Orthodox Black Tea Research Articles

Optimization of ultrasonication-assisted enzymatic extraction of Kangra orthodox black tea for the development of low-calorie ready-to-drink tea

Optimization of ultrasonication-assisted enzymatic extraction of Kangra orthodox black tea for the development of low-calorie ready-to-drink tea

An Improved Inception Network to classify black tea appearance quality

To conveniently and precisely evaluate orthodox black tea appearance quality, we here present a novel method based on computer vision integrated image processing and deep learning. Tea images were collected using the custom-built image acquisition device and processed with Adaptive Local Tone Mapping (ALTM), and Unsharp Masking to optimize illumination and sharpness. These images were then used to train six convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to find suitable network structure by transfer learning. It was found that the CNNs constructed with the MBconv modules had better performance in this task. Consequently, a CNN classification model (Improved Inception Network) based on the MBconv modules was constructed and trained, which yielded a test accuracy of 95%, performed better than the other CNNs; the test accuracy of original Inception V3 was 89%. The proposed method obtained 97.22% accuracy for independent set in validation, which demonstrated the viability of applying image processing and deep learning approaches to solve practical problems in the field of tea assessment.

Comparative studies on the antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of green tea, orthodox black tea and CTC black tea.

Tea is a natural dietary supplement rich in polyphenols and based on the manufacturing process, their polyphenol content also varies. In the present study, we have compared thein vitroantioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of green tea (GT), orthodox black tea (oBT) and CTC black tea (cBT). The analysis was carried out in 50:50 ethanol:water extracts. The total antioxidant capacity, total polyphenol content and free radical scavenging activity were found to be high in GT samples. HPLC profiling indicated a higher percentage of polyphenols like catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin and epigallocatechin-gallate in GT when compared to other samples. The comparison of the anticancer potential was done in breast cancer MDA MB-231 cells and it was found that GT has a higher percentage of cell growth inhibition than oBT and cBT. Anti-inflammatory effects were done in LPS stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells and here also GT showed maximum effects. This was confirmed by the lower production of iNOS, reduced level of ROS generation and proinflammatory cytokines such as MCP-1, IL-1ɑ, and IL-6 by GT. To conclude, the order for the biological effectiveness of different teas tested is in the order GT > oBT > cBT.

Development of Cheese as an Antioxidant Functional Food with the Addition of Orthodox Black Tea

Development of Cheese as an Antioxidant Functional Food with the Addition of Orthodox Black Tea

Analysis Of Tea Shoots Worth Processing (APLO) In The Raw Materials Of Orthodox Black Tea With Mechanical Picking Method At PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VIII Kebun Kertamanah Bandung, Jawa Barat

The aims of this study were (1) to identify the type and number of product defects in orthodox black tea raw materials at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VIII Kebun Kertamanah (2) To find out the cause of defects in Orthodox Black Tea Raw Materials at PT. Nusantara VIII Plantation Kertamanah Plantation. The research method used is descriptive method with special study implementation methods. Data were analyzed using (1) analysis tables (2) Pareto diagrams (3) bar charts (4) cause-and-effect diagrams. The results obtained (1) the value of the percentage of tea shoots that are suitable for processing (2) the value of the percentage of shoots that do not meet the standards (3) the factors that cause the high percentage of shoots that do not meet the requirements at PT. Nusantara VIII Plantation Kertamanah Plantation

Identifikasi dan Pengendalian Risiko Produksi Teh Hitam Orthodoks Pada PT Perkebunan Nusantara VIII

Tea is one of the leading commodities in Indonesia and is mostly produced in West Java, where Afdeling Sinumbra is one of the plantations that produce Orthodox black tea under the auspices of PT Perkebunan Nusantara VIII but has the smallest production contribution. This indicates that there are problems regarding production, and a risk management analysis is needed. The research was carried out from the plantation and processing levels using the House of Risk method consisting of stages 1 and 2. Stage 1 aims to identify risk events and the causes or sources of these risks. While stage 2 aims to formulate appropriate handling strategies to minimize the impact caused by risk sources. This study shows that crop failure is the biggest risk event at the plantation level stemming from delays in handling pests and diseases. The handling strategy that can be done is to increase discipline. Meanwhile, at the processing level, there is a risk that production and grading are not achieved, which stems from the implementation of SOPs that are not appropriate. The handling strategy that can be done is to warm up the engine, repair the engine, and train.

Unravelling the comparative metabolite fingerprints and therapeutic effects of diverse teas

The comparative metabolite fingerprinting and bioactivity of different teas viz. green tea, oolong tea, white tea, orthodox black tea, and Cut/crush, Tear and Curl (CTC) black tea as compared to unprocessed tea leaves (GTL) were elucidated. The fresh tender tea shoots collected from single location were processed into different tea forms and brewed homogenously. The mass fingerprinting analysis using ultra high performance liquid chromatography ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-IMS) revealed substantial variability of key metabolites among different tea brews. Statistical analysis (Venn-diagram, Heatmap and PCA) has revealed significant variation in metabolites content among different teas. Catechins and caffeine were identified and quantified in all infusions using high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis. 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, 2,2′-azino-bis (3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical cation decolourisation assay and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay unveiled significant antioxidant potential by all the infusions. The results of α-glucosidase inhibition by different teas showed positive effects in management of postprandial hyperglycemia. The tea samples also unveiled significant results for nitric oxide inhibition in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and cytotoxicity against A-549 and CT26.CL25 cancer cells. Hence, it has established that tea processing has substantial role on key metabolite composition and therapeutic potential of different tea infusions.

Phytochemicals and Quality of Green and Black Teas from Different Clones of Tea Plant

Tea is a popular drink with refreshing and functional properties. Bud, 1st leaf, and 2nd leaf of five varieties of tea clones (Gumti Takda-78, Ambari, Chiniya, and Tinali, which are popular in tea plantation area of Nepal) were collected and used for preparing green and orthodox black tea to study antioxidant activity, phytochemicals profile, chemical content, and sensory parameters. One or two leaves were hand-plucked from each bush to get a sample of about 100 leaves and processed for green and orthodox black tea for different clones of tea plants. Phytochemicals, antioxidant activity, and caffeine content were found higher in bud followed by 1st leaf and 2nd leaf for all clones of tea plants. Both types of tea (green and black) from Gumti were significantly (p<0.05) higher having tannin content, flavonoid content, total polyphenol content, caffeine content, and IC50 value of 49.15 and 36.23 (mg GAE/g dry extract), 358.9 and 350.4 (mg QE/g dry extract), 590.5 and 570 (mg GAE/g dry extract), 2.85 and 2.94%, and 45.15 & 51.88 μg/mL, respectively. Green and orthodox tea from Takda-78 was found higher in caffeine content and the least in Tinali for both types of tea. Moisture, water extract, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, and crude fiber content in tea (green and black) from Gumti were found to be 5.4% & 5.37%, 65.89% & 71.46%, 5.524% & 6.52%, 0.46% & 0.57%, and 7.96% & 10.27%, respectively. The ratio of theaflavin and thearubigin (TF : TR) was found 1 : 8.61, 1 : 9.36, 1 : 9.70, 1 : 12.87, and 1 : 6.36 in Takda-78, Ambari, Gumti, Chiniya, and Tinali respectively. The total quality score in green tea (85.13%) and black tea (85.78%) from Gumti was significantly higher than others. Phytochemicals and antioxidant properties of green tea were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of orthodox black tea for all clones of tea plant. This study suggests Gumti variety to be used in green and orthodox black tea processing for higher phytochemical, chemical, sensory quality, and antioxidant activity.

Analisis Pengukuran Produktivitas Produksi Teh Hitam dengan Metode Objective Matrix

PT. XYZ is a state-owned company engaged in the plantation sector and one of its branches is located in Kerinci,Jambi with its main product being Orthodox Black Tea. Inefficient and effective use of raw material, labor, energy and machinery during production activities encourages companies to increase productivity. Therefore, companies need to measure productivity to find out the dominant factors that affect productivity. The method used in productivity measurement is the Objective Matrix (OMAX) Method, so that the steps in this study referto the needs of matrix formation, namely: data collection, determination productivity criteria, calculation of ratios, determination of initial value, determination of the lowest ratio, determination of target values, and determination of weight.

Design of Wood Pellet Trolley using Finite Element Method (FEM) and Design for Assembly (DFA) Approach at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VIII Ciater

PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VIII is a company produces orthodox black tea. The wood pellets distribution in drying station still uses human power without any tools. The process is done as far as five meters with the transport time of each sack for three minutes and the weight is 30 kg. In the previous research has produced a design that used as reference in this research. The purpose of the research is to provide trolley design by applying Finite Element Method and Design for Assembly approach. The method is chosen because the trolley force should be considered so the trolley has good strength. The initially complex and inflexible designs are expected to be simpler and more efficient. The results of this research are wooden pellet trolleys on handle, platform, frame, and stairs chunk are considered safe from the results of the test. While the wheels chunk need to be re-election of material into titanium alloy because it is considered unsafe based on the test results. Then the design of wooden pellet trolleys results in a higher assembly efficiency rating of 27.77% with 127 total components and total processing time of 928.98 seconds so it can be concluded better than reference design.

Design of Dust Collector on Sorting Machine Vibro Mesh Type Using Design for Assembly (DFA) Approach with Boothroyd and Dewhurst Method in PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VIII Ciater

PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VIII is a company that produce orthodox black tea in Indonesia with a land area of less than 400 hectares. In the production section, especially the sorting room in sorting machine, which produces dust contaminants are very disturbing operators who are working. For the maintenance process is scheduled for 2 hours on working hours every 1 month, if maintenance takes more than 2 hours it will cause the production process is delayed. To support the maintenance process on dust collector, Design of dust collector using design for assembly (DFA) aproachp using Boothroyd and Dewhurst method. DFA approach is chosen to simplify the process of maintenance dust collector, which required unloading dust collector every maintenance. There are 2 dust collector designs proposed to get the best assembly design. The design of dust collector with optimal assembly time, with the application of Boothroyd and Dewhurst is design 2 with total component of 82 pieces with assembly time of 552.62 sec with assembling efficiency of 24.43%. It is hoped that by using design 2, the dust collector maintenance process does not interfere with the production process and the shorter time of assembly.

Formation of Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine and Nε-(carboxyethyl)lysine during black tea processing

This study selected common processing methods for orthodox black tea and investigated changes in the levels of Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), Nε-(carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL), lysine, and polyphenols during each processing stage and using different parameters of each processing step. The effects of epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, and gallic acid on the levels of CML, CEL, fructoselysine, glyoxal, and methylglyoxal were investigated by chemical model systems study under black tea processing conditions. In tea samples, CML and CEL levels significantly increased during drying (could reach 51.8 and 8.7 μg/g tea, respectively), while natural withering and extensive rolling and fermentation times facilitated the formation of CML and CEL by altering the substrate concentrations and the cellular structure of tea leaves to be dried. The results of model systems (containing lysine, glucose, and fructose) indicated that polyphenols were able to enhance the production of CML and CEL, and the levels of CML and CEL increased 1.2–3.2- and 1.6–3.5-fold, respectively. Furthermore, the main pathways responsible for CML and CEL formation during black tea processing likely involve fructoselysine and others but not glyoxal or methylglyoxal.

HIGH-PERFORMANCE THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY ANALYSIS AND FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING POTENTIAL OF SOUTH INDIAN ORTHODOX BLACK TEA

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the free radical scavenging potential and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting of the ethanolic extract of south Indian orthodox black tea (OBT).Methods: Phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard methods, and free radical scavenging activity of the extract was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide anion (SOD), and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacities. The ethanolic extract of OBT was loaded in the pre-coated HPTLC plates (silica gel 60 F 254) E-MERCK KGaA. HPTLC was carried out with toluene: ethyl acetate: diethylamine (7:2:1), chloroform: methanol:formic acid (8.5:1.0:0.5), and butanol: isopropyl alcohol (1:1) as mobile phase for alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, respectively.Results: HPTLC results confirmed that the extract contained several potential active components such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids as the slides revealed multicolored bands of varying intensities. Extract of OBT reliably showed the total phenolics 132.27 mg/g, flavonoids 72.52 mg/g, and alkaloids 66.01 mg/g of dry matter. The IC50 value of OBT for DPPH was found to be 372.22 μg/ml, SOD 311.93 μg/ml, NO 362.17 μg/ml, hydroxyl radical 342.14 μg/ml, and reducing power 178.54 μg/ml.Conclusion: The HPTLC fingerprinting profile developed for ethanolic extract will help in proper identification and quantification of marker compounds. The ethanolic extract of OBT was found to possess a wide range of phytochemicals with excellent antioxidant properties. This information may help to choose the best beverage to be consumed in the future.

In vitro antifungal activity against Candida species of Sri Lankan orthodox black tea (Camellia sinensis L.) belonging to different agro-climatic elevations

In vitro antifungal activity against Candida species of Sri Lankan orthodox black tea (Camellia sinensis L.) belonging to different agro-climatic elevations

In vitro antibacterial activity of Sri Lankan orthodox black tea (Camellia sinensis L.) belonging to different agro-climatic elevations

Objective: To investigate the antibacterial properties of three grades of orthodox Sri Lankan black tea belonging to the three agro-climatic elevations. Methods: Methanloic extracts of orange pekoe (OP), broken orange pekoe fannings (BOPF) and Dust No. 1 belonging to three agro-climatic elevations (low, mid and high grown) were made and tested in vitro (concentration: 300 µg/disc) against Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) (S. aureus) and Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778) (B. cereus), and two Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) (P. aeruginosa) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218) (E. coli), using agar disc diffusion assay. Gentamycin (10 µg/disc) was used as the positive control and methanol as the negative control. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were evaluated, using micro dilution method. Results: None of the tea extracts exerted an antibacterial action against P. aeruginosa and E. coli. In contrast mild to moderate antibacterial activity was exerted against S. aureus and B. cereus. Further gentamycin exhibited strong antibacterial activity against all the four bacterial species. Further low MIC values were evident for tea samples against the two Gram-positive bacteria. The order of anti-bacterial activity for tea extracts was Dust No. 1 > BOPF > OP. Conclusions: It is concluded that Sri Lankan orthodox black tea belonging to Dust No. 1, BOPF, and OP pocess in vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus and B. cereus but not against Gram-positive bacteria P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Article history:

Detection of Methyl Salicylate in Black Tea Using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensor

Methyl salicylate plays an important role in the constitution of black tea aroma. This paper presents a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor to detect methyl salicylate from the black tea aroma. The sensor is developed using maltodextrin (MDEX). Methyl salicylate is an organic ester, naturally produced by many species of plants. It is used as a fragrance, in foods and beverages, and in ointments. Extensive experiments have been carried out with MDEX-coated QCM sensor and it is observed that the sensor offers better sensitivity for the methyl salicylate in comparison with other important constituents of black tea like linalool, geraniol, linalool oxide, and trans-2-hexenal. Experiments with 32 Darjeeling orthodox black tea samples have been carried out with the developed sensor, which offers 0.982 correlation between the responses of the developed sensor and the concentrations obtained through the reference instrumental technique, i.e., gas chromatography mass spectrometry.

The performance of fire wood stove for heat exchanger tubeless type in the fluidized bed dryer of orthodox black tea

The biomass potential of tea plantations such as tea pruning waste, shade tree waste and waste of tea replanting are large enough. Energy derived from biomass is a renewable energy source that environmentally friendly, and it does not cause a negative impact to the environment. Heat exchanger tubeless type can only use fossil fuel. To replace the fuel derived from biomass on the tubeless type of heat exchanger, the furnace must be designed specifically as a substitute for fuel oil burner. This paper provides the result of engineering design of tubeless type heat exchanger of and their performance in a fluidized bed dryer of orthodox black tea. Apart from that, the design suitable also for the green tea drying machines. As a substitute for fuel oil burner, the heat exchanger tubeless type can use waste of tea replanting. The ratio of fire wood was 0.90 kg per kilogram of made tea with 57.9% of the energy efficiency and 46.3% of drying energy efficiency.

Aplication of techno-marketing programme package of Indonesian orthodox black tea to analyze the Russian Federation market

In order to increase market share as well as competitiveness of Indonesian orthodox black tea in Russian Federation as the biggest Indonesian tea export destination, a research to analyze Russian Federation market applying tea techno-marketing programme package especially to finding suggestions in improving process production has been conducted. This programme consist of Data Base Management System, Knowledge Base Management System, Model Base Management System, and Dialogue Management System. Four data analysis techniques were applied namely (1) market trend, (2) comparative performa index (CPI), (3) constant market share (CMS), and (4) quality function deployment (QFD). The results showed that the Russian Federation market prefer the medium grown tea which is dominated by broken grade (91%). Minimum sensory test score for appearance of made tea, taste, aroma, and colour of liquor as well as infused leaf to be accepted in Russian Federation market were medium. To comply with a request of Russian Federation market, main production process aspects had to be improved, were the quality of tea shoots, had to be 65% minimum, and the rolling programme in factory to result in 90% of broken grades.

Impact of HACCP Based Food Safety Management Systems in Improving Food Safety of Sri Lankan Tea Industry

A study was conducted to identify and assess the major food safety violations in low grown orthodox black tea manufacturing process while assessing impact of HACCP based food safety management system (FSMS) in tea industry. Stratified random sampling was used where qualitative data was weighted averaged against GMP requirements and converted in to quantitative values to be used in statistical analyses. The impact of HACCP based FSMS in improving food safety was evaluated using representative sample. Organization and management responsibility was strongly correlated with establishment design and facilities while quality assurance had a strong or moderate correlation with all the factors. Pest control and personal hygiene was not satisfactorily developed according to the results. Establishment design and facilities (ED&F) was the major root cause for the food hygiene problems identified where continuous attention and top management commitment as well as additional capital investments were needed to improve design and facilities of manufacturing plants in the sector. Similarly, Quality assurance systems were not in complete compliance with food safety, mostly due to the incomplete system developments, lack of expert knowledge in the industry as well as inappropriate practices. However, HACCP based FSMS have created enabling environment to improve GMP requirements while increasing food safety implementation in tea industry. Nevertheless, factories with HACCP based FSMS had better infrastructure and systematic operations with trained operators rather than factories without any HACCP based FSMS. The efficacy of processing, recording and personnel hygiene were satisfactorily improved in factories which had implemented HACCP based FSMS.

Towards biological plausibility of electronic noses: A spiking neural network based approach for tea odour classification

The paper presents a novel encoding scheme for neuronal code generation for odour recognition using an electronic nose (EN). This scheme is based on channel encoding using multiple Gaussian receptive fields superimposed over the temporal EN responses. The encoded data is further applied to a spiking neural network (SNN) for pattern classification. Two forms of SNN, a back-propagation based SpikeProp and a dynamic evolving SNN are used to learn the encoded responses. The effects of information encoding on the performance of SNNs have been investigated. Statistical tests have been performed to determine the contribution of the SNN and the encoding scheme to overall odour discrimination. The approach has been implemented in odour classification of orthodox black tea (Kangra-Himachal Pradesh Region) thereby demonstrating a biomimetic approach for EN data analysis.