Orseolia Oryzae Wood-Mason Research Articles

Monitoring of Virulence of Gall Midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood-mason) Population on Rice

A study was conducted for two years during 2022 and 2023 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Warangal, Telangana, India to know the virulence of gall midge on rice varieties with known gall midge resistant genes at Warangal. During both the years i.e., 2022 and 2023, the virulence of gall midge was low in Aganni followed by Akshayadhan, W1263 and Purple. The gall midge virulence was very low and similar in Aganni and Akshayadhan which reveals the efficacy of gall midge resistance genes i.e., Gm4 and Gm8 against gall midge biotype 4M at Warangal. Since Purple variety does not have any gall midge resistant genes, gall midge virulence was highest on Purple variety. The study revealed that, gall midge genes viz., Gm4 and Gm8 are holding good for resistance against gall midge biotype 4M in both the years of study. However, a close monitoring of the virulence pattern in endemic areas is important for deployment of effective genes in developing resistant varieties.

Resistance of traditional rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes against Asian gall midge (Orseolia oryzae wood-mason) in TBP command area

Resistance of traditional rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes against Asian gall midge (Orseolia oryzae wood-mason) in TBP command area

Chemo-prospecting Cleistanthus collinus, Lantana camara and Strychnos nux-vomica for rice pest management under laboratory conditions

Cleistanthus collinus Roxb., Lantana camara L. and Strychnos nux-vomica L. are abundantly available in tropical countries and are being used for pest management as an Indigenous Technical Knowledge. The present study decoded the biochemical constituents of these species and tested the efficacy of these plant products against major rice insect pests and diseases. Significantly higher phenol content and antioxidant activity (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-Azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assay) were found in C. collinus water extract, whereas S. nux-vomica extract had higher flavonoids. The major chemical constituents of C. collinus, L. camara and S. nux-vomica were 1,2,3-Benzenetriol, β- Phellandrene and Phytol, respectively. Water extract of C. collinus had significantly reduced the insect pests (brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål and gall midge, Orseolia oryzae Wood-Mason) and diseases (brown spot, Helminthosporium oryzae and bacterial leaf blight, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae). In contrast, S. nux-vomica water extract was most effective against the pathogens causing blast, Magnaporthe oryzae and sheath blight disease, Rhizoctonia solani in rice. The secondary metabolites, namely, 1,2,3-Benzenetriol, Neophytadiene, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Phytol etc. present in C. collinus extract reported to have biocidal activities against number of crop pests. As C. collinus has been listed as ‘vulnerable’ in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list, it can be promoted as a viable component in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of rice for its conservation and economic utilization.

The genome of the soybean gall midge (Resseliella maxima).

The cecidomyiid fly, soybean gall midge, Resseliella maxima Gagné, is a recently discovered insect that feeds on soybean plants in the Midwestern United States. R. maxima larvae feed on soybean stems that may induce plant death and can cause considerable yield losses, making it an important agricultural pest. From three pools of 50 adults each, we used long-read nanopore sequencing to assemble a R. maxima reference genome. The final genome assembly is 206 Mb with 64.88× coverage, consisting of 1,009 contigs with an N50 size of 714 kb. The assembly is high quality with a Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Ortholog (BUSCO) score of 87.8%. Genome-wide GC level is 31.60%, and DNA methylation was measured at 1.07%. The R. maxima genome is comprised of 21.73% repetitive DNA, which is in line with other cecidomyiids. Protein prediction annotated 14,798 coding genes with 89.9% protein BUSCO score. Mitogenome analysis indicated that R. maxima assembly is a single circular contig of 15,301 bp and shares highest identity to the mitogenome of the Asian rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae Wood-Mason. The R. maxima genome has one of the highest completeness levels for a cecidomyiid and will provide a resource for research focused on the biology, genetics, and evolution of cecidomyiids, as well as plant-insect interactions in this important agricultural pest.

Effectiveness of botanical insecticides in the management of rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood Mason)

The experiment conducted to evaluate the efficacy of ten botanical insecticides against rice gall midge, carried out at Rice research farm, B.A.U, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand during kharif, 2016 and kharif, 2017, showed that the crop treated with (Aza.0.03% EC) recorded the lowest incidence of silver shoot (1.76% SS) and proved superior over all the insecticides tested during both the seasons of experimentation. It was followed by rynaxypyr 20 SC (2.54% SS), dinotefuran 20 SG (2.80% SS) and neem baan (Aza.1% EC) (3.14% SS). Similar result were found with the overall pooled mean values. The untreated control plot recorded highest incidence of silver shoot (12.05%). However, all the botanical insecticides remained significantly superior over the untreated crop of rice.

Field Efficacy of Certain New Insecticides against Major Insect Pests of Rice at Manipur

Field experiment conducted during kharif, 2012 and 2013 at the Rice Research Farm of the College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal evaluated the efficacy of certain new insecticides against the rice pests viz., Asian gall fly (Orseolia oryzae Wood-Mason), yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Walker), leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee) and whorl maggot (Hydrellia philippina Ferino). Against the gall fly, thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 25 g a.i. ha1 was found effective. This was followed by imidacloprid 70 WG @ 50 g a.i. ha−1(4.40% SS) and acephate 50 + imidacloprid 1.8% (Lancergold) 51.8 SP @ 500 g a.i. ha−1 but insignificantly. Flubendiamide 39.35 SC @ 24 g a.i. ha−1 was also found effective against the leaf folder and yellow stem borer with the least leaf damage (LD), dead heart (DH) and white ear head (WEH). It was followed by chlorantraniliprole 18.35 SC @ 30 g a.i.ha−1 and thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 25 g a.i. ha−1 which showed insignificant difference. Against the whorl maggot, thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 25 g a.i. ha−1 was found the best, closely followed by acephate 50% + imidacloprid 1.8%. Maximum grain yield (5.00 t ha−1) was obtained from the plots treated with flubendiamide 39.35 SC, and it was found insignificantly differing from thiamethoxam 25 WG (5.00 t ha−1), at par with acephate 50% + imidacloprid 1.8% 51.8SP (4.83 t ha−1), fipronil 5 SC (4.72 t ha−1) and flubendiamide 39.35 SC (4.68 t ha−1). Thiocloprid 21.7 SC gave the least grain yield. The net profit varied from Rs 2353 (thiacloprid 21.7 SC) to Rs. 17288 (thiamethoxam 25 WG) with the cost: benefit ratios ranging from 1: 0.45 to 1: 10.79, the minimum and maximum being with thiacloprid 21.7 SC and thiamethoxam 25 WG, respectively.

Evaluation of thiamethoxam 25 per cent WG against major insect pests of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

An experiment was conducted at Regional Agriculture Research Station, College of Agriculture, Waraseoni, Bagalaght, Madhya Pradesh during the 2014-15 to study on the evaluation of Thiamethoxam 25 per cent WG for the management of stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulasWalker), leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee), gall midge (Orseolia oryzaeWood Mason), leaf hoppers viz., green leaf hopper (Nephotettix virescens Distant), brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal), in rice crop. Thiamethoxam 25 per cent WG used in the experiment was different doses i.e. @ 20 g a.i. /ha, 25 g a.i. /ha, 30 g a.i. /ha, 50 g a.i. /ha, and 100 g a.i. /ha, with insecticidal check Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 30 ml a.i./ha. Two sprays of insecticides were applied at fifteen days interval. The most effective dose of thiomethoxam 25 per cent WG in controlling the rice insect pests was 50 g. a.i./ha followed by 30 g a.i. /ha and 25 g a.i. /ha. Per cent reduction of insect pests over untreated plot after final sprays was followed this order of efficacy: Thiamethoxam 25 per cent WG @ 20 g a.i. /ha> 100 g a.i. /ha, > Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 30 ml a.i./ha.. Highest cost benefit ratio (1:21.69) was observed in thiamethoxam 50 per cent WG @ 20 g a.i. /ha. How to view point the article : Panse, Raju Kumar, Bhandarkar, A.P. and Rajak, S.K. (2016). Evaluation of thiamethoxam 25 per cent WG against major insect pests of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Internat. J. Plant Protec., 9(2) : 551-555, DOI : 10.15740/HAS/IJPP/9.2/551-555.

Metabolic and transcriptomic changes induced in host during hypersensitive response mediated resistance in rice against the Asian rice gall midge.

BackgroundAn incompatible interaction between rice (Oryza sativa) and the Asian rice gall midge (AGM, Orseolia oryzae Wood-Mason), that is usually manifested through a hypersensitive response (HR), represents an intricate relationship between the resistant host and its avirulent pest. We investigated changes in the transcriptome and metabolome of the host (indica rice variety: RP2068-18-3-5, RP), showing HR when attacked by an avirulent gall midge biotype (GMB1), to deduce molecular and biochemical bases of such a complex interaction. Till now, such an integrated analysis of host transcriptome and metabolome has not been reported for any rice-insect interaction.ResultsTranscript and metabolic profiling data revealed more than 7000 differentially expressed genes and 80 differentially accumulated metabolites, respectively, in the resistant host. Microarray data revealed deregulation of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) metabolism causing a C/N shift; up-regulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis and down-regulation of chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis. Integrated results revealed that genes involved in lipid peroxidation (LPO) were up-regulated and a marker metabolite for LPO (azelaic acid) accumulated during HR. This coincided with a greater accumulation of GABA (neurotransmitter and an insect antifeedant) at the feeding site. Validation of microarray results by semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed temporal variation in gene expression profiles.ConclusionsThe study revealed extensive reprogramming of the transcriptome and metabolome of RP upon GMB1 infestation leading to an HR that was induced by the generation and release of reactive oxygen species i.e. singlet oxygen and resulted in LPO-mediated cell death. RP thus used HR as a means to limit nutrient supply to the feeding maggots and simultaneously accumulated GABA, strategies that could have led to maggot mortality. The integrated results of transcript and metabolic profiling, for the first time, provided insights into an HR+ type of resistance in rice against gall midge.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12284-016-0077-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Gas chromatography mass spectrometry based metabolic profiling reveals biomarkers involved in rice-gall midge interactions.

The Asian rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood-Mason) is a serious pest of rice that causes huge loss in yield. While feeding inside the susceptible host, maggots secrete substances that facilitate the formation of a hollow tube-like structure called gall and prevent panicle formation. The present investigation was carried out to get an account of biochemical changes occurring in the rice plant upon gall midge feeding. Metabolic profiling of host tissues from three rice varieties, namely, TN1, Kavya, and RP2068, exposed to gall midge biotype 1 (GMB1), was carried out using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). TN1 and GMB1 represented compatible interaction, while Kavya and GMB1 as well as RP2068 and GMB1 represented incompatible interactions. The current study identified several metabolites that could be grouped as resistance, susceptibility, infestation, and host features based on their relative abundance. These may be regarded as biomarkers for insect-plant interaction in general and rice-gall midge interaction in particular.

Differential gene expression in gall midge susceptible rice genotypes revealed by suppressive subtraction hybridization (SSH) cDNA libraries and microarray analysis.

BackgroundA major pest of rice, the Asian rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood-Mason), causes significant yield losses in the rice growing regions throughout Asia. Feeding by the larvae induces susceptible plants to produce nutritive tissue to support growth and development. In order to identify molecular signatures during compatible interactions, genome wide transcriptional profiling was performed using SSH library and microarray technology.ResultsResults revealed up-regulation of genes related to primary metabolism, nutrient relocation, cell organization and DNA synthesis. Concomitantly, defense, secondary metabolism and signaling genes were suppressed. Further, real-time PCR validation of a selected set of 20 genes, in three susceptible rice varieties (TN1, Kavya and Suraksha) during the interaction with the respective virulent gall midge biotypes, also revealed variation in gene expression in Kavya as compared to TN1 and Suraksha.ConclusionsThese studies showed that virulent insects induced the plants to step up metabolism and transport nutrients to their feeding site and suppressed defense responses. But Kavya rice mounted an elevated defense response during early hours of virulent gall midge infestation, which was over-powered later, resulting in host plant susceptibility.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1939-8433-5-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Flanking Microsatellite Markers for Breeding Varieties Against Asian Rice Gall Midge

The Asian rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae Wood-Mason (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera) is a serious pest of wet season rice in South and Southeast Asia. Due to internal feeding habit and presence of biotypes of the pest, the most feasible way to control is breeding varieties resistant against multiple biotypes through marker-assisted breeding (MAB). But very few versatile co-dominant markers linked to the gall midge resistance genes are available. We used a set of F9 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of the cross TN1/PTB10 and identified microsatellite markers for the gall midge resistance gene in cv. PTB10 on short arm of rice chromosome 8. Markers RM22550 and RM547 flank the gene at a distance of 0.9 and 1.9 cM, respectively. Amplification of the markers in gall midge resistant and susceptible cultivars showed that these markers can be successfully used in MAB for development of gall midge resistant varieties.

A new gene for resistance in rice to Asian rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood Mason) biotype 1 population at Raipur, India

The Asian rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae Wood Mason (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is a major pest of rice in several South and South East Asian countries. The maggots feed internally on the growing tips of the tillers and transform them into tubular galls, onion leaf-like structures called ‘silver shoots’ resulting into severe yield loss to the rice crop. We studied the mode of inheritance and allelic relationships of the resistance genes involved in resistant donor Line 9, a sib of a susceptible cultivar ‘Madhuri’. The segregation behaviour of F1, F2 and F3 populations of the cross between Line 9 and susceptible cultivar MW10 confirmed the presence of a single dominant gene for resistance. Tests of allelism with all the known genes giving resistance to this population indicated that Line 9 possessed a new gene which was designated Gm 9

Farmers' participatory identification of gall midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood-Mason)-resistant rice varieties

Farmers' participatory identification of gall midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood-Mason)-resistant rice varieties

Molecular mapping of gene Gm-6(t) which confers resistance against four biotypes of Asian rice gall midge in China

The Chinese rice cultivar Duokang #1 carries a single dominant gene Gm-6(t) that confers resistance to the four biotypes of Asian rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood-Mason) known in China. Bulked segregant analysis was performed on progeny of a cross between Duokang #1 and the gall midge-susceptible cultivar Feng Yin Zhan using the RAPD method. The RAPD marker OPM06(1400) amplified a locus linked to Gm-6(t). The locus was subsequently mapped to rice chromosome 4 in a region flanked by cloned RFLP markers RG214 and RG163. Fine mapping of Gm-6(t) revealed that markers RG214 and RG476 flanked the gene at distances of 1.0 and 2.3 cM, respectively. Another gall midge resistance gene, Gm-2, mapped previously to chromosome 4, is located about 16 cM from Gm-6(t), to judge by data from a segregating population derived from a cross between Duokang #1 and the Indian cultivar Phalguna that carries Gm-2. We developed a PCR-based marker-assisted selection kit for transfer of the Gm-6(t) gene into Ming Hui 63 and IR50404, two parental lines commonly used in hybrid rice production in China. The kit contains PCR primer pairs based on the terminal sequences of the RG214 and RG476 clones. Polymorphism between Duokang #1 and the hybrid parental lines was found at these markers after digestion of the PCR products with specific restriction endonucleases. The kit will accelerate introduction of gall midge resistance into hybrid rice in China.

Biodiversity of Asian rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood Mason) from five countries examined by AFLP analysis

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was used to assess the biodiversity of one of the most important dipteran pests of cereals, the Asian rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood Mason). Larvae and pupae were collected at 15 locations in five Asian countries and preserved in 95% ethanol for storage, shipment, and DNA extraction using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Although only ~1 µg of DNA was extracted from a single pupa or larva, the use of several AFLP primers in various combinations meant that this amount of DNA was sufficient to allow many DNA fingerprints to be made per individual. Fingerprints were sufficiently reproducible, especially during selective amplification, to allow the genetic diversity within a field population to be characterized. Extraction of DNA from a pool of 20 insects yielded AFLP fingerprints in which variation among individuals was sacrificed in favor of detecting differences among populations. For each location, pooled DNA was amplified with three primer pairs. A total of 261 distinct AFLP bands were identified for the 45 fingerprints. Cluster analysis, performed by the unweighted pair-group method (UPGMA), separated the populations into two distinct groups. Group I included two populations from Guangdong province of southern China and one each from Laos and Imphal in northeastern India, while group II was comprised of eleven populations from elsewhere in India (Assam, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala) and from Nepal and Sri Lanka. AFLP analysis provided insight into the origins of gall midge biotypes. In 1992, the prevailing biotype in Imphal changed from Indian biotype 3 to a new biotype 3M. Our data show that biotype 3M belongs to group I and did not arise by a recent mutation from biotype 3, which belongs to group II. By contrast, Indian biotypes 2 and 4 are likely to have diverged through recent mutation and selection, as are Chinese biotypes 1 and 4. The almost simultaneous emergence of new biotypes in Kerala and Sri Lanka during 1985-1988 was most probably coincidental, because these biotypes are not closely related. AFLP fingerprints were also able to detect sexual dimorphism in the DNA of adult gall midges and to distinguish gall midge from its major parasite Platygaster oryzae. Key words: biotypes, Cecidomyiidae, insect, Oryza sativa, Platygaster oryzae, population, sexual dimorphism.

Biodiversity of Asian rice gall midge (<i>Orseolia oryzae </i>Wood Mason) from five countries examined by AFLP analysis

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was used to assess the biodiversity of one of the most important dipteran pests of cereals, the Asian rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood Mason). Larvae and pupae were collected at 15 locations in five Asian countries and preserved in 95% ethanol for storage, shipment, and DNA extraction using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Although only approximately 1 microg of DNA was extracted from a single pupa or larva, the use of several AFLP primers in various combinations meant that this amount of DNA was sufficient to allow many DNA fingerprints to be made per individual. Fingerprints were sufficiently reproducible, especially during selective amplification, to allow the genetic diversity within a field population to be characterized. Extraction of DNA from a pool of 20 insects yielded AFLP fingerprints in which variation among individuals was sacrificed in favor of detecting differences among populations. For each location, pooled DNA was amplified with three primer pairs. A total of 261 distinct AFLP bands were identified for the 45 fingerprints. Cluster analysis, performed by the unweighted pair-group method (UPGMA), separated the populations into two distinct groups. Group I included two populations from Guangdong province of southern China and one each from Laos and Imphal in northeastern India, while group II was comprised of eleven populations from elsewhere in India (Assam, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala) and from Nepal and Sri Lanka. AFLP analysis provided insight into the origins of gall midge biotypes. In 1992, the prevailing biotype in Imphal changed from Indian biotype 3 to a new biotype 3M. Our data show that biotype 3M belongs to group I and did not arise by a recent mutation from biotype 3, which belongs to group II. By contrast, Indian biotypes 2 and 4 are likely to have diverged through recent mutation and selection, as are Chinese biotypes 1 and 4. The almost simultaneous emergence of new biotypes in Kerala and Sri Lanka during 1985-1988 was most probably coincidental, because these biotypes are not closely related. AFLP fingerprints were also able to detect sexual dimorphism in the DNA of adult gall midges and to distinguish gall midge from its major parasite Platygaster oryzae.

RFLP and RAPD mapping of the rice gm2 gene that confers resistance to biotype 1 of gall midge (Orseolia oryzae)

Gm2 is dominant gene conferring resistance to biotype 1 of gall midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood-Mason), the major dipteran pest of rice. The gene was mapped by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of a set of 40 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between the resistant variety 'Phalguna' and the susceptible landrace 'ARC 6650'. The gene is located on chromosome 4 at a position 1.3 cM from marker RG329 and 3.4 cM from RG476. Since the low (28%) polymorphism of this indica x indica cross hindered full coverage of the genome with RFLP markers, the mapping was checked by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)/bulked segregant analysis. Through the use of 160 RAPD primers, the number of polymorphic markers was increased from 43 to 231. Two RAPD primers amplified loci that co-segregated with resistance/susceptibility. RFLP mapping of these loci showed that they are located 0.7 cM and 2.0 cM from RG476, confirming the location of Gm2 in this region of chromosome 4. Use of these DNA markers will accelerate breeding for gall midge resistance by permitting selection of the Gm2 gene independently of the availability of the insect.

Genetic Analysis of Resistance to Gall Midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood Mason) in Rice

The inheritance of resistance to rice gall midge (Ranchi biotype) was studied in 12 resistant cultivars by crossing with susceptible cultivars. By the study of F1, F2, F3, B1 and B2 generations, it was found that resistance was governed by a single dominant gene in ‘Surekha’, ‘Phalguna’, ‘Rajendra Dhan 202’, ‘IET 7918’‘IET 6187’, ‘BG 404-1’; by duplicate dominant genes in ‘W 1263’, ‘RPW 6-17’ and ‘WGL 48684’ and a monogenic recessive gene in ‘OB 677’ and ‘BKNBR 1008-21’. The allelism test of the resistant genes in the test cultivars with already known genes Gm1 and Gm2 was carried out. A single dominant gene that conveyed the resistance in ‘RPW 6–17’, ‘IET 7918’ and ‘IET 6187’ was allelic to Gm1 and segregated independently of Gm2. The resistance in ‘Phalguna’, ‘Rajendra Dhan 202’, ‘W 1263’ and ‘RPW 6–17’, ‘IR 36’ and ‘WGL 48684’ was governed by Gm2 gene which was independent of Gm1. Two additional genes were identified and designated as Gm3 and gm4. Three test cultivars ‘BG 404-1’, ‘W 1263’ and ‘WGL 48684’ were found to have Gm3 gene for resistance which was non-allelic and segregated independently of Gm1 and Gm2. Thus the cultivars ‘W 1263’ and ‘WGL 48684’ had two resistance genes Gw2 and Gm3 together. The cultivar ‘RPW 6–17’ also had two resistance genes Gm1 and Gm2 together. The recessive gene gm4 which conditioned the resistance in ‘OB 677’ and ‘BKNBR 1008-21’ was nonallelic to and segregated independently of Gm1, Gm2 and Gm3 genes. Linkage studies of the resistance gene with pigment characters were carried out in ‘Purple gora/IR 36’ cross. The resistance gene Gm2 was found to be linked with the genes governing the pigmentation in node, apiculus and stigma with crossover values of 15.78, 31.57 and 35.78 % respectively. By the trisomic analysis, it was found that the Gm2 gene was located on chromosome 3.

Tolerance of Some Rice Varieties for Gall Midge (GM) Orseolia oryzae Wood-Mason

Tolerance of Some Rice Varieties for Gall Midge (GM) Orseolia oryzae Wood-Mason

Occurrence of a Virulent Rice Gall Midge (GM) Orseolia oryzae Wood Mason Biotype (?) in Andhra Pradesh, India

Occurrence of a Virulent Rice Gall Midge (GM) Orseolia oryzae Wood Mason Biotype (?) in Andhra Pradesh, India