biosynthesis of exopolysaccharide in Candida glabrata by a fed-batch culture.

Polysaccharides are important natural biomacromolecules. In particular, microbial exopolysaccharides have received much attention. They are produced by a variety of microorganisms, and they are widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. The Candida glabrata mutant 4-C10, which has the capacity to produce exopolysaccharide, was previously obtained by random mutagenesis. In this study we aimed to further enhance exopolysaccharide production by systemic fermentation optimization. By single factor optimization and orthogonal design optimization in shaking flasks, an optimal fermentation medium composition was obtained. By optimizing agitation speed, aeration rate, and fed-batch fermentation mode, 118.6 g L−1 of exopolysaccharide was obtained by a constant rate feeding fermentation mode, with a glucose yield of 0.62 g g−1 and a productivity of 1.24 g L−1 h−1. Scaling up the established fermentation mode to a 15-L fermenter led to an exopolysaccharide yield of 113.8 g L−1, with a glucose yield of 0.60 g g−1 and a productivity of 1.29 g L−1 h−1.

Design optimization on characteristics of packed-bed thermal energy storage system coupled with high temperature gas-cooled reactor pebble-bed module

The packed-bed thermal energy storage (PBTES) coupled with the high temperature gas-cooled reactor pebble-bed module (HTR-PM) system is of emerging interest which can ensure the economy, safety and reliability operation of the HTR-PM. For the coupled PBTES system, multi-parameters need to be considered and there is a need to propose an integral method to help the design and optimization. In this work, firstly, the numerical results are compared and validated with the experiment data. Then, the thermal characteristics of the coupled PBTES system including the overall heat storage quantity, heat release quantity, average charging power, average discharging power, charging/discharging/total enthalpy efficiency and charging/discharging/total exergy efficiency are systematically evaluated with the orthogonal design optimization. At last, the typical non-dimensional numbers including the ReP number, Nu number and Pr number of the high temperature fluid (HTF) are illustrated for the optimal scheme. The results indicate that the calculation results agree well (relative error within 7.0%) with the experiment data. Additionally, the most optimal scheme is determined as 26 mm of the capsule diameter, “K2CO3-Li2CO3 (65–35 wt%)”+“LiF-NaF-KF (29–12–59 wt%)” of the phase change materials (PCMs), 0.229 m3·s−1 of the inlet HTF flow rate and 850℃ of the inlet HTF temperature or initial PCMs temperature. It demonstrates an integral method including the numerical model calculation, orthogonal design optimization, thermal characteristics evaluation, range and variance analysis, enthalpy and exergy efficiency and dimensionless number for the design of the coupled PBTES system.

Investigation on collision-coalescence of droplets under the synergistic effect of charge and sound waves: orthogonal design optimization

As an efficient approach to improve visibility, defogging technology is essential for the operation of ports and airports. This paper proposes a new and hybrid defogging technology, i.e. an electric–acoustic defogging method. Specifically, the droplets are charged by corona discharge, which is beneficial to overcome the hydrodynamic interaction force to improve the droplet collision efficiency. Meanwhile, sound waves (especially acoustic turbulence) promote the relative movement of droplets to increase the collision probability. In this study, the effects of acoustic frequency (f), sound pressure level (SPL), and voltage (V) on the droplet growth ratio were studied by orthogonal design analysis. The results of difference analysis and multi-factor variance analysis show that frequency and SPL are the dominant factors that affect the collision of droplets, and the effect of voltage is relatively weak. And f= 400 Hz, SPL = 132 dB, and V = −7.2 kV are the optimal parameters in our experiment. In addition, we further studied the impact of single factor on droplet growth ratio. The results show that there exists an experimental optimal frequency of 400 Hz. The droplet growth ratio increases with SPL and voltage level. The new technology proposed in this paper can provide a new approach for defogging in open space.

Preparation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of a clonidine hydrochloride drug–resin suspension as a sustained-release formulation

Objective The purpose of the present study was to prepare a clonidine hydrochloride (CH) sustained-release suspension. Methods The processes involved in the drug formulation included drug loading, impregnating, and suspension preparation. Clonidine hydrochloride drug–resin complexes (CH-DRC) were prepared using the bath method and the CH-DRC impregnated before the microencapsulation process. Based on the bottom spray fluidized bed coating method, the CH microencapsulated drug–resin complexes (CH-MC) were also prepared using Surelease® (the suspension of ethyl cellulose aqueous dispersion) as the coating material. The effects of coating (process/formulation) on the in vitro release of coating microcapsule were evaluated via single factor investigation and orthogonal design optimization. The CH-MC with optimized formulation was further dispersed in a suitable medium to obtain a sustained-release suspension. Rats were given commercial CH ordinary tablets and the CH sustained-release suspension via intragastric administration. The plasma concentration–time curve and related pharmacokinetic parameters were investigated using the non-compartment model. Results The T max of the CH sustained-release suspension was delayed from 2 h to 5 h compared with the CH ordinary tablets. Similarly, the C max was reduced from 32.138 µg·mL−1 to 18.150 µg·mL−1 with the concentration–time curve being more gentle compared with the commercially CH ordinary tablets. After oral administration, the relative bioavailability of CH sustained-release suspension (AUC0–24 of 137.703 µg·h·mL−1) to its CH ordinary tablets (AUC0–24 of 123.337 µg·h·mL−1) was 111.65%. Conclusions The findings showed that the CH sustained-release suspension for oral administration was successfully formulated.

Multifactor analysis on beach well infiltration intake system for seawater source heat pump

The seawater source heat pump (SWHP) is a renewable energy utilization system. The beach well infiltration intake system (BWIS) effectively improves the stability, reliability, and energy efficiency of SWHP systems in cold climate areas. BWIS research requires a multidisciplinary approach that involves both hydrogeology and heat transfer theory. There are many factors influencing the energy consumption and life-cycle costs of the systems, with each factor having many possible values. This paper aims to determine the degree of influence of ten representative factors of BWIS: specific heat capacity of rock-soil, rock-soil density, thermal conductivity of rock-soil, void fraction of rock-soil, rock-soil permeability, beach well radius, site length, site width, row number of beach wells, and column number of beach wells. In this paper, a BWIS seepage and heat transfer model is established. Based on the model, an orthogonal design optimization method is presented and analyses are conducted for heat pump unit energy consumption, seawater pump energy consumption, and economic cost for various conditions using MATLAB code. The results indicate that a greater number of beach wells is not always better and the number and placement of beach wells should be scientifically and objectively optimized by the orthogonal design method. The optimization method can scientifically guide engineering design for BWIS and offset the design deficiency that results from the current practice of only using a hydrogeological report of randomly selected test wells.

The 6N01 Aluminum Components by Orthogonal Design Optimization

In this study, we designed four components of 6N01 aluminum alloy by orthogonal design, and analyzed the effect of the different elements for the mechanical properties and microstructure of the designed material after casting, homogenization annealing, extrusion treatment and natural aging. Considering the above series of tests of the data indicators, and thus orthogonal filter out two materials that all aspects of performance are more excellent.Keywords: orthogonal design; 6N01 aluminum alloy; mechanical properties; microstructure

Vehicle Front Structure Energy Absorbing Optimization in Frontal Impact

Energy absorption performance is one of the most important indexes in the vehicle safety during impact. Research on the car frontal structure energy performance and structure optimization was conducted in this paper. Whole vehicle model was established by HyperMesh and simulated in LS-DYNA. Simulation results indicated that modification was needed for the original structure to meet the industry requirements. Based on simplified whole vehicle model, orthogonal design optimization was implemented, including bumper cross beam material (A), bumper cross beam thickness (B), energy absorber groove distance (C), and front longitudinal beam groove number (D), with 3 levels for each factor. The best option was B3D1A3C3 which was gained by using range analysis and integrated balance method. Simulation results showed that both front and total energy absorptions were improved. The optimized structure increased front energy absorption to 51.1%, which can meet the industry requirement.

The Radial Fretting Character Research of the Shaft-Hub of Compress Impeller Based on Virtual Orthogonal Experiment

A three-dimensional model of as haft-hub of compressor impeller was set up by Pro/E. Based on the ANSYS; the finite element model was established, using the analysis method of combining submodle and paramesh. The shaft-hub of compressor impeller was simulated by virtual orthogonal design optimization method. Based on the fact that there existed radial fretting in the shaft-hub interference fit joint, researching the influence significance order and law of interference, friction coefficient and rotating speed to the maximum unit frictional work , the average friction work and the optimized parameter were obtained. It turned out that the results of the numerical simulation and orthogonal experiment were accurate and reliable, with the friction and wear effectively reduced, certain guiding references to actual assembly process were got.

Orthogonal design based optimization of a mouse model of acute liver failure induced by D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide

To apply an orthogonal design optimization strategy to a mouse model of acute liver failure induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. A four-level orthogonal array design (L16(45)) was constructed to test factors with potential impact on successful establishment of the model (D-GalN and LPS dosages, and dilution rate of the D-GalN/LPS mixture). The mortality rate of mice within 24 hours of D-GalN/LPS administration was determined by the Kaplan-Meier method. The model outcome was verified by changes in serum alanine transferase level, liver histology, and hepatocyte apoptosis. The orthogonal array identified the optimal model technique as intraperitoneal injection of a combination of D-GalN and LPS at dosages of 350 mg/kg and 30 mug/kg, respectively, and using a dilution rate of 3. The dosages tested had no effect on survival. The typical signs of liver failure appeared at 6 hrs after administration of the D-GalN/LPS combination. The orthogonal design optimization strategy provided a procedure for establishing a mouse model of acute liver failure induced by D-GalN and LPS that showed appropriate disease outcome and survival, and which will serve to improve future experimental research of acute liver failure.

Efficient Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-Ketone Using SbCl<sub>3</sub> as Catalyst under Ultrasonic Conditions

In this study, SbCl3 as catalyst to benzaldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate and urea as raw material in the ultrasonic radiation synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ketone. According to the orthogonal design optimization experiment, optimization method ultrasonic extraction technology, and ultimate pass to get the best synthetic condition for: material ratio 1.0,1.0,1.5(mol), ultrasonic power 100 w, ultrasonic time 2 hours, ultrasonic temperature 65°C, the yield is 61.08%.

Study on optimization method of dynamic extraction process

To establish a new optimized extraction process based on dynamic changes in extract concentration during the extraction process. Sanqi was taken as an example to compare the concentration of marker components, total solids yield and similarity evaluation of the fingerprint images of extracts by orthogonal design optimization process and dynamic optimization process to assess the feasibility of dynamic process optimization method. The concentration of marker components and total solids yield vary less than 5%, with a 100% of similarity in fingerprints, indicating basic coincidence between extracts by the two optimized processes. The dynamic process optimization process could save 79% of the extraction time. In the extraction time, the dynamic optimization process is superior to the orthogonal design optimization process in that it can significantly reduce the extraction time and lower production costs.