Question Of Origin Research Articles

Electronic Health Record Usability When Caring for Children With Medical Complexity.

To evaluate usability of and clinician satisfaction with the electronic health record (EHR) in the context of caring for children with medical complexity (CMC) at a large academic pediatric hospital and to identify key areas for targeted improvements. Cross-sectional study of pediatric faculty and advanced practice providers across several pediatric specialties using an online Research Electronic Data Capture survey. EHR usability was measured with 6 validated questions from the National Usability-Focused Health Information System Scale, and satisfaction with common EHR functionalities was measured with 6 original Likert-scale questions and 3 free-text questions. Results were analyzed with bivariate testing. More than half of providers completed the survey (n = 81, response rate 56%). When asked 6 positively-phrased, validated usability questions, a majority of respondents either agreed or were neutral. Respondents were most dissatisfied with information quality of the summary view and most satisfied with physician communication. Older respondents were less satisfied with EHR usability (P < .01). Focusing on functionalities needed for CMC, the majority of respondents were dissatisfied with the chart review process. More respondents were dissatisfied with order entry (P = .002) and documentation (P = .017) when caring for CMC compared with caring for other patients. The most cited challenges were locating recent patient data, performing an accurate medication reconciliation, and lack of specialized documentation templates. Clinicians are less satisfied with common EHR functionalities when caring for CMC compared with caring for all other patients. Targeted interventions to improve usability and common EHR functionalities for CMC are necessary to improve the user experience.

School Safety and Mental Health Awareness: Recommendations from K-12 Texas Public School Teachers.

Mass school shootings have created fear in the American public. The results of this fear have been the hardening of schools, lockdowns, and active shooter drills, yet the mass shootings have not ended. The goal of this study was to analyze the mental health awareness of K-12 public schools teachers in Texas with a goal to identify the connections between mental health awareness and school safety. Data were used from an archival database of K-12 teacher responses in the 2020 Texas Educators' Needs Assessment Regarding School Safety and Victims Services to assess the current state of student mental health concerns and the connection of these concerns to school safety. This needs assessment included one mixed methods survey that was collected from Texas K-12 educators and Texas educators working in higher education in 2020. The original study included 25,161 usable responses (6.1%). For the purpose of this study, only K-12 teacher responses were used in the analysis. The K-12 teacher participants (n = 19,888) included the following institutional levels: (a) special setting, 2,919 (14.7%); (b) elementary school, 6,813 (34.3%); (c) middle/intermediate school, 4,189 (21.1%); (d) high school, 5,864 (29.5%); and (e) district level, 103 (0.5%). A total of 8,053 participant's qualitative responses and 10 of the original quantitative survey questions from the archival data were used to identify all findings in the study. Collected qualitative and quantitative participant responses' outlined a need to improve student mental health by strengthening the focus on supporting all stakeholders (e.g., teachers, parents, counselors, and students) in mental health awareness and education. Participant comments focused on the lack of training, counselor support, and community support regarding the mental health needs of their students. Recommendations to improve student mental health that were developed from this study identified key goals in school counselor role and responsibility to student mental health, increased involvement of community agencies, and improvement to in-school mental health counseling. Final recommendations of this study were focused on the need to improve student mental health if stakeholders want to develop a positive school environment. The failure to build an environment that is focused on student mental health will continue to affect the goal to improve overall school safety.

Translation and pilot validation of Hindi, Marathi, and Bangla translation of quality of life EORTC module (QLQ-SH-22) for assessing sexual health-related quality of life.

To translate and validate the European Organization for Research and Treatment for Cancer (EORTC) module for assessing the sexual health-related quality of life in cancer patients (QLQ-SH22), in Hindi, Marathi, and Bangla languages for clinical use. The EORTC QLQ-SH-22 was translated into Hindi, Marathi, and Bangla by adopting standard guidelines given by EORTC. Initially, the original questionnaire was forward translated by two separate translators, followed by the reconciliation of the forward translations by a third person. This was followed by two back translations of the reconciled version into English by two other translators. These back-translated questions were then compared with the original EORTC questions for accuracy, and once acceptable, a preliminary questionnaire was prepared in all three languages. These questionnaires were then pilot tested with 30 patients (10 for each language) diagnosed with any of the cancers in the pelvic region who are expected to be at risk of sexual quality of life due to tumor or treatment like pelvic radiotherapy. Participated patients had never seen or filled the questionnaire before, each patient was interviewed after filling the questionnaire for difficulty in answering, confusion, difficulty understanding, or if any of the questions were upsetting and if patients would have asked the question differently. None of the patients reported any changes or suggestions for all the three translations. All the translated questionnaires were well understood by all the patients. Pilot testing reports were sent to EORTC. After reviewing the entire report of Hindi, Marathi, and Bangla translations, these questionnaires were approved by the EORTC translation unit. The questionnaires are reliable with Cronbach's α for Hindi, Marathi, and Bangla being 0.69, 0.66, and 0.86, respectively. The final Hindi, Marathi, and Bangla translations of SH 22 have been approved by the EORTC and can be used to assess the sexual health of cancer patients in routine oncology practices and/or clinical studies.

Literary Post-editing and the Question of Copyright

Translation poses a challenge to copyright laws, which extend protection to works based on the originality of expression rather than the ideas expressed, because translations convey the ideas of the original in a different language and therefore also use different expressions. Technologization of translation has further increased this complexity, as tools such as translation memories and machine translation and post-editing practices are starting to also emerge in literary translation, calling for a more detailed investigation of the literary post-editor’s role and ownership of the text. Post-editing of machine-translated output could give rise to copyright protection, but this depends on the level of intervention and whether the post-edited translation is deemed sufficiently original. This article aims to investigate questions of originality, creativity and textual ownership in literary post-editing. We examine two cases where a literary text was machine translated, post-edited and then published. Our research materials consist of the peritexts surrounding the published translations and three epitexts: one publisher’s website, a research article written by one of the post-editors to describe the experience, and an interview with the other post-editor. Through a qualitative content analysis of these materials, we examine how they reflect the post-editors’ approach to post-editing, personal input in the process and textual ownership of the post-edited target text. The findings suggest that the two post-editors have different approaches to post-editing, leading them to differing perceptions of their own creative input and relationship with the final text.

“I’ma put the lil homies on next”: mixtape methodology and mapping Black men’s college experiences

In recent years, many studies have attempted to explore the experiences of historically marginalized populations within higher education; especially Black men. While most studies expand the discourse about the Black male experience in higher education, few incorporate arts-based methodologies that uniquely speak to the cultural sensibilities of Black men. This study remixes traditional qualitative methodologies through an arts-informed, hip-hop pedagogical perspective by inviting participants to write and record original music in response to a prompt related to an original research question: What does the creation of a Hip-Hop mixtape by Black, male, college-educated emcees, reveal about Black men’s experiences in higher education? Together, this curated collection of songs formed a mixtape, which was made available across multiple streaming platforms, and introducing the counternarratives of Black male hip-hop collegians to audiences beyond the academy. The resulting mixtape offers practical implications for revolutionizing the way educators’ may center cultural knowledge as means of collecting data that captures the nuance of marginalized students’ experiences within (and beyond) the context of school.

M.N. Zhirkov – the first researcher of the Yakut khomus: questions of origin, execution, existence

The article is devoted to a previously unexplored problem - M.N. Zhirkov's study of the Yakut khomus, the study of which he undertook for the first time in the history of Yakut musical culture. The author of this article summarizes for the first time the aspects posed by the researcher about the Yakut khomus. The subject of research is the scientific views of M.N. Zhirkov about the Yakut musical instrument - the khomus. The object of study is the scientific heritage of the first Yakut composer and an outstanding musical figure. The main results of our research are the following theses. At the beginning of the twentieth century, there was an increase in interest in traditional musical instruments and their performing practices. This statement is also relevant in relation to the Yakut khomus, which in modern conditions is experiencing its revival and active introduction into musical and cultural turnover. The article uses a retrospective and historical-comparative, as well as a comprehensive research method, in which the khomus is considered as an integral part of the traditional, and now wider, musical culture of the Yakuts, taking into account the data available today from archaeology, ethnography, and history. M.N. Zhirkov is presented as the first researcher of the Yakut khomus and as the composer and founder of the national school of composition. In the fundamental work "Yakut folk Music", published only after almost half a century after author's death (a new edition of this study dates back to 2022, made in an edition preserving the style and position of M.N. Zhirkov from the standpoint of the historical time when the famous scientific work was created), its author for the first time turned his gaze to the issues of the origin, existence, and functioning of the khomus in the traditional musical culture of the Yakuts. The materials presented by him have not previously been generalized in the scientific literature and are of great interest to modern researchers of the Yakut Khomus.

The Mirror and the Icon: A Theological Perspective on Nabokov’s Pale Fire

Abstract: The search for the author(s) of Nabokov’s Pale Fire arises from a fundamental misunderstanding of the problem of repetition and its relation to the question of origins, temporal and timeless. For insofar as an origin is a thing ( res ) that is not always already in the movement of repetition (identical or otherwise), however distantly removed from its source (finite or otherwise), there can be no finite or immanent origin in the book or in the world. There is only its sign, which incorporates and refracts within its generative gaze all the temporalities and identities as non-identical repetition. In Pale Fire such as sign is represented by St. Sudarg of Bokay’s triptych of bottomless light.

Exact solutions to the Erdős-Rothschild problem

Abstract Let $\boldsymbol {k} := (k_1,\ldots ,k_s)$ be a sequence of natural numbers. For a graph G, let $F(G;\boldsymbol {k})$ denote the number of colourings of the edges of G with colours $1,\dots ,s$ such that, for every $c \in \{1,\dots ,s\}$ , the edges of colour c contain no clique of order $k_c$ . Write $F(n;\boldsymbol {k})$ to denote the maximum of $F(G;\boldsymbol {k})$ over all graphs G on n vertices. There are currently very few known exact (or asymptotic) results for this problem, posed by Erdős and Rothschild in 1974. We prove some new exact results for $n \to \infty $ : (i) A sufficient condition on $\boldsymbol {k}$ which guarantees that every extremal graph is a complete multipartite graph, which systematically recovers all existing exact results. (ii) Addressing the original question of Erdős and Rothschild, in the case $\boldsymbol {k}=(3,\ldots ,3)$ of length $7$ , the unique extremal graph is the complete balanced $8$ -partite graph, with colourings coming from Hadamard matrices of order $8$ . (iii) In the case $\boldsymbol {k}=(k+1,k)$ , for which the sufficient condition in (i) does not hold, for $3 \leq k \leq 10$ , the unique extremal graph is complete k-partite with one part of size less than k and the other parts as equal in size as possible.

STS and Innovation: Building and Jumping Fences

In this short contribution, I reflect upon the thematic collection as a whole, returning in particular to the three original questions posed in the collection’s introduction. In conclusion, I argue that STS has a substantial heritage in researching and engaging with innovation. However, drawing inspiration from the contributions in this collection, now is the time to take the STS-innovation relationship even further forward.

Readiness to Implement a Doula–Hospital Partnership Program

ObjectiveTo assess obstetric clinicians’ and leaders’ baseline knowledge, attitudes, and experience with doulas and their readiness to implement a novel doula–hospital partnership program. DesignSurvey of obstetric clinicians and leaders before implementation of the doula program. Setting/Local ProblemAcademic medical center in Western Massachusetts that was preparing to pilot a doula–hospital partnership program with Black doulas for Black women to address racial disparities in maternal morbidity and mortality. ParticipantsObstetric clinicians and leaders (N = 48). Intervention/MeasurementsWe used established questions from the Organizational Readiness for Implementing Change (ORIC) scale and original questions to assess participants’ knowledge, attitudes, and experiences with doulas and their readiness to implement the planned doula program. We distributed the questionnaire to 103 potential respondents. We conducted descriptive and bivariate analyses and analyzed open-ended responses using content analysis. ResultsForty-eight participants responded to the survey. Of those who provided intrapartum care (n = 45), all were familiar with doula roles. Respondents who reported having experience working with a doula, 47.3% (n = 18/38) had at least one prior negative experience with a doula and 76.3% (n = 29/38) reported positive experiences with doulas. However, there was a mean score of 12.62 on the attitude toward doulas (scale range: 3-15). The mean score on the ORIC change commitment subscale was 20.65 (range: 15-25) and on the ORIC change efficacy subscale, mean score was 29.31 (range: 19-35). Results did not differ by participants characteristics. ConclusionOur findings suggested strong support for and readiness to implement the doula–hospital partnership program.

EGG CONSUMPTION: TRENDS OVER TIME, PATTERNS ACROSS THE LIFESPAN, AND PREDICTORS OF INTAKE

Abstract Eggs are an excellent nutritional source. However, the historical association of dietary cholesterol with serum cholesterol and thus, cardiovascular disease, along with restrictive dietary guidelines may have served as a barrier to egg consumption. This study examines trends over time, and predictors and patterns of egg consumption in older individuals followed for over 45 years. Participants were 6326 men and women enrolled in the Rancho Bernardo Study in 1972-74 when they were asked about the number of eggs consumed/week. Subsequent egg intake information was collected with food frequency questionnaires from subsamples attending clinic visits in 1988-91 (N=1627) and 1992-96 (N=1385), and with the original question on a 2021 mailed survey (N=710). Mean(□SD) eggs consumed was 3.6□3.0 in 1972-74, 1.8□2.1 in 1988-91, 1.8□2.2 in 1992-96, and 3.4□3.5 in 2021. Comparisons within 5-year categories of baseline age (&amp;lt; 20, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, &amp;gt;40) showed no differences in egg intake between 1972-74 and when older in 2021. Men consumed more eggs than women at all timepoints (p’s&amp;lt; 0.0001). Those with higher education (p&amp;lt; 0.0001) and diabetes (p=0.0009) consumed more eggs; those with high cholesterol or taking cholesterol lowering medication consumed fewer eggs in 1972-74 (p’s&amp;lt; 0.0001), but there were no differences by these factors by 2021. Egg consumption appears responsive to dietary guidelines, decreasing over time then increasing by 2021 to levels similar to the early 1970s. Among those young and middle-aged at baseline, egg intake patterns were similar 45 years later, when older. Cholesterol and cholesterol-lowering medication use are no longer factors in egg intake.

RECRUITING SAMPLES OF OLDER ADULTS FROM VULNERABLE GROUPS

Abstract Since 2000, the number of incarcerated persons age ≥50 in the U.S. grew 280% and those in this age group with substance use disorders (SUDs) grew from 1.7 to 5.7 million. Yet, these groups, which comprise some of the most medically vulnerable persons in society, are difficult to recruit to research studies. We successfully recruited and retained 171 incarcerated persons age ≥50 in a cohort study. We will discuss how recruitment required strong partnership with the state corrections system, how we had to be cognizant of measures that were meaningful in the context of the unique environment (prison activities of daily living), and how measures were modified (when life gets hard I just want to escape). As we continue to recruit persons ≥50 seeking SUD treatment, we will discuss the usefulness of snowball recruiting and balancing decisions regarding modification of inclusion criteria while maintaining integrity of the original research question.

ASSESSMENT OF WIHDRAWAL PERIOD OF OXYTETRACYCLINE POST TREATMENT OF PIGS AND POULTRY IN ROMANIA

The presence of antimicrobial residues in animal products must be lower than maxim residue level (MRL), other way may have adverse effects on consumer health such as allergic reactions and resistance development. Withdrawal periods are used to avoid animas to be slaughter before the concentration of MRL declines with respect for public health’s and waste food. The paper investigates the use of oxytetracycline in pigs and poultry with a focus on the differences on the withdrawal periods for different products used in Romania. The original question is whether compliance with the withdrawal period can be used to judge compliance with the MRL and its applicability for pigs and poultry industry.

Germ Line/Multipotency Genes Show Differential Expression during Embryonic Development of the Annelid Enchytraeus coronatus.

Germ line development and the origin of the primordial germ cells (PGCs) are very variable and may occur across a range of developmental stages and in several developmental contexts. In establishing and maintaining germ line, a conserved set of genes is involved. On the other hand, these genes are expressed in multipotent/pluripotent cells that may give rise to both somatic and germline cells. To begin elucidating mechanisms by which the germ line is specified in Enchytraeus coronatus embryos, we identified twenty germline/multipotency genes, homologs of Vasa, PL10, Piwi, Nanos, Myc, Pumilio, Tudor, Boule, and Bruno, using transcriptome analysis and gene cloning, and characterized their expression by whole-mount in situ hybridization. To answer the question of the possible origin of PGCs in this annelid, we carried out an additional description of the early embryogenesis. Our results suggest that PGCs derive from small cells originating at the first two divisions of the mesoteloblasts. PGCs form two cell clusters, undergo limited proliferation, and migrate to the developing gonadal segments. In embryos and juvenile E. coronatus, homologs of the germline/multipotency genes are differentially expressed in both germline and somatic tissue including the presumptive germ cell precursors, posterior growth zone, developing foregut, and nervous system.

How does ChatGPT-4 preform on non-English national medical licensing examination? An evaluation in Chinese language.

ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence (AI) system powered by large-scale language models, has garnered significant interest in healthcare. Its performance dependent on the quality and quantity of training data available for a specific language, with the majority of it being in English. Therefore, its effectiveness in processing the Chinese language, which has fewer data available, warrants further investigation. This study aims to assess the of ChatGPT's ability in medical education and clinical decision-making within the Chinese context. We utilized a dataset from the Chinese National Medical Licensing Examination (NMLE) to assess ChatGPT-4's proficiency in medical knowledge in Chinese. Performance indicators, including score, accuracy, and concordance (confirmation of answers through explanation), were employed to evaluate ChatGPT's effectiveness in both original and encoded medical questions. Additionally, we translated the original Chinese questions into English to explore potential avenues for improvement. ChatGPT scored 442/600 for original questions in Chinese, surpassing the passing threshold of 360/600. However, ChatGPT demonstrated reduced accuracy in addressing open-ended questions, with an overall accuracy rate of 47.7%. Despite this, ChatGPT displayed commendable consistency, achieving a 75% concordance rate across all case analysis questions. Moreover, translating Chinese case analysis questions into English yielded only marginal improvements in ChatGPT's performance (p = 0.728). ChatGPT exhibits remarkable precision and reliability when handling the NMLE in Chinese. Translation of NMLE questions from Chinese to English does not yield an improvement in ChatGPT's performance.

Lietuvos latvių šeimų archyvai: dundurniekų Starkų atvejis

The article presents the Starkus (Latvian: Starks) family of farmers from the Daunorava (Latvian: Dundurmuiža, German: Donnerhof) Latvian dundurnieki community in Bertaučiai Village, Joniškis Parish, and the research sources on the subject matter. The research covers the following issues: (1) the 18th–19th century sources of family origin in memory preservation institutions, problem of the family origin and genealogy, the most well-known members of the family; (2) farms and sources of community demographics; (3) egodocuments and their specific features (photography collection, memoirs, diaries and letters) reflecting the economic, cultural, and social life of the community, reminiscences and genealogy of the family, kinship, and everyday activities. The sources used for the research are divided into the following categories: (1) documents in memory preservation institutions (documents of Daunorava Manor in the Latvian State Historical Archive, the Lithuanian State Historical Archives, and the Lithuanian State Central Archives: manor inventories from 1779–1797; census of souls from 1795–1834; farm censuses of 1846 and 1860; other documents from the first half of the 20th century); (2) egodocuments (1941–2007) of the Starkus Family: memoirs of the three generations of women – mother, daughter and granddaughter-niece; letters from Siberia (1948–1950); diaries of the secret agent, son-in-law Voldemaras Briedis (Voldemārs Briedis, 1944–1949); photographs from personal albums (from beginning of the 20th century to the 1970s, 285 pieces), with all digital copies stored in Aušros Museum in Šiauliai.&#x0D; The analysis of the Starkus case enables addressing the issue of the origin of the Latvian community of Daunorava. The community began to dominate in the area in the 18th century after massive arrival of people from Rindzele and Lēne Manors owned by German barons von der Brüggen and, possibly, from Rideļi and Balklāvi Manors owned by their relatives von Hohenastenberg gen. Wigandt in the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia. The movement most probably occurred after the plague outbreak in 1709–1710 amid the Great Northern War, when new inhabitants settled or were resettled into the considerably depopulated countryside. The question of origin may also be partly answered by means of the genealogical method, which reveals that, in the mid-18th century, most of the dundurnieki families (the Starkus, the Kaseliūnas (Latvian: Kaseļūns), the Bulis (Latvian: Bullis), the Krūminis (Latvian: Krūmiņš), the Užtupiai (Latvian: Užtupis)) had a single ancestor. The question that remains to be answered is whether a single, but well-documented case of one family can reflect the life of the community as a whole. Although comprehensive reminiscences about individual communities are lacking, several well-documented family stories can also give insight into the micro-history of the entire dundurnieki community and identify methodological access to and problems with this type of research.

Transportability Without Positivity: A Synthesis of Statistical and Simulation Modeling.

Studies designed to estimate the effect of an action in a randomized or observational setting often do not represent a random sample of the desired target population. Instead, estimates from that study can be transported to the target population. However, transportability methods generally rely on a positivity assumption, such that all relevant covariate patterns in the target population are also observed in the study sample. Strict eligibility criteria, particularly in the context of randomized trials, may lead to violations of this assumption. Two common approaches to address positivity violations are restricting the target population and restricting the relevant covariate set. As neither of these restrictions is ideal, we instead propose a synthesis of statistical and simulation models to address positivity violations. We propose corresponding g-computation and inverse probability weighting estimators. The restriction and synthesis approaches to addressing positivity violations are contrasted with a simulation experiment and an illustrative example in the context of sexually transmitted infection testing uptake. In both cases, the proposed synthesis approach accurately addressed the original research question when paired with a thoughtfully selected simulation model. Neither of the restriction approaches was able to accurately address the motivating question. As public health decisions must often be made with imperfect target population information, model synthesis is a viable approach given a combination of empirical data and external information based on the best available knowledge.

Peoples’ perspectives on the ‘Future of Europe’ – A comparative study from within and beyond the European Union

Tendencies of European disintegration – culminated in Brexit – have laid bare the lack of a future plan for Europe. Few extant studies contain a future outlook and often lack a public opinion perspective, albeit the latter’s relevance in the ‘constraining dissensus’ between citizens and political elites about European integration. Focusing on European Union–non-European Union relations, this study presents comparative evidence on peoples’ preferences for the future of EUrope and their underlying reasons. We map citizen preferences using original open-ended survey question responses across eight European countries from within and outside the European Union. Our results show that non-European Union citizens’ preferences deviate more strongly from the status quo compared to those of European Union citizens. In contrast, risk-taking attitudes play no role for citizen preferences.

Cultural Adaptation of the Actionable Health App Evaluation in Japan: Protocol for a Web-Based Modified Delphi Expert Consensus Study

Background With an increase in both the number of mental health disorders people are experiencing and the difficulty in accessing mental health care, the demand for accessible mental health care services has increased. The use of mobile devices has allowed people to receive care in their daily lives without restrictions on time or location. However, the majority of publicly available mobile health apps are not evidence-based, and the top-rated apps are not always safe or user-friendly and may not offer clinically beneficial results. Objective This study aims to create a cultural adaptation of the American Psychiatric Association’s comprehensive app evaluation framework in Japan using a web-based modified Delphi expert consensus. Methods A web-based modified Delphi study includes developing the Japanese version of the comprehensive app evaluation framework and 3 Delphi rounds. In the first round, our working group sends a questionnaire to the panelists, who then complete it. In the second and third rounds, the working group sends a questionnaire and a summary of the panelists’ answers based on each of the previous rounds. The panelists answer the questionnaires based on this summary. The summarization procedure is automated to help reduce the biases that can be generated when panelists’ answers are summarized and when the panelists receive them. The working group sends only the result of the summarization with the next round’s questionnaire. All interactions between the working group and the panelists will be conducted on Qualtrics (Qualtrics Japan LLC), a questionnaire platform. To culturally validate the comprehensive mental health app evaluation framework, participants from the following three categories will be recruited in Japan: (1) researchers, (2) practitioners, and (3) app developers. Results This study received funding from a crowdfunding campaign in Japan (April 2023). The Delphi study began in January 2023 and will be completed in December 2023. We had already completed the translation of the 105 original app evaluation item questions by December 2022. Conclusions While the need for treatment using mental health apps is increasing, no framework that can be used to develop a centralized database for health apps is available or accessible, and no consensus has been reached among stakeholders in Japan about an appropriate framework. The results of the web-based modified Delphi method presented in this paper may provide direction for the development and use of mental health apps in the future among the relevant stakeholders. Furthermore, this study will enhance recognition of the framework among researchers, clinicians, mental health app developers, and users, in addition to devising new instruments to help users or practitioners efficiently choose the right app for their situations. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/44469

Chatbots Put to the Test in Math and Logic Problems: A Comparison and Assessment of ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, and Google Bard

In an age where artificial intelligence is reshaping the landscape of education and problem solving, our study unveils the secrets behind three digital wizards, ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, and Google Bard, as they engage in a thrilling showdown of mathematical and logical prowess. We assess the ability of the chatbots to understand the given problem, employ appropriate algorithms or methods to solve it, and generate coherent responses with correct answers. We conducted our study using a set of 30 questions. These questions were carefully crafted to be clear, unambiguous, and fully described using plain text only. Each question has a unique and well-defined correct answer. The questions were divided into two sets of 15: Set A consists of “Original” problems that cannot be found online, while Set B includes “Published” problems that are readily available online, often with their solutions. Each question was presented to each chatbot three times in May 2023. We recorded and analyzed their responses, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. Our findings indicate that chatbots can provide accurate solutions for straightforward arithmetic, algebraic expressions, and basic logic puzzles, although they may not be consistently accurate in every attempt. However, for more complex mathematical problems or advanced logic tasks, the chatbots’ answers, although they appear convincing, may not be reliable. Furthermore, consistency is a concern as chatbots often provide conflicting answers when presented with the same question multiple times. To evaluate and compare the performance of the three chatbots, we conducted a quantitative analysis by scoring their final answers based on correctness. Our results show that ChatGPT-4 performs better than ChatGPT-3.5 in both sets of questions. Bard ranks third in the original questions of Set A, trailing behind the other two chatbots. However, Bard achieves the best performance, taking first place in the published questions of Set B. This is likely due to Bard’s direct access to the internet, unlike the ChatGPT chatbots, which, due to their designs, do not have external communication capabilities.