Ornamental Fish Research Articles

Effects of Dietary Microalgae Schizochytrium sp. Supplementation on Growth Performance and Skin Color in Jack Dempsey cichlid (Rocio octofasciata)

Growth retardation and decreased vivid coloration are significant issues in the ornamental fish market, particularly among cichlids. This study investigates the effects of Schizochytrium sp. microalgae supplementation on the growth and skin coloration of the Jack Dempsey cichlid (Rocio octofasciata). Three experimental groups were established: a control group (C) with no supplementation, and two microalgae-supplemented groups with 0.5% (S05) and 1% (S10). The control group was fed a commercial diet, while the S05 and S10 groups received the microalgae mixed with the commercial feed via spraying. A total of 135 Jack Dempsey fish (mean initial weight: 1.17 ± 0.14 g) were stocked into nine glass tanks (100 L each), with three replicates per group. After a 60-day feeding trial, growth indices revealed significant differences (p<0.05) between the control and algae-supplemented groups. The S10 group exhibited the highest final weight (FW) and the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR). Additionally, the weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) values for the S10 group were significantly higher than those of both the control and S05 groups (p<0.05). However, skin color parameters, including L* (brightness), a* (+red/-green axis), b* (+yellow/-blue axis), chroma (Ch), and hue angle (Hue), showed no statistical differences among the groups. This study demonstrates that a diet supplemented with 1% Schizochytrium sp. can enhance growth parameters and serve as a beneficial feed additive for Jack Dempsey cichlids.

Silver nanoparticles exhibit in vitro anthelmintic and antimicrobial activities against Dactylogyrus minutus (Kulwieć, 1927), and Aeromonas hydrophila in Cyprinus carpio Koi

The study aimed to evaluate the in vitro anthelminthic and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against Dactylogyrus minutus and Aeromonas hydrophila, pathogens of Cyprinus carpio Koi. Gill arches of the fish were removed and placed into six-well plates containing 10 mL of tank water with varying concentrations of AgNPs: 100, 400, 500, 600, and 800 mg/L, along with control groups using tank water and distilled water. Each group was tested in triplicate. Parasites were observed every 10 min for 300 min (5 h) using a stereomicroscope, and mortality rates were recorded. Anthelminthic efficacy was calculated at the end of the tests. For the in vitro antimicrobial test, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of AgNPs was determined by adding 100 μL of Poor Broth (PB) culture medium to all 96 wells of a microplate. The first well was filled with 100 μL of AgNPs, followed by serial dilutions (1:2 ratio). Subsequently, 50 μL of A. hydrophila (1 × 107 CFU/mL) was added to all wells and incubated for 24 h at 28 °C. Results showed that 800 mg/L of AgNPs achieved 87% anthelminthic efficacy within 300 min, while 100 mg/L achieved 47% efficacy. The MIC showed bacterial growth inhibition at 125 mg/mL. Despite the 87% efficacy against parasites within 300 min, AgNPs did not reach 100% efficacy quickly, limiting their potential use in ornamental fish farming. Further studies are needed to assess the toxicity of AgNPs in fish.

Effect of Spirulina Flour Addition in Feed on the Increase of Colour Brightness Nemo Fish (Premnas biaculeatus)

The nemo fish (Premnas biaculeatus) is a type of marine ornamental fish in Indonesia that is in high demand among the general public. The popularity of this fish can be attributed to several factors, one of which is the brightness of its coloration. One of the plants that can be employed as a color enhancer for ornamental fish is spirulina. Spirulina is a microalgae that has been demonstrated to enhance the brightness of fish coloration. Therefore, it is necessary to research on the effect of adding spirulina flour to feed on increasing the brightness of the color of nemo fish (Premnas biaculeatus). The method used in this research is an experimental method with a completely randomized design. This treatment was carried out with 5 treatments and 3 repetitions, namely: P0 : 0%/kg, P1 : 2%/kg, P2 : 4%/kg, P3 : 6%/kg and P4 : 8%/kg. The 5 treatments were repeated 3 times, resulting in 15 experimental units. The results of the researches carried out, it can be concluded that the addition of spirulina flour to feed on the brightness of the color of nemo fish (Premnas biaculeatus) is proven to increase the brightness of the color of nemo fish and the best treatment is p3 with a dose of 6%. The addition of spirulina flour to feed on the growth of length and absolute weight of nemo fish (Premnas biaculeatus) has a significant effect, while the survival rate has no significant effect.

Primary and Secondary Sexual Characteristics of Kuhli Loach (Pangio kuhlii)

Kuhli loach (Pangio kuhlii) a popular ornamental freshwater fish species with economic potential, originating from Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java, and Malaysia. The kuhli loach's appeal lies in its vibrant colors and distinctive eel-like body. This study aims to explores the sexual primary and secondary characteristics of the kuhli loach. Conducted at Universitas Airlangga in Banyuwangi, Indonesia, the study involved a thorough analysis of 50 kuhli loaches, evenly split between males and females. Morphological observations revealed significant differences (p < 0.05), such as the elongated body and expanded abdominal region in females, suggesting adaptations for reproduction. Internal examinations, including peritoneal dissections and histological analysis, unveiled distinct stages of spermatogenesis in males and ovarian development in females, providing insights into the reproductive cycle. Meristic and morphometric analyses identified noteworthy differences in pectoral fin rays, suggesting potential roles in reproductive behavior, while other traits exhibited similarity between genders. This study contributes to the understanding of kuhli loach ecology and reproductive biology, highlighting the importance of addressing sustainability concerns arising from the continuous exploitation of wild populations. This study serves as a foundational step towards advancing reproductive improvement in fish and supports the conservation of this unique ornamental fish species, with implications for aquaculture practices and economic considerations.

Food and Feeding Habit of Brachydanio rerio (Ham), an Important Ornamental Fish of Assam, India

Food and Feeding Habit of Brachydanio rerio (Ham), an Important Ornamental Fish of Assam, India

Bioecology of Wild Betta Fish (Betta schalleri) of Bangka Island Waters

The Betta schalleri is a wild betta fish endemic to Bangka Island which has potential as an ornamental fish. However, the fish’s endangered conservation status is one of the problems for its conservation efforts. The aim of this study was to analyze the Betta schalleri according to its biological and ecological properties. The research method was quantitative descriptive. Parameters measured in this study included fish morphology, fish meristics, water quality and habitat characteristics. The fish samples collected was 15 Betta schalleri. Observations on the physical characteristics of the Betta schalleri were based on morphometric characters, namely: 1) Total Length (TL) (22355.59 mm); 2) Standard Length (SL) (16386.74 mm);3) Head Length (HL) (3912.51 mm); 4) Head Height (HH) (3112.72 mm); 5) and Caudal Height (CH) (4922.29 mm). The meristic characters brought about the following 1) Dorsal Fin (D.II.8); 2) Anal Fin (A.II.24-25); Ventral Fin (V.I-II.4); Pectoral Fin (P.11-12); Caudal Fin (C.13) and Linea Lateralis (LL.31-32). The betta schalleri typically live in peat water, calm and fresh water that tend to be brown in color. The aquatic plants grow in the form of Pandanus sp. and Utricularia sp. In general, Betta schalleri thrive in a pH of 4-5, a temperature from 280C to 310C, and dissolved oxygen of 5.6- 11 mg/l.

Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of an essential oil derived from the flowering tops of Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. (Spanish type origanum oil) for use in all animal species (FEFANA asbl).

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of an essential oil from the flowering tops of Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. (Spanish type origanum oil) when used as a sensory additive in feed and in water for drinking for all animal species. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that the additive under assessment is considered safe up to the maximum use level in complete feed of 15 mg/kg for poultry species, 30 mg/kg for pigs and horses, 20 mg/kg for ruminants, 25 mg/kg for rabbits, dogs, cats and ornamental fish, and 125 mg/kg for salmonids. These conclusions were extrapolated to other physiologically related species. For any other species, the additive is safe at 15 mg/kg complete feed. The FEEDAP Panel considered that the use level in water for drinking is safe provided that the total daily intake of the additive does not exceed the daily amount that is considered safe when consumed via feed. The use of the additive in animal feed under the proposed conditions of use is safe for the consumer and the environment. Regarding user safety, the essential oil under assessment should be considered as an irritant to skin and eyes and as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. Since T. capitata and its preparations were recognised to flavour food and its function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary.

Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of an essential oil derived from the flowering tops of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (lavender oil) for use in all animal species (FEFANA asbl).

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of an essential oil from the fresh flowering tops of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (lavender oil) when used as a sensory additive in feed and in water for drinking for all animal species. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that the additive under assessment is considered safe up to the maximum proposed use levels in complete feed of 30 mg/kg for dogs and ornamental fish. For the other target species, the calculated safe concentrations were 9 mg/kg for chickens for fattening, 13 mg/kg for laying hens, 12 mg/kg for turkeys for fattening, 19 mg/kg for pigs for fattening, 16 mg/kg for piglets, 23 mg/kg for sows, 39 mg/kg for veal calves (milk replacer) and salmonids, 35 mg/kg for cattle for fattening, sheep/goats and horses, 22 mg/kg for dairy cows, 14 mg/kg for rabbits and 7 mg/kg for cats. These conclusions were extrapolated to other physiologically related species. For any other species, the additive is safe at 7 mg/kg complete feed. The use of lavender oil in water for drinking was considered safe provided that the total daily intake does not exceed the daily amount considered safe when consumed via feed. The use of lavender oil in animal feed under the proposed conditions of use is safe for the consumer and the environment. Regarding user safety, the essential oil under assessment should be considered as an irritant to skin and eyes and as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. Since the oil of the flowering tops of L. angustifolia is recognised to flavour food and its function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary.

Correlation and regression analysis of unionised ammonia ions, NH3and pH in ornamental fish aquatic environment

Assessing ammonia in water is very important for fish farmers as it is one of the pollutants that may affect the water quality. In water, ammonia can be found either in the form of unionised ammonia NH3 or ionised ammonia NH+4, which contribute to a total ammonia nitrogen (TAN). In assessing the ammonia toxicity, NH3 provides a more accurate measure of toxicity and needs to be monitored consistently, rather than relying solely on TAN. However, the method of measuring NH3 in water can be complex and challenging. Therefore, the ability to determine the correlation between NH3 and other parameter which is easier to be measured (such as pH) is crucial to enable the estimation of NH3. This study was conducted to determine the correlation between NH3 and pH based on the data collected from Redgold Aquatics ornamental fishponds located in Sik, Kedah. The pH was assessed by a commercial measuring device, while the NH3 was calculated using an appropriate mathematical equation that requires the data of pH, TAN, and temperature. The correlation and regression analysis were conducted via the IBM SPSS tool and Microsoft Excel. The result shows that NH3 and pH are highly correlated with regression equation of NH3 = 0.01pH – 0.07. In addition, factors that may affect the total ammonia value have been discussed thoroughly in this work. The analysis of these water quality parameters may assist farmers in estimating the toxic ammonia, NH3 from the known water pH.

Cultivating Flesh Fly Larvae as a Sustainable Feed Source for the Ornamental Fish (Carassius auratus)

Cultivating Flesh Fly Larvae as a Sustainable Feed Source for the Ornamental Fish (Carassius auratus)

Implementasi Sistem Pemberian Pakan Ikan Hias Otomatis Menggunakan Esp32 Berbasis IoT (Internet of Things)

This study aims to design and implement an automatic feeding system for ornamental fish using Internet of Things (IoT) technology, with the ESP32 microcontroller and servo motor. Given Indonesia's extensive water resources and the importance of its fisheries sector, ornamental fish farming has gained significant popularity. Fish owners often struggle with providing timely and consistent feeding. IoT technology offers an effective solution through remote connectivity. The developed system utilizes the Blynk application to schedule and monitor aquarium conditions in real-time. Test results indicate that the integration of ESP32 and the servo motor functions effectively, enabling scheduled automatic feeding. The system was tested and found to operate punctually, supporting a consistent daily feeding cycle. This study contributes to the advancement of innovative solutions in aquaculture, particularly in the application of IoT technology for more efficient and effective aquarium management.

Pengembangan Sistem Penjualan dan Pembudidayaan Ikan Hias Berbasis Web : Inovasi Teknologi untuk Keberlanjutan Bisnis

The development of a web-based ornamental fish sales and breeding system is an innovative step to improve operational efficiency and achieve business sustainability. In the context of the ornamental fish business, a web-based platform provides significant advantages, allowing business owners to reach global markets more effectively. The integration of information technology in the sales system not only improves product affordability, but also simplifies transactions and inventory monitoring. In addition, this article discusses the application of monitoring technology for ornamental fish farming, using sensors and automated measurement systems to monitor water quality, temperature, and other environmental parameters. With the development of an integrated web-based system, this article aims to contribute to the development of a sustainable ornamental fish business that is responsive to modern market demands.

Characterization, expression and functional analysis of Hsp40 during LPS challenge in blood parrot Amphilophus citrinellus ×Vieja melanura

Heat shock protein 40 belonging to heat shock protein family plays an important role in the immune responses of organisms. In this study, the full length cDNA of Hsp40 was 2426 bp including a 1368 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 455 amino acids with a molecular weight of 49.16 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 9.34 in blood parrot Vieja synspila ♀ × Amphilophus citrinellus ♂, an important ornamental fish in China. It had three conserved domains DnaJ, CRR and DnaJ_C. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the sequence of Hsp40 among species was conserved, and the blood parrot Hsp40 was closely related to Neolamprologus brichardi. Blood parrot Hsp40 mRNA could be detected in all of the tissues examined and mainly distributed in the cytoplasm. The expression of Hsp40 was upregulated during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Upregulated Hsp40 inhibited the activity of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and activated protein 1 (AP-1) and reduced the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA expression. This study provides a theoretical basis for further exploring the role of Hsp40 gene in the anti-bacterial immunity of blood parrot.

Mystus vittatus (Hamilton, 1822)’un doğal ve kültür ortamındaki boy-ağırlık ilişkisi ve kondisyon faktörü

The Asian catfish Mystus vittatus is very popular food and ornamental fish in India. Length- weight relationships and condition factors of this fish are crucial component in fishery managements. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationships between the length, weight, condition factor (K), relative condition factor (Kn) and modified condition factor of Mystus vittatus (Hamilton, 1822). The study is particularly focus on analysing the sex wise variations in growth patterns, productivity, stocks, and conservation in two different habitats, natural habitat and biofloc system. The findings show that the species did not strictly follow the predicted cube law and showed allometric growth patterns in both habitats. The "b" value varies from 2.72 to 3.12, the condition factor (K) ranges from 0.587-1.50, modified condition factor ranges 0.54-2.26 and relative condition factor (Kn) ranges from 0.71-1.65. Natural habitats had the highest mean values for the regression parameter (b), condition factor (K), and relative condition factor (Kn). For male, female, and combined sexes in two different habitats, the R2 values show a statistically significant relationship between weight and length. The correlation analysis indicates some positive and negative significant relationships among sex, length, weight, condition factor, and relative condition factor. Therefore, there is significant relationship between condition factor, relative condition factor length, weight in two different habitats and it varies between male and female within same habitat. Thus, this finding will help to fishery managers for long term strategy development of Mystus vittatus in both natural as well as biofloc system.

PEMELIHARAAN IKAN KOI (CYPRINUS CARPIO) PADA KOLAM BETON

Koi (Cyprinus carpio) is a type of fish that belongs to a strain of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Koi fans in Indonesia not only keep koi fish in ponds, but also take part in koi contests so that they can increase the prestige of their owners. Koi fish is a freshwater ornamental fish commodity that has economic potential in national and international markets. This research aims to determine the performance of koi fish cultivation in concrete ponds. This research activity was carried out in January-February 2024 at the Lingsar Fish Seed Center (BBI), West Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. The data collection techniques used in this research are descriptive methods and field observations. The results obtained are koi fish cultivation activities including pond preparation, selection and distribution of seeds, the grow-out process where the grow-out process includes feed management, water quality management and koi fish health management. Next, growth observations were carried out where growth for 21 days could provide significant results, which can be seen from the absolute weight and length obtained, namely 2.3 grams and a length of 3.28 cm. Then the FCR value obtained was 0.53 and SR 99.6%. Meanwhile, for optimal maintenance water quality, the maintenance temperature range is around 26-30°C and the pH is around 6.5-8.0. From these data it can be said that the koi fish cultivation has been successful

Genetic diversity of Spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) based on 16s rRNA gene markers in WPP 573 Western part as management basis

Abstract Spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) is one of the demersal fish that has important economic value, this fish is used as a consumption fish and ornamental fish. It is also an active migratory fish that allows genetic transfer from different waters. This study aims to analyze the genetic diversity of Spotted scat in WPP 573 West Part based on 16s rRNA gene markers as a sustainable resource management. Amplification results show amplicon with single strand band but there are still smears due to the presence of contaminants. The BLASTn sequencing and validation results showed that all Spotted scat samples belonged to the Scatophagus argus species with a percent identification of 99.51 until 100%. The results showed that the Spotted scat samples had a very close kinship relationship, but the population of spotted scat was classified into the unfavorable category because of the low level of diversity.

The Effect Of Stocking Densities On Growth And Survival Rate Of Thai Mahseer (Tor Tambroides) During Nursery Stage.

Abstract Tor Fish are freshwater fisheries resources that have the potential to be found in Indonesia. Tor fish has been in high demand among entrepreneurs and the broader public. Tor tambroides (Sapan fish or Thai mahseer fish seed fish), Tor douronensis (Semah or Garing fish), Tor soro (Soro, Lempon, or Dewa fish), and Tor tambra are the four kinds of Tor fish native to Indonesia. Tor fish is a native indigenous freshwater fish from Indonesia that is on the verge of extinction. The Tor tambroides fish population in nature has declined and is on the verge of extinction as a result of widespread poaching for eating and trade as an ornamental fish. Thai mahseer fish seed fish cultivation activities include hatchery, nursery and enlargement. To protect populations of Thai mahseer fish seed fish from scarcity, Thai mahseer fish seed fish cultivation needs to do to prevent the scarcity of Thai mahseer fish seed fish in their natural habitat and Thai mahseer fish seed fish have high potential as freshwater fish in the aquaculture sector. This research aims to determine the impact of various stocking densities on growth and survival rates for Thai mahseer fish seeds, as well as the optimal density to support growth and survival rates. The study used a Random Design Complete (RDC) with four treatments and five replications. Feeding was provided ad libitum in the morning and evening. Given differences in the stocking density of Thai mahseer fish seeds, the results revealed a significant impact on all treatments. Treatment 1 had the greatest daily growth rate with a stocking density of 2 seeds/L and a yield of 0.015±0.003; specific growth rate. The highest absolute weight growth obtained was in Treatment 1 with a yield of 1.01gr; the highest absolute length growth obtained was in Treatment 1 with a yield of 2.9cm; and the highest survival rate for Thai mahseer fish seeds was obtained in Treatment 1 with a yield of 80%.

Geospatial Mapping and Health Status of Some Important Ornamental Fish Habitats of Upper Assam, India

To conserve and manage water resources, it is crucial to create a record of water bodies and their catchments, which can be accomplished through digitized maps. The research focused on five rivers - River Dibru, River Sessa, River Burhidihing, River Brahmaputra, as well as two wetlands of Upper Assam - Maguri Beel, and Mer Beel. These water bodies were chosen based on their abundant fishery resources. Each selected water body was divided into three segments, and one sampling station from each segment was selected for monitoring water quality and recording fish species. The distribution of the catchment area was analyzed in the form of raster maps and geomorphology maps. Based on fish landings, the water bodies were identified and classified, and fish samples were collected through regular field surveys. Over the period from January 2021 to December 2022, eleven physicochemical parameters of the selected water bodies were recorded seasonally to assess the health status of each water bodies. Similarly, the health status and growth coefficient of each fish specimen was done. Water parameters were mostly within the standard limits and demonstrated only a narrow range of seasonal variation. In the studied water bodies, 49 ornamental fish species representing 32 genera under 18 families and 8 orders were found. Among the water bodies, River Dibru had the highest number of ornamental fish species at 46. The order Cypriniformes was dominant in all the studied sites.

Removal of nitrate and phosphate by aquatic plants during aquarium‐based ornamental fish production

Removal of nitrate and phosphate by aquatic plants during aquarium‐based ornamental fish production

Assessing exploitation vulnerability risk of marine ornamental reef fish in Sri Lanka: A productivity susceptibility analysis

We conducted a Productivity Susceptibility Analysis (PSA) to empirically assess the vulnerability risk of marine ornamental reef fish in Sri Lanka for exploitation. We considered distribution, accessibility, ecological niche, and market price as susceptibility attributes, while fecundity, larval development, maximum length, and longevity were productivity attributes. The vulnerability score, demand, and market price were used to assess species prioritization, and then compositions of the prioritized species were computed. The veracity of primary and secondary data collected on susceptibility and productivity attributes was confirmed by interviewing traditional fishers in situ. The IUCN and present PSA classifications for the medium susceptibility risk species were comparatively assessed. Four species out of 17 medium susceptibility risk species were encountered as the medium vulnerability risk species for exploitation. The Pacific cleaner shrimp (Lysmata amboinensis) emerged as the highest prioritized species. In addition, we observed significant differences in the species’ status assessed through the PSA approach compared to the IUCN status. The study affirms that demand and market prices substantially influence the exploitation vulnerability of species, and the PSA offers a promising multidisciplinary approach to evaluating intrinsic and extrinsic factors in conservation ecology compared to widely used IUCN status for assessing extinction risk. Furthermore, the present findings have practical implications, as they warrant essential policy changes for conserving the prioritized species and the medium vulnerability risk species encountered in the present research to extinction risk.