Orthogonal Blocks Research Articles

Bodily cues of sex and emotion can interact symmetrically: Evidence from simple categorization and the garner paradigm.

Although much research has investigated how multiple sources of social information derived from faces are processed and integrated, few studies have extended this investigation to bodies. The current study addressed this gap by investigating the nature of the interaction between bodily cues of sex and emotion. Using the Garner paradigm, participants recruited from a university student participant pool categorized the sex or the emotional expression (happy and angry in Experiment 1 [n = 194], angry and sad in Experiment 2 [n = 129]) of bodies across two block types. In orthogonal blocks, participants categorized bodies along one dimension while the second dimension was varied (e.g., categorizing the sex of happy and angry bodies), whereas in control blocks the second dimension was held constant (e.g., categorizing the sex of only happy bodies). Responses were analyzed in two ways. Comparing response times across blocks revealed Garner interference (overall faster categorization in the control than in the orthogonal block) of sex on emotion perception and emotion on sex perception in Experiment 1 but not Experiment 2. Comparing condition level responses in orthogonal blocks indicated that sex cues moderated emotion categorization and emotion cues moderated sex categorization in both experiments. A symmetrical interaction between bodily sex and emotion cues can be observed in simple categorization as well as in the Garner paradigm, though the presence of Garner interference depended on the valence of the expressions used. Given similar results observed in face processing, finding interactivity in body perception is likely to generalize beyond the study sample. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Evolutionary Games for Dynamic Network Resource Selection in RSMA-Enabled 6G Networks

In this paper, we address a dynamic network resource selection problem for mobile users in a rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA)-enabled network by leveraging evolutionary games. Particularly, mobile users are able to locally and dynamically make their selection on orthogonal resource blocks (RBs), which are also considered as network resources (NRs), over time to achieve their desired utilities. Then, RSMA is used for each group of users selecting the same NR. With the use of RSMA, the main goal is to optimize the beamformers of the common and private messages for users in the same group to maximize their sum rate. The resulting problem is generally non-convex, and thus we develop a successive convex approximation (SCA)-based algorithm to efficiently solve it in an iterative fashion. To model the NR adaptation of users, we propose to use two evolutionary games, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i.e</i> . a traditional evolutionary game (TEG) and fractional evolutionary game (FEG). The FEG approach enables users to incorporate memory effects ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i.e</i> . their past experiences) for their decision-making, which is more realistic than the TEG approach. We then theoretically verify the existence of the equilibrium of the proposed game approaches. Simulation results are provided to validate their consistency with the theoretical analysis and merits of the proposed approaches. They also reveal that, compared with TEG, FEG enables users to leverage past information for their decision-making, resulting in less communication overhead, while still guaranteeing convergence.

Optimal Low-Complexity Orthogonal Block Based Detection of OTFS for Low-Dispersion Channels

Orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) modulation constitutes a promising technology for high-mobility scenarios. However, the detection of OTFS systems imposes substantial complexity. Hence, we propose a novel orthogonal block (OB) based detection scheme for significantly reducing the OTFS detection complexity without any performance loss with integer Doppler shifts. This is achieved by recognizing that the received signal can be partitioned into multiple parallel orthogonal blocks. Therefore, the detection of data symbols within an orthogonal block only depends on the signals received within this orthogonal block with reduced dimension. Explicitly, we propose a graph theory based orthogonal block identification algorithm, which models the relationship between the received signal and the original information symbols as a bipartite graph, where a depth first search (DFS) algorithm is invoked for partitioning the received signals into orthogonal blocks. For each orthogonal block, the existing detection algorithms can be used. Since the size of orthogonal blocks may be much lower than that of the original received signals, the detection complexity can be significantly reduced. For example, the complexity of the OB based MMSE detector is approximately a factor 4096 lower than that of the traditional MMSE detector for a channel having two paths.

D- And A- Optimal Orthogonally Blocked Mixture Component-Amount Designs via Projections

Mixture experiments are usually designed to study the effects on the response by changing the relative proportions of the mixture ingredients. This is usually achieved by keeping the total amount fixed but in many practical applications such as medicine or biology, not only are the proportions of mixture ingredients involved but also their total amount is of particular interest. Such experiments are called mixture amount experiments. In such experiments, the usual constraint on the mixture proportions that they should sum to unity is relaxed. The optimality of the design strictly depends on the nature of the underlying model. In this paper, we have obtained D- and A- optimal orthogonally blocked mixture component-amount designs in two and three ingredients via projections based on the reduced cubic canonical model presented by Husain and Sharma [7] and the additive quadratic mixture model proposed by Husain and Parveen [3], respectively.

Integration of Cognitive Radio Technology in NOMA-Based B5G Networks: State of the Art, Challenges, and Enabling Technologies

The integration of cognitive radio (CR) technology and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) techniques, referred to as CR-based NOMA system, has been recently configured as a promising solution to meet the requirements of beyond fifth generation (B5G) networks, especially those related to Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications. With such integration, power domain NOMA allows multiple users to share the same orthogonal resource blocks, while CR technology enables opportunistic bandwidth utilization by permitting secondary users (SUs) to access the licensed spectrum frequency without interrupting the primary users’ (PUs) activities. To support the massive connectivity requirements of IoT-based networks, several multiple-access techniques have been recently combined with CR-based NOMA systems, including orthogonal multiple access (OMA) and multiple-antenna techniques. For example, in CR-based OMA-NOMA systems, the licensed frequency band is split into several channels, and a set of SUs is served on each channel using the NOMA technique. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the state-of-the-art CR-based NOMA network architecture. It summarizes the main design challenges related to the practical implementation of such systems. Furthermore, this paper presents the advances of combining CR-based NOMA with recent multiple-access techniques, where the potential capabilities and the design challenges of such integrated systems are also investigated and discussed. On the other hand, this paper demonstrates the potential capabilities of deploying recent technologies in CR-based NOMA networks. The technologies include intelligent reflecting surfaces, terahertz communications, machine learning, unmanned aerial vehicles, and hybrid NOMA systems. Finally, future research directions and open issues are provided and discussed.

Construction of rigid amine-linked three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks for selectively capturing carbon dioxide.

A highly rigid amine-linked 3D COF was constructed from two orthogonal building blocks (spirobifluorene and bicarbazole) through a post-synthetic chemical reduction. The rigid 3D framework decreased the conformational flexibility of the amine linkages, and thus showed a fully preserved crystallinity and porosity. The amine moieties in the 3D COF afforded abundant chemisorptive sites for selectively capturing CO2.

I-optimal Designs for three and four component mixture models in orthogonal blocks

In Industrial and Pharmaceutical experiments it is desired to have best predictions of the response on the basis of small amount of data. Mixture experiment generally aims to predict the response(s) for all possible mixture blends. When we compute optimal design for mixture response surface we must focus on prediction capability of the design. The conventional optimal criteria, such as D-, A- and E-optimality are not suitable for determining the prediction capability of designs. As I-optimal design minimizes the average variance of prediction over the mixture region, so it clearly focuses on prediction capability of the design. Hence I-optimal criterion seems to be more appropriate in this conjecture. In this paper we propose the construction of I-optimal mixture designs for a quadratic Scheffé’s and Darroch and Waller’s model in three and four components, using two orthogonal blocks. I-efficiency of designs is compared with the I-efficiency of D-optimal designs for Scheffé’s and Darroch and Waller’s models.

Mathematical Model of Short Circuit Fault Diagnosis in management and collaborative System Based On Improved SOM Neural Network

The existing mathematical model for short-circuit fault diagnosis of management and collaborative system has the problem that the session characteristics of communication link are not clear, resulting in the slow upload speed of fault data. In order to solve this problem, a short-circuit fault diagnosis mathematical model of communication system based on improved SOM neural network and the innovative strategies also management and collaborative system is describe in this paper. Firstly, the early warning information of the system is collected, combined with the repeated information, the session characteristics of the communication link are extracted by using the quasi Newton algorithm, the mutually orthogonal physical resource blocks are transformed, the short-circuit fault diagnosis mode is optimized, the parameters of the components to be detected are estimated, the feature space vector is truncated, and the mathematical model is established by using the improved SOM neural network. Experimental results: the average value of the management and collaborative system short-circuit fault diagnosis mathematical model designed in this paper is 8.244 Mbps, and the average values of the other two management and collaborative system short-circuit fault diagnosis mathematical models are 5.756 Mbps and 5.863 Mbps respectively. The results show that the designed mathematical model for short circuit fault diagnosis of management and collaborative system has high application value.

Microbuckling of composites prediction by enhancing the high-fidelity generalized method of cells micromechanics

A comprehensive method is proposed for the prediction of the response and microbuckling of various types of linearly elastic composite materials that are subjected to compressive loading. The method is based on a perturbation expansion of nonlinear equations which results into linear zero, first and higher-order problems. The first-order problem is sufficient for the prediction of the microbuckling stress of the composite. The zero-order problem is solved by the standard high-fidelity generalized method of cells micromechanical analysis. As to the first-order problem, which is coupled to the former, an enhancement of this micromechanical analysis is derived and employed for its solution. Higher-order problems can be also solved by the offered enhancement. The veracity of the prediction of the offered method is illustrated by comparisons with various exact, approximate and experimental results. The proposed method is applied for the prediction of the response and microbuckling of bi-layered, continuous fiber composites and short-fiber composites. In addition, the method is implemented for the prediction of global and local buckling stress of laminated plates under cylindrical bending and for the microbuckling of two and three-dimensional orthogonal lattice blocks.

Urbanization Models of Mostar in the Period of Austro-Hungarian Rule

In the period of Austro-Hungarian occupation between 1878 and 1918, the City of Mostar had a process of intensive urbanization. In that period, newly arrived engineers (surveyors) transformed the pre-existing Eastern – Ottoman qasaba (provincial town) into a Central European city. This paper revealed four models of urbanization they used in planning. The first model was developed within the existing physical structure of the city through the first regulatory plan. The second model forms the new urban centre using the empty space within the old town. The third and the fourth models expand the city over the river. While the third model forms orthogonal urban blocks, the fourth is a construction of free-standing villas within the Neo-Baroque Square in which six radial streets inflow. The engineers who worked on the regulatory plans were also discovered and presented, as well as the legislative and legal framework within which all these processes took place.

Construction of Binary Matrices as a Union of Orthogonal Blocks via Generalized Euler Squares

The construction of binary matrices has attained significance due to its potential for hardware-friendly implementation and appealing applications in compressed sensing (CS). A class of binary matrices with low coherence and flexible row sizes can be constructed from Euler Squares (ES). In this paper, we introduce a generalization of the ES concept, namely, Generalized Euler Square (GES). We show that the binary matrices designed from GES provide significant improvements in column size compared to the ones constructed from Euler square. Exploiting the properties of GES, we obtain that such constructed binary matrices possess block orthogonal structure. As a result, such binary matrices are suitable for the recovery of block sparse signals.

Methodology for the Estimation and Classification of White Marble Reserves

In the marbel industry, ore reserves refer to the produced tonnage of orthogonal prismatic, defect-free blocks of commercial sizes and of marketable aesthetical quality. On the contrary, in the mining sector, ore reserves refer to the tonnage of ore with grade above some cut-off value. While in the mining sector ore reserves are reported according to existing standard guidelines, the marble industry has no standard method. The purpose of this paper is to present a method to estimate white marble reserves using drill coring or borehole wall logging and limited joint mapping on exposed marble surfaces. Data pertaining to fracture orientation, fracture frequency, size, and whiteness were collected. The primary phase of marble characterization is followed by the discretization of the orebody into a three-dimensional array of orthogonal prismatic blocks, where the marble whiteness and fracture intensity are attribute values. Both these variables are considered to obey continuous and not discrete probability distributions. The discretization is performed using computer aided design and the Block Kriging techniques. An outline to improve the description of a given marble ore deposit at the exploration stage is presented for the prediction of marble block size distribution from joint count measurements along diamond drill cores. An example case of a white dolomitic marble quarry is used to demonstrate these methods.

Design, Construction, and Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional Vibratory Harvester for Tree Fruit

HighlightsThree-dimensional excitation response of tree can be generated by orthogonal eccentric blocks.The three-dimensional vibratory harvester prototype was built, and the vibration response and harvesting test were carried out.Three-dimensional excitation applied to single main branch of the tree can result in high vibration on the whole tree. Abstract. To solve the problems associated with the mechanical harvesting of fruit, improve the harvesting efficiency, and reduce the damage to trees in the process of harvesting, a three-dimensional shaking mechanism with orthogonal eccentric blocks was designed. Three-dimensional excitation is generated to ensure that the fruit trees are subjected to noncircular excitation forces in different directions and further improve the fruit harvesting percentage. Firstly, the overall structure of the three-dimensional shaking mechanism with orthogonal eccentric blocks was designed, and the steady state response of the vibration system was obtained by establishing the dynamics model of the shaking mechanism-tree system. According to the vibration amplitude of the fruit tree under the action of three-dimensional shaking mechanism, the mass moment of the eccentric blocks, which are the key parts of the harvester, was determined to be 0.56 kg·m, and the size of the eccentric blocks was calculated. The hydraulic motors and cylinders that drive the shaking mechanism of the harvester were specified. Then a vibratory harvester prototype was assembled, and a vibration response test was carried out. The results showed that different branches of the test tree could obtain large acceleration magnitudes with low dispersion degree, which verified the effectiveness of the three-dimensional vibratory harvester. Finally, a harvesting test was conducted on a grapefruit tree. When the speed of the hydraulic motor to drive the shaking mechanism was 470 rev·min-1 and the shaking time was 10 s, the harvesting percentage reached 76.5%. Keywords: Acceleration response, Fruit harvester, Hydraulic system, Orthogonal eccentric blocks, Three-dimensional shaking mechanism.

Integer programming approaches to find row–column arrangements of two-level orthogonal experimental designs

Design of experiments is an effective, generic methodology for problem solving as well as for improving or optimizing product design and manufacturing processes. The most commonly used experimental designs are two-level fractional factorial designs. In recent years, nonregular fractional factorial two-level experimental designs have gained much popularity compared to the traditional regular fractional factorial designs, because they offer more flexibility in terms of run size as well as the possibility to estimate partially aliased effects. For this reason, there is much interest in finding good nonregular designs, and in orthogonal blocking arrangements of these designs. In this contribution, we address the problem of finding orthogonal blocking arrangements of high-quality nonregular two-level designs in scenarios with two crossed blocking factors. We call these blocking arrangements orthogonal row-column arrangements. We propose two strategies to find row-column arrangements of given two-level orthogonal treatment designs such that the treatment factors’ main effects are orthogonal to both blocking factors. The first strategy involves a sequential approach which is especially useful when one blocking factor is more important than the other. The second strategy involves a simultaneous approach for situations where both blocking factors are equally important. For the latter approach, we propose three different optimization models, so that, in total, we consider four different methods to obtain row-column arrangements. We compare the performance of the four methods by looking for good row-column arrangements of the best two-level 24-run orthogonal designs in terms of the G-aberration criterion, and apply the best of these methods to 64- and 72-run orthogonal designs.

Performance Analysis of Device-to-Device Communication Underlaying Dense Networks (DenseNets)

Given the exponential proliferation of mobile devices and broadband services, there is a pressing need to amalgamate multiple technologies accommodating infrastructural changes for meeting the ever-increasing demands of user capacity. Therefore, in this paper, we propose the integration of proximity-based direct device-to-device (D2D) communication with the network densification concept. In this paper, we consider user-centric non-overlapping clusters associated with the closest access point for serving user equipment (UE) in the downlink under limited availability of orthogonal resource blocks (RBs), while the D2D links also reuse these downlink RBs. We analytically derive the coverage probability as well as the average transmission rate of D2D links under the proposed model, which results in a complex interference scenario. The performance results verify that our analytical results closely match with simulations for different parametric settings. The impact of the presence of D2D links on the coverage probability of the UEs is also quantified, revealing that the UEs’ performance is only modestly affected under the proposed system model.

Perceiving emotion and sex from the body: evidence from the Garner task for independent processes

ABSTRACTThe appearance of the body signals socially relevant states and traits, but the how these cues are perceived is not well understood. Here we examined judgments of emotion and sex from the body’s appearance. Understanding how we extract these cues is important because they are both salient and socially relevant. Participants viewed body images and either reported the emotion expressed by each body while ignoring its sex, or else reported the sex while ignoring its emotion. Following Garner’s logic, two types of blocks were compared. In control blocks, the task-irrelevant dimension was fixed (e.g. all male in an emotion judgment task), whereas in orthogonal blocks it varied orthogonally to the task-relevant dimension (e.g. male-female). Where two dimensions draw on shared processes, interference results in relatively slower responses during orthogonal blocks. In contrast, a finding of no Garner interference – efficient selection of the task-relevant dimension – is taken to reflect independent processes. Bayesian analyses revealed evidence of no Garner interference between sex and emotion judgments, showing that extraction of these distinct signals from the body’s appearance proceeds along largely parallel processing streams. These findings are informative about the mental architecture behind our perception of socially relevant characteristics of other people.

Orthogonal blocking arrangements for 24-run and 28-run two-level designs

Much research has been done concerning 24-run orthogonal two-level designs involving 3–23 factors and 28-run orthogonal two-level designs involving 3–27 factors. The focus of this research was on completely randomized screening designs and led to lists of recommended designs for each number of factors. When using the recommended designs, there is either no aliasing between the main effects and the two-factor interaction effects or only a limited amount. Among all designs with this attractive property, the recommended designs minimize the aliasing among the two-factor interaction effects. It is, however, unclear which 24- and 28-run designs are best when complete randomization is infeasible and the designs have to be arranged in blocks. In this article, we address this issue and present the best arrangements of 24-run designs in 3, 4, and 6 blocks and the best arrangements of 28-run designs in 7 blocks.

Feasibility Analysis and Clustering for Interference Alignment in Full-Duplex-Based Small Cell Networks

With the capability of bidirectional communications on a single frequency band, the full-duplex (FD) operation can potentially double the spectral efficiency in physical layer. In network layer, nevertheless, it may cause severe mutual interference to the system. In this paper, we exploit interference alignment (IA) to address the interference in small cell networks, where some of the base stations simultaneously serve both uplink and downlink users on the same frequency via FD. Under such scenario, we first derive the feasibility condition for IA from Bezout’s theorem and find that IA can be feasible only if a certain size constraint of the network is satisfied. On this basis, we then propose two clustering methods, i.e., minimized spectrum consumption clustering (MSCC) and minimized interference leakage clustering (MILC), both of which can perfectly eliminate the intra-cluster interference with IA. The difference between them is that MSCC aims at minimizing the number of clusters through allocating orthogonal resource blocks (RBs) for each cluster to avert inter-cluster interference, while MILC tries to minimize the aggregated inter-cluster interference with all clusters sharing the same RB. Extensive simulations verify that MSCC can achieve higher system sum rate, but MILC works better in terms of spectral efficiency.

Engineering orthogonal synthetic timer circuits based on extracytoplasmic function σ factors

The rational design of synthetic regulatory circuits critically hinges on the availability of orthogonal and well-characterized building blocks. Here, we focus on extracytoplasmic function (ECF) σ factors, which are the largest group of alternative σ factors and hold extensive potential as synthetic orthogonal regulators. By assembling multiple ECF σ factors into regulatory cascades of varying length, we benchmark the scalability of the approach, showing that these ‘autonomous timer circuits’ feature a tuneable time delay between inducer addition and target gene activation. The implementation of similar timers in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis shows strikingly convergent circuit behavior, which can be rationalized by a computational model. These findings not only reveal ECF σ factors as powerful building blocks for a rational, multi-layered circuit design, but also suggest that ECF σ factors are universally applicable as orthogonal regulators in a variety of bacterial species.

Rapidly Time-Varying Channel Estimation for Full-Duplex Amplify-and-Forward One-Way Relay Networks

Estimation of both cascaded and residual self-interference (RSI) channels and a new training frame structure are considered for full-duplex (FD) amplify-and-forward (AF) one-way relay networks with rapidly time-varying individual channels. To estimate the RSI and the rapidly time-varying cascaded channels, we propose a new training frame structure in which orthogonal training blocks are sent by the source node and delivered to the destination over an FD-AF relay. Exploiting the orthogonality of the training blocks, we obtain two decoupled training signal models for the estimation of the RSI and the cascaded channels. We apply linear minimum mean square error (MMSE) based estimators to the cascaded channel as well as RSI channel. In order to investigate the mean square error (MSE) performance of the system, we also derive the Bayesian Cramer-Rao lower bound. As another performance benchmark, we also assess the symbol error rate (SER) performances corresponding to the estimated and the perfect channel state information available at the receiver side. Computer simulations exhibit the proposed training frame structure and the linear MMSE estimator MSE and SER performances are shown.