Orthogonal Collision Research Articles

Instability and Evolution of Shocked Clouds Formed by Orthogonal Collisions between Magnetized Filamentary Molecular Clouds

Filamentary molecular clouds are recognized as primary sites for the formation of stars. Specifically, regions characterized by the overlapping point of multiple filaments, known as hub regions, are often associated with active star formation. However, the formation mechanism of this hub structure is not well understood. Therefore, to understand the formation mechanism and star formation in hub structures, as a first step, we investigate the orthogonal collisions between two filaments using three-dimensional ideal magnetohydrodynamical simulations. As a model of initial filaments, we use an infinitely long filament in magnetohydrostatic equilibrium under a global magnetic field running perpendicular to the filament axis. Two identical equilibrium filaments, sharing the same magnetic flux, are arranged with their long axes perpendicular to each other and given an initial velocity perpendicular to their long axes to replicate an orthogonal collision. We find three types of evolution after the shocked cloud is formed: collapse, stable, and expansion modes. The energy balance just after the filaments completely collide explains the future evolution of the shocked cloud. If the magnitude of gravitational energy is larger than the sum of the kinetic, thermal, and magnetic energies, the shocked cloud evolves in collapse mode. If the magnitude of gravitational energy is less than the sum of these energies, the cloud evolves in stable mode when the kinetic energy is relatively small and in expansion mode when the kinetic energy is sufficiently large.

Anomaly-Based Variable Models: Examples of Unusual Track and Extreme Precipitation of Tropical Cyclones

Tropical cyclones (TCs) can cause severe wind and rain hazards. Unusual TC tracks and their extreme precipitation forecasts have become two difficult problems faced by conventional models of primitive equations. The case study in this paper finds that the numerical computation of the climatological component in conventional models restricts the prediction of unusual TC tracks. The climatological component should be a forcing quantity, not a predictor in the numerical integration of all models. Anomaly-based variable models can overcome the bottleneck of forecast time length or the one-week forecasting barrier, which is limited to less than one week for conventional models. The challenge in extreme precipitation forecasting is how to physically get the vertical velocity. The anomalous moisture stress modulus (AMSM), as an indicator of heavy rainfall presented in this paper, considers the two conditions associated with vertical velocity and anomalous specific humidity in the lower troposphere. Vertical velocity is produced by the orthogonal collision of horizontal anomalous airflows.

Petrogenesis of the Late Eocene to Early Oligocene Yao'an Shoshonitic Complex, Southeastern Tibet: Partial Melting of an Ancient Continental Lithospheric Mantle beneath the Yangtze Block

AbstractCenozoic potassic–ultrapotassic igneous rocks are widespread in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Their petrogenesis and magmatic processes remain subject to debate in spite of numerous publications. Almost all of the Cenozoic extrusive and intrusive rocks in the Yao'an area, western Yunnan Province, SW China, are geochemically shoshonitic, collectively termed here the Yao'an Shoshonitic Complex (YSC). The YSC is located in the (south) easternmost part of the ENE–WSW‐trending, ∼550 km‐long and ∼250 km‐wide Cenozoic magmatic zone; the latter separates the orthogonal and oblique collision belts of the India–Eurasia collision orogen. Previously published geochronological and thermochronological data revealed that the rocks of the YSC were emplaced over a short timespan of 34–32 Ma. This and our new data suggest that the primary magma of the YSC likely was formed by partial melting of ancient continental lithospheric mantle beneath the Yangtze Block. This part of the continental lithospheric mantle had likely not been modified by any oceanic subduction. Fractionation crystallization of an Mg‐ and Ca‐bearing mineral and Ti‐Fe oxides during the magmatic evolution probably account for the variable lithologies of the YSC.

Cylindrical orthogonal norm-based stochastic collision risk measures in spacecraft formation flying

The cylindrical orthogonal collision region (COCR) is introduced for the approximate satisfaction of spherical, three-dimensional avoidance constraints (S3ACs) used in spacecraft formation flying (SFF). The COCR construct affords safety sufficiency and reduced constraint satisfaction conservatism over other commonly employed regions, while it may allow for improved efficiency of collision-safe trajectory computation. The COCR is deterministically well-defined; instantaneous and joint-time stochastic measures of collision risk based on the COCR are well-defined and computable; probabilistic collision risk conservatism introduced by the COCR is characterized as consistent with volumetric conservatism. These results, which are validated computationally in pertinent relative orbital cases, demonstrate the feasibility of SFF collision risk management applications which perform COCR-based S3AC satisfaction.

Coherent Chemical Variation Trends of the 55—25 Ma Magmatic Rocks in SE Tibet: N—S Direction Lithospheric Stretching of Eurasia during Early Stage of India—Eurasia Collision

AbstractThe progressive indentation of India into Eurasia generated an E‐W‐trending orthogonal collision belt and a N‐S‐trending oblique collision belt. Compiling available data reveals that ∼70% of the Cenozoic igneous rocks in eastern and southeastern Tibet are concentrated within an ENE‐trending, ∼550–km long and ∼250–km wide magmatic zone (CMZ) that once separated the orthogonal and oblique collision belts. The Latitude 26°N Line is now its southern boundary. The onset timing of magmatism of the CMZ varies gradually from ∼55 Ma in the westernmost part to ∼27 Ma in the easternmost. Then the magmatism successively occurred and suddenly stopped at ∼25 Ma. The segmented and coherent chemical variation trends found suggest that the CMZ magmatic rocks were formed due to partial melting of the heterogeneous upper mantle and crusts of Eurasia. Subduction of Paleo‐ and Neotethyan oceanic plates generated this compositional and mineralogical heterogeneity. Combined with available geophysical data, the CMZ was diachronously formed in response to asthenosphere upwelling induced by NNW—SSE‐direction lithosphere stretching. The difference in responses of the orthogonal and oblique collision belts to the indentation of the Indian continent has led to this lithosphere stretching.

Radiation-dominated injection of positrons generated by the nonlinear Breit–Wheeler process into a plasma channel

Plasma acceleration is considered a prospective technology for building a compact multi-TeV electron–positron collider in the future. The challenge of this endeavor is greater for positrons than for the electrons because usually the self-generated fields from laser–plasma interaction are not well-suited for positron focusing and on-axis guiding. In addition, an external positron source is required, while electrons are naturally available in the plasma. Here, we study electron–positron pair generation by an orthogonal collision of a multi-PW laser pulse and a GeV electron beam by the nonlinear Breit–Wheeler process. We studied conditions favorable for positron deflection in the direction of the laser pulse propagation, which favors injection into the plasma for further acceleration. We demonstrate using the OSIRIS particle-in-cell framework that the radiation reaction triggered by ultra-high laser intensity plays a crucial role in the positron injection. It provides a suppression of the initial transverse momentum gained by the positrons from the Breit-Wheeler process. For the parameters used in this work, the intensity of at least 2.2×1023 W/cm2 is needed in order to inject more than 1% of positrons created. Above this threshold, the percentage of injected positrons rapidly increases with intensity. Moreover, subsequent direct laser acceleration of positrons in a plasma channel, using the same laser pulse that created them, can ensure a boost of the final positron energy by a factor of two. The positron focusing and guiding on the axis is provided by significant electron beam loading that changes the internal structure of the channel fields.

Structural and Geochronological Constraints on the Collision Between the Chinese Altai and the West Junggar in Central Asia: Implication for Deformation Response and Geodynamic Evolution of Arc‐Arc Collision in 4D

AbstractArc‐arc collision represents one of crucial geological processes to shape mountain belts on the Earth. The deeply‐eroded Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is characterized by the collision of multiple arc systems and provides a natural laboratory to understand arc‐arc collision in 4D given the exposure of crustal rocks at different levels. Here we focus on the ∼NW‐SE Irtysh fault zone, which represents a major suture zone within the CAOB to bound arc systems of the Chinese Altai and the West/East Junggar in NW China. Our structural work, for the first time, delineates the spatial position of the western segment of the Irtysh Fault between the Chinese Altai and the West Junggar, and demonstrates a phase of brittle strike‐slip deformation with sinistral kinematics in the Permian. An earlier episode of ∼NE‐SW shortening event affected both southern Chinese Altai and northern West Junggar, forming ∼NW‐SE fold structures. Both ∼NE‐SW shortening and sinistral strike‐slip faulting overlap in time with the collision of the Chinese Altai and the West Junggar during the latest Carboniferous to Permian as constrained by new detrital zircon data, thus indicating a transition from orthogonal collision to oblique convergence between the Chinese Altai and the West Junggar. A comparison with ductile deformation at deep structural levels along the eastern segment of the Irtysh Fault between the Chinese Altai and the East Junggar allows for investigation of arc‐arc collision in 4D, which highlights deformation decoupling across different crustal levels, with an intermediate episode of orogen‐parallel flow recorded within deep crustal rocks.

Comparative flavonoid profile of orange (Citrus sinensis) flavedo and albedo extracted by conventional and emerging techniques using UPLC-IMS-MS, chemometrics and antioxidant effects.

Citrus fruits are one of the most frequently counterfeited processed products in the world. In the juice production alone, the peels, divided into flavedo and albedo, are the main waste product. The extracts of this by-product are enriched with many bioactive substances. Newer extraction techniques generally have milder extraction conditions with simultaneous improvement of the extraction process. This study presents a combinatorial approach utilizing data-independent acquisition-based ion mobility spectrometry coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Integrating orthogonal collision cross section (CCS) data matching simultaneously improves the confidence in metabolite identification in flavedo and albedo tissues from Citrus sinensis. Furthermore, four different extraction approaches [conventional, ultrasonic, High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) and Pulsed Electric Field (PEF)] with various optimized processing conditions were compared in terms of antioxidant effects and flavonoid profile particularly polymethoxy flavones (PMFs). A total number of 57 metabolites were identified, 15 of which were present in both flavedo and albedo, forming a good qualitative overlapping of distributed flavonoids. For flavedo samples, the antioxidant activity was higher for PEF and HHP treated samples compared to other extraction methods. However, ethyl acetate extract exhibited the highest antioxidant effects in albedo samples attributed to different qualitative composition content rather than various quantities of same metabolites. The optimum processing conditions for albedo extraction using HHP and PEF were 200 MPa and 15 kJ/kg at 10 kV, respectively. While, HHP at medium pressure (400 MPa) and PEF at 15 kJ/kg/3 kV were the optimum conditions for flavedo extraction. Chemometric analysis of the dataset indicated that orange flavedo can be a valid source of soluble phenolic compounds especially PMFs. In order to achieve cross-application of production, future study should concentrate on how citrus PMFs correlate with biological engineering techniques such as breeding, genetic engineering, and fermentation engineering.

A Physical Interpretation of Mass-Energy Equivalence Based on the Orthogonal Collision

A Physical Interpretation of Mass-Energy Equivalence Based on the Orthogonal Collision

An Orthogonal Collision Dynamic Mechanism of Wave-Like Uplift Plateaus in Southern Asia

An Orthogonal Collision Dynamic Mechanism of Wave-Like Uplift Plateaus in Southern Asia

Complete deformation history of the transition zone between oblique and orthogonal collision belts of the SE Tibetan Plateau: Crustal shortening and rotation caused by the indentation of India into Eurasia

The successive indentation of India into Eurasia generated the orthogonal collisional E–W Himalaya–Tibet and the oblique collisional N–S SE Tibetan Plateau along the frontal and eastern edges of the indenter, respectively. An understanding of the complete crustal deformation history of both regions is needed to reconstruct the processes involved in this indentation. Geological mapping and structural analysis of the transitional zone between these collisional belts reveal two stages of structures with different geometries. The earlier of these stages involves structures with an unusual structural association consisting of en échelon aligned overturned dome-and-thrust pairs within a background of open folding, most likely representing the early development of a fold-and-thrust system. The later structures consist of an association of N–S-trending thrust-and-tear-faults and open folds. Combining stratigraphic data from this region with the results of previous research indicates that the earlier structures formed at 60−48 Ma, whereas the later structures formed between the early Miocene and ca. 5 Ma. This information combined with geological and paleomagnetic data for the region allows reconstruction of the complete crustal deformation history of the oblique collisional belt, which consists of early and late stages of crustal shortening separated by a middle stage involving the ∼80° clockwise rotation of the crust. The spatiotemporally variable crustal deformation of the oblique collision belt combined with the long-lived N–S crustal shortening of the orthogonal belt outline a consistent tectonic scenario within a single geodynamic system that enables the reconstruction of the indentation of India into Eurasia.

Orthogonal Collision of Particles Produces New Physical State

Collider is a machine or device that usually causes two beams of high-speed particles moving to collide in a straight line. The fundamental purpose of a collision is to obtain an abnormal mass-energy density and attempt to discover new physics and new substances namely new physical states. However, linear collisions are not easy to achieve the above purpose. Through the comparable experiment of rear-end collision, head-on collision and orthogonal collision of two low-velocity particles, this paper theoretically proposes a new idea that the orthogonal collision between two-beam high-velocity particles can really produce an abnormal mass-energy density. This machine based on the new idea of orthogonal collision can not only greatly reduce the construction cost of colliders, but also is the most effective way to achieve the purpose of collision.

India Indenting Eurasia: A Brief Review and New Data from the Yongping Basin on the SE Tibetan Plateau

Successive indentations of Eurasia by India have led to the Tibet-Himalaya E–W orthogonal collision belt and the SE Tibetan Plateau N–S oblique collision belt along the frontal and eastern edges of the indenter, respectively. The belts exhibit distinctive lithospheric structures and tectonic evolutions. A comprehensive compilation of available geological and geophysical data reveals two sudden tectonic transitions in the early Eocene and the earliest Miocene, respectively, of the tectonic evolution of the orthogonal belt. Synthesizing geological and geochronological data helps us to suggest a NEE–SWW trending, ~450 km-long, ~250 km-wide magmatic zone in SE Tibet, which separates the oblique collision belt (eastern and SE Tibet) into three segments of distinctive seismic structures including the mantle and crust anisotropies. The newly identified Yongping basin is located in the central part of the magmatic zone. Geochronological and thermochronological data demonstrate that (1) this basin and the magmatic zone started to form at ~48 Ma likely due to NNW–SSE lithosphere stretching according to the spatial coincidence of the concentrated mantle-sourced igneous rocks on the surface with the seismic anomalies at depth; and (2) its fills was shortened in the E–W direction since ~23 Ma. These two dates correspond to the onset of the first and second tectonic transitions of the orthogonal collision belt. As such, both the orthogonal and oblique belts share a single time framework of their tectonic evolution. By synthesizing geological and geophysical data of both collision belts, the indenting process can be divided into three stages separated by two tectonic transitions. Continent–continent collision as a piston took place exclusively during the second stage. During the other two stages, the India lithosphere underthrust beneath Eurasia.

Turbulent energy cascade associated with viscous reconnection of two vortex rings

Collision of two vortex rings (VR) initially arranged in axis-offset and orthogonal configurations at Reynolds numbers (ReΓ) in the range of 5000–200 000 was simulated to investigate turbulent energy cascade associated with their reconnection. Two elliptical VRs are generated by joining each part of the first VR with another part of the second VR for the axis-offset collision, while two VRs associate to form a double U-shaped vortex, and this vortex reconnects itself at two points to form three elliptical VRs linked by the vortex filaments for the orthogonal collision. Many vortex structures in various scales and shapes, including small-scale VRs and horseshoe vortices, are observed in connection regions for both cases. As ReΓ increases, the energy of formed small vortices raises and their wavenumber (k) range enlarges. The flow energy spectrum approaches a k−5/3 slope of the Kolmogorov hypotheses at low wavenumbers. For the axis-offset collision, the energy spectrum at medium wavenumbers continuously changes from k−3.0 at ReΓ= 5000 to k−1.8 at ReΓ= 200 000, and the exponent (α) of the wavenumber is determined by a function as α=0.3304 ln(ReΓ)−5.6538. Meanwhile, the energy spectrum at two medium-wavenumber subranges for the orthogonal collision with ReΓ≥ 20 000 approaches the slopes of k−3.0 and k−2.6. Turbulent mixing performance due to the axis-offset collision of two vortex rings is better than that with the orthogonal one.

Localisation of the brittle Bathurst fault on pre-existing fabrics: a case for structural inheritance in the northeastern Slave craton, western Nunavut, Canada

The north–northwest-striking Bathurst fault in the northeastern Slave craton displaced the 1.9 Ga Kilohigok basin and the ca. 2.02–1.96 Ga Thelon tectonic zone, and projects beneath the 1.7 Ga Thelon basin where unconformity-associated uranium deposits are spatially associated with basement faults. Here we investigate the deformation–temperature–time history of the Bathurst fault rocks using structural and microstructural observations paired with U–(Th–)Pb and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. Highly strained hornblende-bearing granitoid rocks, the predominant rock type on the northeastern side of the Bathurst fault in the study area, show ambiguous sense of shear suggesting flattening by coaxial deformation. Quartz and feldspar microstructures suggest ductile deformation occurred at ≥500 °C. Along the main fault trace, brittle features and hydrothermal alteration overprint the pervasive ductile flattening fabric. In situ U–Th–Pb dating of synkinematic monazite suggests ductile fabric formation at ca. 1933 ± 4 Ma and ca. 1895 ± 11 Ma, and zircon from a cross-cutting dyke constrains the brittle deformation to ≤1839 ± 14 Ma. 40Ar/39Ar dating of fabric-defining minerals yield cooling ages of ca. 1920–1900 Ma and ca. 1900–1850 Ma for hornblende and muscovite, respectively, and a maximum cooling age of ca. 1840 Ma for biotite. We suggest the ca. 1933–1895 Ma ductile flattening fabric developed during orthogonal collision and indentation of the Slave craton into the Thelon tectonic zone and Rae craton. Brittle deformation on the Bathurst fault was localised parallel to the ductile flattening fabric after ca. 1840 Ma and preceded Thelon basin deposition. Brittle deformation features in Bathurst fault rocks preserve evidence for fluid–rock interaction and enhanced basement permeability, suggesting the fault is a possible conduit structure for mineralising fluids.

Chapter 23 Swedish Caledonides: key components of an early–middle Paleozoic Himalaya-type collisional orogen

Abstract Caledonian collision of continents Laurentia and Baltica, with at least 1000 km of lateral shortening, dominates the bedrock along the northern margins of the North Atlantic Ocean. Scandian (Silurian–Devonian) underthrusting of Laurentia by Baltica resulted in stacking of the main orogenic wedge and its migration onto the platform edge of Baltica. Complementary thrust sheets, exposed in northeastern Greenland, telescoped the Laurentian continental margin. The Swedish part of the Caledonides, comprising the foreland segment along the central half of this mountain belt, includes the key components of: (1) the Baltoscandian inner margin, including Ordovician and Silurian foreland basins; (2) the Neoproterozoic extended outer margin dominated by mafic magma and continent–ocean transition zone; (3) Iapetus oceanic terranes; and (4) evidence that substantial parts of the outermmost Baltoscandian margin experienced deep subduction and high- and ultrahigh-pressure (HP/UHP) metamorphism during late Cambrian–Ordovician accretion. This evidence, integrated with the Norwegian Caledonides, defines an orogenic pro-wedge comparable to that in the Himalaya today. Orthogonal Scandian collision, lasting for about 60 million years ( c. 440–380 Ma), involved late Silurian–Early Devonian HP/UHP metamorphism of the underthrusting Baltoscandian basement. By the Middle Devonian, the hinterland was experiencing orogen-parallel folding and axial extension, accompanying exhumation, while the orogenic pro-wedge continued to migrate eastwards on to the platform.

Generation of a Collision Cross Section Library for Multi-Dimensional Plant Metabolomics Using UHPLC-Trapped Ion Mobility-MS/MS.

The utility of metabolomics is well documented; however, its full scientific promise has not yet been realized due to multiple technical challenges. These grand challenges include accurate chemical identification of all observable metabolites and the limiting depth-of-coverage of current metabolomics methods. Here, we report a combinatorial solution to aid in both grand challenges using UHPLC-trapped ion mobility spectrometry coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TIMS-TOF-MS). TIMS offers additional depth-of-coverage through increased peak capacities realized with the multi-dimensional UHPLC-TIMS separations. Metabolite identification confidence is simultaneously enhanced by incorporating orthogonal collision cross section (CCS) data matching. To facilitate metabolite identifications, we created a CCS library of 146 plant natural products. This library was generated using TIMS with N2 drift gas to record the TIMSCCSN2 of plant natural products with a high degree of reproducibility; i.e., average RSD = 0.10%. The robustness of TIMSCCSN2 data matching was tested using authentic standards spiked into complex plant extracts, and the precision of CCS measurements were determined to be independent of matrix affects. The utility of the UHPLC-TIMS-TOF-MS/MS in metabolomics was then demonstrated using extracts from the model legume Medicago truncatula and metabolites were confidently identified based on retention time, accurate mass, molecular formula, and CCS.

Numerical study on the consequences of different ship collision modelling techniques

ABSTRACTShip collisions are marine accidents that may have catastrophic outcome. Commonly, an orthogonal collision with a fully laden oil tanker at its amidships area is considered. Much less attention is given to collisions affecting struck ship fore and aft part, the effect of struck ship speed, collisions with other floating objects etc. In most of these cases the effect of surrounded water becomes pronounced. Present work aims to investigate the consequences of applying two different realistic ship collision modelling techniques involving fluid-structure interaction (FSI) analysis in LS-Dyna: arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) technique and rigid body MCOL coupling, using LPG ship and a ferry collision scenario as a study case. First, calibration of ALE parameters was made and then ship collision simulation is performed by ALE technique. In parallel, struck ship hydrodynamic parameters were calculated and collision simulation is performed again using MCOL/LS-Dyna coupling. Then, results are compared and discussed.

Three-dimensional non-orthogonal MRT pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann model for multiphase flows

In the classical multiple-relaxation-time (MRT) lattice Boltzmann (LB) method, the transformation matrix is formed by constructing a set of orthogonal basis vectors. In this paper, a theoretical and numerical study is performed to investigate the capability and efficiency of a non-orthogonal MRT-LB model for simulating multiphase flows. First, a three-dimensional non-orthogonal MRT-LB is proposed. A non-orthogonal MRT collision operator is devised based on a set of non-orthogonal basis vectors, through which the transformation matrix and its inverse matrix are considerably simplified as compared with those of an orthogonal MRT collision operator. Furthermore, through the Chapman-Enskog analysis, it is theoretically demonstrated that the three-dimensional non-orthogonal MRT-LB model can correctly recover the macroscopic equations at the Navier-Stokes level in the low Mach number limit. Numerical comparisons between the non-orthogonal MRT-LB model and the usual orthogonal MRT-LB model are made by simulating multiphase flows on the basis of the pseudopotential multiphase LB approach. The numerical results show that, in comparison with the usual orthogonal MRT-LB model, the non-orthogonal MRT-LB model can retain the numerical accuracy while simplifying the implementation.

Large-Scale Structural Characterization of Drug and Drug-Like Compounds by High-Throughput Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry.

Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) can provide orthogonal information, i.e., m/z and collision cross section (CCS), for the identification of drugs and drug metabolites. However, only a small number of CCS values are available for drugs, which limits the use of CCS as an identification parameter and the assessment of structure–function relationships of drugs using IM-MS. Here, we report the development of a rapid workflow for the measurement of CCS values of a large number of drug or drug-like molecules in nitrogen on the widely available traveling wave IM-MS (TWIM-MS) platform. Using a combination of small molecule and polypeptide CCS calibrants, we successfully determined the nitrogen CCS values of 1425 drug or drug-like molecules in the MicroSource Discovery Systems’ Spectrum Collection using flow injection analysis of 384-well plates. Software was developed to streamline data extraction, processing, and calibration. We found that the overall drug collection covers a wide CCS range for the same mass, suggesting a large structural diversity of these drugs. However, individual drug classes appear to occupy a narrow and unique space in the CCS–mass 2D spectrum, suggesting a tight structure–function relationship for each class of drugs with a specific target. We observed bimodal distributions for several antibiotic species due to multiple protomers, including the known fluoroquinolone protomers and the new finding of cephalosporin protomers. Lastly, we demonstrated the utility of the high-throughput method and drug CCS database by quickly and confidently confirming the active component in a pharmaceutical product.