Original Orthography Research Articles

Stanza-based networks for poetic texts: a pilot study

Abstract We use approaches from the theory of complex networks to analyze the Prologue to Moses, a poem by the Ukrainian writer and scholar Ivan Franko. The Ukrainian text (in the original orthography from 1905 and the modern one) and several translations into Polish, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Slovak, and Spanish are studied. Networks are built in a manner that links are drawn between words (considered network vertices) within a stanza. Seven network parameters are calculated: all-degree centralization, assortativity, average path length, betweenness, clustering coefficient, density, and transitivity. Their dynamics is analyzed as the vertices with the highest numbers of links are removed from the networks one by one. The data obtained for the human-made translations are compared to those based on machine translations generated by the Google Translate service. Peculiarities of certain translations are underlined. Tentative correlation between the values of parameters and levels of language analyticity/syntheticity are established. Prospects toward automatic lemmatization and related problems to be solved are briefly outlined.

COLLECTION OF BOOKS OF THE CYRILLIC FONT OF THE XVII – EARLY XX CENTURE IN THE IRKUTSK REGIONAL STATE UNIVERSAL SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY NAMED AFTER I. I. MOLCHANOV-SIBIRSKY: THE EXPERIENCE OF STUDYING AND CATALOGIZATION

The article is devoted to the thematic collection of books of the Cyrillic font of the XVII – early XX century, stored in the Department of Historical and Cultural Heritage of the Irkutsk Regional Library named after I. I. MolchanovSibirsky. The library staff formed this collection by means of identifying books from the general book storage, donations and purchases from private individuals in the period from 1976 to 2018. It presents data about the history of the collection formation, the main sources and stages of books receipt, the characteristic of its current state: number, analysis by year, place and type of publication. Particular attention is paid to books acquired at the end of XIX – early XX century. Circumstances of the pre-revolutionary library stock formation (until 1920 – the Irkutsk City Public Library) and books of the Cyrillic font purchased during this period are considered. Books accepted according to the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of 1918 «On the order of requisition of libraries, book warehouse and books in general» are analyzed. On the example of books belonging to the library of the Irkutsk Ascension Monastery, the role of preserved ownership and dedicatory inscriptions in the study of the history of this library and the history of the individual specimens is considered. Descriptions of the four versions of the monastery library bookplates and some inscriptions with notes about the receipt history of books are provided. Inscriptions on four editions of the XVIII century are examined in detail as examples of books with the unique history. Texts of inscriptions are reproduced in the original orthography (excepting obsolete letters). All books are associated with famous personalities in the history of the region and Russia as a whole. Among them: the Bishop of Irkutsk and Nerchinsk, Saint Sophronius (Kristalevsky; 1703–1771), Hieromonk Herman, etc. The article is an interim result of a two-year study and description of the collection. The result of the work will be the release of a printed catalog.

Cross-lingual Diachronic Distance: Application to Portuguese and Spanish

The aim of this paper is to establish a corpus-based methodology for automatically measuring the cross-lingual distance between historical periods of two languages using perplexity. The corpus of both has been constructed adhoc with the closest spelling to the original representing chronologically and in a balanced way fiction and non-fiction. The methodology has been applied to two related languages, Portuguese and Spanish, and measured their diachronic distances both in original orthography and in an automatically transcribed spelling. |

Acarospora squamulosa, the correct name for A. peliocypha

The epithet of the species widely known as Acarospora "peliscypha" should be restored to its original orthography, A. peliocypha. The oldest name for this species is Lichen squamulosus, which has priority. Lichen squamulosus is lectotypified. Acarospora squamulosa replaces the later name A. peliocypha. Acarospora squamulosa is reported for continental North America from Baffin Island, Nunavut Territory, Canada.

Marine snakes of Indian coasts: historical resume, systematic checklist, toxinology, status, and identification key

We compile an up-to-date checklist of 26 species of marine snakes known from the Indian coastlines. We furnish information on the original orthography, authorship, date of publication, current binominal representation, synonymy and chresonymy lists for each recognized taxon. In addition, we provide details of name-bearing types, repository and type locality (both original and subsequent restrictions where applicable) of the prevailing nomen for all recognized species. We summarise the history of research on Indian marine snakes from Linnaeus to the present day, including taxonomic and regional treatises, and highlight the taxonomic flux. We also provide a revised key for this group to facilitate easier identification and support effective conservation.

English-Haitian Creole Bilingual Dictionary ed. by Albert Valdman, Marvin D. Moody, and Thomas E. Davies

Reviewed by: English-Haitian Creole Bilingual Dictionary ed. by Albert Valdman, Marvin D. Moody, and Thomas E. Davies Jeannette Allsopp (bio) English-Haitian Creole Bilingual Dictionary, edited by Albert Valdman, Marvin D. Moody, and Thomas E. Davies. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse, 2017. Pp. xxxvii + 1, 103. $39.95. ISBN: 978-1-5320-1601-1. The English-Haitian Creole Bilingual Dictionary (EHCBD), edited by Albert Valdman, Marvin D. Moody, and Thomas E. Davies, is the most recent product of the Indiana University (IU) Creole Institute, of which Albert Valdman, Emeritus Rudy Professor of French/Italian and Linguistics at IU, was the founder and director. Valdman's co-editors are Marvin D. Moody, a former member of the French Linguistics faculty in the Department of French and Italian at IU, and Thomas E. Davies, an experienced translator of Haitian Creole and the author of a spellchecker for Haitian Creole. The EHCBD is unidirectional from English to Haitian Creole (HC), as its name indicates, and is the companion to the Creole Institute's 2007 Haitian Creole-English Bilingual Dictionary (HCEBD), which is similar in structure and presentation and is unidirectional from Haitian Creole to English. The EHCBD contains approximately 30,000 entries, many of which are verbs, with a large number of multiple senses, and about 25,000 sub-entries, which include "multiword units or idiomatic expressions whose meaning cannot readily be derived from the individual meaning of the constituent words" (v). The work is thus a huge compilation of almost 60,000 items. The dictionary's microstructure contains not only the headword and the identification of the various parts of speech, followed by glosses or definitions, but also one or more English citations accompanied by HC translations. The following example illustrates these microstructure features in a relatively brief entry: churn v.intr. [be upset] bouyi My stomach is churning. Vant mwen ap bouyi. The front matter of the dictionary provides a general introduction to Haitian Creole, what it is and where it is spoken, as well as the question of mutual intelligibility between neighboring Creoles, such as those of the other islands of the Lesser Antilles. Helpfully, the introduction explains how the French-based Creoles of the Atlantic differ in both vocabulary and pronunciation from those of the Indian Ocean, such as [End Page 234] the Creole of the Seychelles. The phonological variety chosen for the EHCBD represents the speech of monolingual Creole speakers from the central part of the country, including the capital, Port-au-Prince; readers are informed, however, that there is much variation even within HC. The original orthography of HC was adapted from the French spelling system and was used until the 1940s, when an alphabet was devised based on a systematic phonological representation of the language. A modified version of this, in the form of the Pressoir-Faublas alphabet, was developed by members of Haiti's Institut Pédagogique National and was officially accepted in 1979 by the Jean-Claude Duvalier government. This version continues to be used today in all official publications, written texts, and school programs presented in Creole, and it is the orthography used in the EHCBD. The phonological representation of the alphabet is rendered using IPA symbols. The considerable amount of phonological variation in spoken Haitian Creole is certainly reflected in the dictionary, and given the lack of standardization in HC, written texts show morphological variation as well, especially in interrogative pronouns in which the interrogative form ki is compounded with a meaning-bearing noun such as lès, which can be written as a solid compound kilès or as two words ki lès, both meaning 'which one?'. Furthermore, because of the considerable variation in the spoken form of words, there is also variation in spelling, such as the HC equivalent for 'orange', which can be spelled oranj, zoranj, or zorany, or for 'mountain', which is spelled mòn and montany. Similar variation in pronunciation and spelling is also found in other Caribbean French-based Creoles, such as those of Dominica and St. Lucia, where differently spelled equivalents for 'eggplant' are found—in St. Lucia, bélanjenn; in Dominica and St. Lucia, melongene. In HC the equivalent is berejèn or berejenn...

MANUSCRIPT BOOK AS A SOURCE OF RESEARCH: HISTORY OF A CODEX IN THE GDL

When conducting research, it is important for a historian to examine not only the event or object of interest, but all of the decisive circumstances, chronology, places and persons invol­ved as well. It is in order to attain this goal, that sources of information are collected, analysed and in­terpreted. Humanitarian disciplines tend to research manuscripts as material artefacts, literary texts or means of cultural transactions. However, it is not common in Lithuania for manuscripts to be used as a source of research. A manuscript, copied in the 15th century GDL, was chosen to illustrate this statement. The book was sometime later divided into two parts that are now stored separately in the National Library of Russia and the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. This article was written in order to determine the history of manuscript book Collection of Sermons by Isaac of Nineveh, while at the same time presenting ways to use manuscripts as a legitimate source in cultu­ral and historical research. The study was carried out by using codicological and comparative methods as well as analysis of literature and archival sources. Detailed codicological descriptions of both books were written. The hypothesis, that the two codices, which were copied by hand at the start of 15th century, are two parts of one exemplar, was proven true on the basis of the results that were obtained. The article contains information about the historical and cultural contexts surrounding the birth of this book. The history of how the codex was copied and stored is reconstructed and the persons invol­ved in the process are discussed in the article as well. The complex research of the dated exemplar reve­als that the manuscript book as well as its separate structural elements and the materials it was made of can be used as a source of information for research in at least several scientific disciplines such as history, literature and bibliography. The codex itself could be considered as an interdisciplinary source of research. The postscript, which remained in the codex, contains two colophons and the Praise for Witold. This text is published at the end of the article in its original orthography.

Cancionero: Manuscrito 1250 de la Biblioteca del Palacio Real by Gómez Manrique (review)

Reviewed by: Cancionero: Manuscrito 1250 de la Biblioteca del Palacio Real by Gómez Manrique Connie L. Scarborough Gómez Manrique. Cancionero: Manuscrito 1250 de la Biblioteca del Palacio Real. Ed. José I. Suárez. New York: National Hispanic Foundation for the Humanities, 2013. 596p. José Suárez has provided scholars of fifteenth-century Spanish letters with a new and very faithful transcription of the cancionero of one of the most important men “of arms and letters” of the period—Gómez Manrique. Manuscript 1250, [End Page 171] housed at the Royal Palace in Madrid, is considered the most complete collection of Gómez Manrique’s poetry, but, surprisingly, it has never heretofore been transcribed in its entirety. Beyond giving us the complete transcription of the manuscript, Suárez meticulously documents instances where versions of poems included in ms. 1250 differ from those found in other fragmentary collections of Manrique’s poetry. This is not a critical edition per se, but a transcription that maintains the manuscript’s original orthography and its present pagination. Manuscript 1250 was prepared for, and dedicated to, don Rodrigo Pimentel, Conde de Benavente, a relative of the poet’s mother, and its date of composition is sometime after 1476. As such it does not include all of the known poems authored by Manrique since some only appear in other manuscripts or were authored after the production of ms. 1250 and, obviously, before Manrique’s death in ca 1491. To supplement the materials contained in ms. 1250, Suárez provides a useful appendix of all the poet’s known compositions that do not appear in it. Suárez gives variants for ms. 1250 by comparing its compositions with nine other manuscripts containing Manrique’s poetry as well as versions published in 1928 in the “Nueva Biblioteca de Autores Españoles” (NBAE) series, vol. 4. The inclusion of variants is particularly useful for researchers who rarely have the opportunity to consult all the manuscripts consulted by Suárez. Also helpful are appendices that classify the poems by subject matter: love, politics/morals, events, satire, religion, and drama as well as an appendix of first lines. Since Manrique’s work is extant in various manuscripts scattered throughout collections in Spain, including the Biblioteca Nacional (Madrid), Palacio Real (Madrid), and the Biblioteca de Menéndez Pelayo (Santander), it is especially helpful to be able to consult variants in one convenient publication. This is the most comprehensive edition of Gómez Manrique’s Cancionero since Antonio Paz y Mélia’s 1885 compilation. Obviously, the nineteenth-century edition prepared by Paz y Mélia does not adhere to the current, rigorous standards for manuscript transcription employed by Suárez. Also, maintaining the pagination of the manuscript for this transcription greatly facilitates locating passages when scholars need to consult the original. The book itself is attractively printed with a very clear typeface and accessibly priced. [End Page 172] Connie L. Scarborough Texas Tech University Copyright © 2013 Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association

Three Hopi Texts from 1934-1939

The texts presented here with an English translation form part of the series that includes three texts previously published in Tlalocan vol. XI and vol. XII. The late Edward Kennard tape recorded them He transcribed them and with the collaboration of the late Anne Mae Setina, translated them. A few years before his death, Kennard gave us the manuscript with the texts for its publication in Tlalocan. aspects of the situation he encountered during his visits and describes the people who shared with him the tales. He states that when possible, he looked for older men who were monolingual in Hopi. The three texts are from Frank Masakwaftiwa, probably more than 70 years old in 1934, who was considered by the rest of the group as one of the most eloquent storytellers and was often asked to tell stories during the long winter evenings. The editor has made changes in the original orthography to conform to the new practical conventions for transcribing Hopi, which are thoroughly explained at the introduction.

Variativnoe bespredlozhnoe glagol'noe upravlenie v russkom iazyke XVIII veka by Liudmila Ferm (review)

REVIEWS !35 Ferm, Liudmila. Variativnoe bespredlozhnoe glagol'noe upravleniev russkomiazyke XVIII veka. S?dert?rn Academic Studies, 26. S?dert?rns h?gskola, Huddinge, 2005. 371 pp. Notes. Tables. Bibliography. Index. Price unknown. No teacher of Russian who has tried to teach students when to use the accusative or the genitive after HCKaTb or to explain why Gohtbc? is occasion ally heard governing an accusative can fail to be interestedby thisbook. They will learn from it that vacillations in the government of certain verbs go back as far as Old Russian and that theirpresent behaviour can often be explained historically. Dr Ludmila Ferm has rightly based her investigations into non prepositional verbal government inRussian on the language of the eighteenth century, a timewhen all its linguistic levelswere influx.However, likeB. O. Unbegaun in his La Langue russeauXVIe si?cle(1300-1550) L La Flexion des noms (Paris, 1935), she has included material both before and after the period central to her research, so justifying her claim that her work is both synchronie (in relation to the eighteenth century) and also diachronic (p. 11). Since her book focuses on changes innon-prepositional verbal government, she excludes both those non-prepositional verbal-nominal word-combinations inwhich variation is not observed and those inwhich prepositions are used to support meanings given by case endings alone. The ninety verbs which her study covers include many of the most frequently occurring lexemes (p. 11). Her work is corpus-based in the sense that it is confined to specific eighteenth-century sources. In view of the fact that innovations are more likely to appear in spontaneous, unpremeditated language, her corpus is formed by letters,memoirs, diaries and reports: all artistic literature is excluded. It amounts to a total of about 17,400 pages (p. 29). She presents her data, where possible, in the form of tables inwhich the century isdivided into three roughly equal time-spans, and the numbers of examples found in each time-span are inserted into the appropriate boxes in the tables. It is the fact that all the examples found in the corpus have been counted in that gives these tables their statistical validity. Professor Unbegaun was working before the linguisticmodels proposed in textbooks of general linguistics began to be applied as templates for the analysis of individual languages. Dr Ferm's work falls in the post-linguistic modelling epoch, when the limitations of linguisticmodelling have already become apparent. Consequently she allows no a priori theorizing to obtrude between her texts and her commentaries on them (pp. 25-26). The core of her book, therefore, consists of the mass of examples themselves, quoted with full contexts in their original orthography and with the verbal-nominal word combinations in question highlighted by italics.The examples are presented in four substantial chapters: verbs whose complements vary between the accusative and the genitive; those whose complements vary between the dative and the accusative; those whose complements vary between the instrumental and either the accusative, the dative, or the genitive; and those whose comple ments vary between the genitive and thedative.Within each chapter theverbs are grouped semantically. When discussing the cases to be used after HCKaTb most grammars of Russian concentrate on the nature of their complements, whether they are 136 SEER, 86, I, 2008 animate or inanimate, abstract or concrete. Dr Ferm accepts that these factors are involved, but she goes on to show that the chief factor driving changes in verbal government is not the nature of the complements but changes in the semantics of the verbs which govern them. Thus, when Ha?eflTbCfl ceased to govern a genitive and took instead the preposition Ha plus an accusative, it was because HaAeflTbCfl had ceased to be associated with such verbs of expectation as 03KH.zja.Tband had become linked instead with verbs such as pacCHHTbiBaTb (pp. 23, 77-83), or again when npeAynpe^HTb switched from taking a complement in the dative to being followed by a direct object in the accusative, itwas because npeflynpcaHTb was no longer classed with such verbs as npenHTCTBOBaTb but with verbs such as npeflOTBpaTHTb (pp. 23, 223-25). In her Grammatika sovremennogo russkogoliteraturnogo iazyka (Moscow, 1970), N...

ORTHOGRAPHY AND DISTRIBUTION OF PARALEPTOPHLEBIA PACKII (EPHEMEROPTERA: LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE) IN WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

Leptophlebia packii Needham was originally described from the North Fork of the Ogden River, Weber County, Utah, by Needham (1927). This species is one of the tusked burrowing leptophlebiids of western North America (e.g. Edmunds and McCafferty 1996), and was referred to as Pack’s Tusker by Needham and Christenson (1927). Traver (1935) correctly referred to it as the recombined Paraleptophlebia packii (Needham). Beginning with its citation in a checklist by Edmunds and Allen (1957), it has been incorrectly referred to as Paraleptophlebia packi. As per the recent correction of the name Drunella doddsii (Needham) by Jacobus and McCafferty (2004), even if the subsequent emendation of orthography was deliberate, the use of the first spelling ending in “-ii” is mandated by Section 4 of Article 33 of the current International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999), and the original orthography is here restored. This species has been known from Grand and Jackson Counties in Colorado (McCafferty et al., 1993), Weber County in Utah (Needham 1927), and Teton County in Wyoming (Kroger 1974). New records of P. packii based on materials residing in the Purdue Entomological Research Collection, West Lafayette, Indiana, or on data provided by the late George Edmunds, include the following: UTAH: Summit County, Weber River, at Peoa, 14-X-1970, M. M. Boreman (larvae); Wasatch County, Provo River, at Midway, 11-XI-1947, G. F. Edmunds (larvae and adults); Weber County, South Fork Weber River, at Huntsville, 20XI-1968, G. Z. Jacobi (larvae). WYOMING: Natrona County, North Platte River, at By-The-Way Ranch, ca. 24 miles southwest of Casper, off State Road 220, 8-X-2001, W. P. and N. McCafferty (larvae).

Classical Japanese: A Grammar (review)

Reviewed by: Classical Japanese: A Grammar Stephen D. Miller Classical Japanese: A Grammar. By Haruo Shirane. Columbia University Press, 2005. 352 pages. Hardcover $49.50. In 1998 Haruo Shirane, the author of the textbook under review, presented a talk to a special meeting of the Association of Teachers of Japanese about the recent decline of premodern Japanese studies in North American universities. He noted that academic positions of premodern language and literature were going unfilled when they were vacated. As a result, the teaching of classical Japanese language, in particular, at research universities and four-year liberal arts colleges was at an all-time low. Classical Japanese: A Grammar is an attempt, I assume, to rectify that situation by providing a pedagogical tool that can be used either for self-teaching or in a classroom situation. The publication of Classical Japanese: A Grammar signals the first new accessible book dealing with bungotai in English in many years. Accessible for the purposes of this review will mean both intellectually accessible as well as easily obtainable and financially affordable by a self-guided student or for use in a classroom. Helen McCullough's Bungo Manual (Cornell East Asia Series, 1988) continues to be our most concise reference grammar, but it has drawbacks such as its lack of original orthography (all sentences are romanized) and its cursory treatment of honorific language. McCullough's manual supplanted other books that are either out of print (Ivan Morris's Dictionary of Selected Forms in Classical Japanese Literature, Columbia University Press, 1965; P. G. O'Neill's A Programmed Introduction to Literary Japanese, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1968) or hard to obtain (Ikeda Tadashi's Classical Japanese Grammar Illustrated with Texts, Tōhō Gakkai, 1975). Thomas H. Rohlich and Akira Komai's An Introduction to Classical Japanese (Bonjinsha, 1991) was the first pedagogical attempt at a textbook in English, but the most common complaint heard about it was its use of made-up example sentences. And like the Morris and O'Neill grammars, it, too, has gone out of print. Alexander Vovin published a grammar reference in 2003 (A Reference Grammar of Classical Japanese Prose, London: RoutledgeCurzon), but it is neither affordable ($155 was the price I found online) nor easily intelligible to a nonlinguist. So there has been a great need for some time for a book that combines two functions: (1) a reference that delves in some detail into all aspects of classical Japanese grammar and does so in a way that can be easily understood by university students (and other learners of Japanese), and (2) a pedagogically sound textbook. Classical Japanese meets both needs and will not break the bank. The dual function Shirane's textbook serves should make it attractive not only to students but also to scholars of Japanese who want an excellent reference work or who want to brush up on their classical Japanese language skills. The fact that it contains plenty of exercises, examples, tables, and grammatical points for advanced study (Nara-period grammar, for example) gives it a range of use not seen in any of the works mentioned above. In fact, the textbook even comes with a booklet providing answers to the exercises (along with numerous tables of grammatical forms), all of which are perforated for easy removal and use. By the time this review appears an [End Page 583] accompanying literary reader and dictionary should also be available. The original texts used and cited in the textbook come primarily from the Heian and Kamakura periods, but those used in the reader (of which I've only seen the table of contents) come from every historical period through Meiji. Classical Japanese is divided into five major parts: Inflected Forms, Noninflected Forms, Honorifics, Appendixes, and Grammar Exercises. There is also an introductory section (Elements of the Book) and a ten-page double-columned index. For each grammatical item, there are usually several extensively annotated examples. Each example sentence provides furigana, romanization, a detailed translation (parenthetical romanized Japanese words are inserted directly following their translation), the name of the text from which the example is drawn as well as where it can be found, and...

Book Review

TORTRICIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA). WORLD CATALOGUE OF INSECTS, VOLUME 5. Compiled by John W. Brown. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 2005. 741 pages. DKK 960.00 excluding postage (subscription discount of 10% if ordered direct from publisher). The Tortricidae represent one of the largest groups of Microlepidoptera with just over 9000 described species. Their vernacular name, ‘leafroller moths’, is derived from the larval habit of many species of feeding concealed within a roll or a fold of a leaf of the host plant. However, the larvae of numerous species employ other diverse feeding habits, including boring in most plant parts, feeding in flowers or on leaf litter or even predating scale insects. Many species are important pests of agricultural, forest and ornamental plants, and such five-star pests as spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) and codling moth (Cydia pomonella) have attracted considerable research attention. It is almost a century since the last attempt at a world catalogue of the Tortricidae – Edward Meyrick's Lepidopterorum Catalogus volume of 1912 and Genera Insectorum of 1913 – but these dealt only with the Tortricinae (and only a part of that) and covered only a little more than 10% of the species listed here. Therefore, a catalogue of this large and important group of moths is long overdue and this volume is to be welcomed for that reason alone. The introductory sections describe the layout of the catalogue. Names listed include infrasubspecific names and misspellings, flagged as such. Original orthography is retained for all names. Valid names are listed alphabetically within a genus, each with their synonyms; genera are arranged alphabetically with subfamilial and tribal assignment given, together with type species and any synonyms. Authorship, reference and date are given for each name. For species group names, the genus of original combination is given together with the type locality and the status, sex and depository of known type specimens. A list of repository and serial publication abbreviations is given, and the introductory material is completed with a summary of the suprageneric classification of the Tortricidae, including synonyms. Authorship of the systematic catalogue itself is not just by J. W. Brown but also seven of the world's leading experts on the group – Joaqin Baixeras, Richard Brown, Marianne Horak, Furumi Komai, Eric Metzler, Józef Razowski and Kevin Tuck. The layout is clear and the treatment is very user-friendly. The index at the end of the work gives author, date and current taxonomic placement (for species) and this makes the retrieval of names very simple. Extreme care seems to have been taken with the rendering of scientific names and a check of some 500 revealed only a single (one-letter) error. However, treatment of authors' names is somewhat more cavalier, and slightly complex European names occasionally lose letters – Fisher (for Fischer) v. Roeslerstamm, Hoffman (for Hoffmann), Peyerimoff (for Peyerimhoff), Zerney (for Zerny), etc. It is in the type localities where thorough cross-editing by contributors could have worked wonders. As it is, attempts to bring geographical names up to date or to apply a country to a town or a province are sporadic and sometimes wildly erroneous. Misspellings are rife. Tristram is a collector, not a locality, and I quickly noted Baberton for Barberton, Beruit for Beirut, Glogan for Glogau and Granada for Grenada. Oran is not a province of France but, as given correctly on the facing page, of Algeria. Other reviewers have given more extensive lists of examples. Extrapolation is unsafe; although most of the type specimens of Tortricidae described by Meyrick in 1926 from Sarawak were uniques that were sent to Kuching and lost, any duplicates went to London and there is, for example, a perfectly good syntype of Neocalyptis felina in the Natural History Museum, London. Although type locality information in this work should be double-checked before quotation, this hardly detracts from a monumental corpus of well-presented information and the authors are to be congratulated on their successful inventory of a very large slice of Lepidopteran diversity.

A corte no exílio: Civilização e poder no Brasilás vésperas da independência (1808 a 1821)

Some historians of the independence period in Brazil have been faulted for giving more space to the November 1817 nuptials of Prince Pedro and Princess Leopoldina in Rio de Janeiro than to the revolt in Pernambuco a few months earlier. Jurandir Malerba invites such criticism by making the royal wedding the subject of the first of the five “acts” into which he divides A corte no exílio, while scarcely mentioning the Northeastern uprising anywhere in the book. No such criticism is warranted, because civilization and power in Brazil were indeed concentrated in Rio on the eve of independence, and, as the author amply demonstrates, the transformations symbolized by the festivities of November 1817 did more to shape the emerging Brazilian state than did any regional insurrection. Grounded in the thought of Norbert Elias and his disciples, Malerba approaches the civilizing and state-building processes in Brasil joanino with an eye for the sociology of the arts—especially the theater (Act II). He principally deals with the impact of the court presence in Rio on the customs and manners of the local residents in Act III, discusses the changing role of the monarch in Act IV, and examines the formation of a new nobility from old elites in Act V.Malerba focuses on monuments and artifacts, scenes of everyday life and public spectacles as rendered by artists of the time, official reports and panegyric literature, and accounts by private observers. Scholars are familiar with virtually all this material. The author acknowledges as much in the epigraph and reminds the reader of it at the end of the book, citing Blaise Pascal: “Si les matières ne sont pas nouvelles, la disposition en est nouvelle” (pp. 7, 296). Malerba’s approach to documents is more exegetic than historiographic. He mixes letters and reports into his text in their entirety, from salutation to closing, with the original orthography intact. Long quotations—either in the original language or from published translations—from John Luccock, Louis de Freycinet, Luís Gonçalves dos Santos, and other familiar sources are strewn through the book. What may be unacceptable in a narrative history is perhaps necessary in a work of this hermeneutic nature, but the sheer volume of quoted material seems excessive. Much of it could have been omitted or relegated to appendixes without weakening the analysis.Malerba concludes that the adaptation of court etiquette to the colonial society and tropical environment of Rio, and the awarding of titles of nobility and other honorifics to wealthy residents, strengthened the attachment of the fluminense elite to the monarchist ideology. The lower orders of society, including city slaves, enjoyed the spectacles and were mollified by the expansion of the Portuguese institution of the royal beija mão (hand kissing) in Brazil, and by other concessions, such as the toleration of the ceremonial court of the Congo King in Rio. Most importantly, the author finds that when King João VI and his court departed Rio in 1821, they left power in the hands of a new nobility composed almost exclusively of big import-export merchants and slave traders. Malerba’s findings support the view that native landowners contributed little to the founding of Brazil’s independent monarchy. Later, however, the interests of the landowners would coincide with those of the slave importers, and together they would force the abdication of Brazil’s first emperor.A corte no exílio is by no means the definitive study of this remarkable prelude to Brazilian independence. More comprehensive, and no less thoughtful, is Kirsten Schultz’s magisterial Tropical Versailles: Empire, Monarchy, and the Portuguese Royal Court in Rio de Janeiro, 1808–1821 (Routledge, 2001). What Malerba offers are rare ontological insights into the body of knowledge on which the Brazilian monarchy was established.

REVISIONARY CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GENUS DRUNELLA (EPHEMEROPTERA: EPHEMERELLIDAE)

We establish new subjective synonyms for five Drunella species from the Nearctic, east Palearctic, and Oriental regions: Drunella cryptomeria (Imanishi, 1937) [=Ephemerella nM Imanishi, 1940, new synonym; = D. lepnevae (Tshernova, 1949), new synonym; = D. longipes (Tshernova, 1952), new synonym; = D. fusongensis Su and Gui, 1995, new synonym], D. ishiyamana Matsumura, 1931 [= E. latipes Tshernova, 1952, new synonym], D. lata (Morgan, 1911) [= D. cornuta (Morgan, 1911), new synonym, = E. depressa Ide, 1930, new synonym, = D. cornutella (McDunnough, 1931), new synonym, = D. longicornis (Traver, 1932), new synonym], D. submontana (Brodsky, 1930) [= E. svenhedini Ulmer, 1936, new synonym], and D. walkeri (Eaton, 1884) [= D. wayah (Traver, 1932), new synonym]. Morphology, phenotypic plasticity, and biology are discussed for these species and for D. allegheniensis and D. tuberculata, and new diagnoses are provided. The specific epithet of D. doddsii is corrected to its original orthography.

REVISIONARY CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GENUS TORLEYA (EPHEMEROPTERA: EPHEMERELLIDAE)

We establish new subjective synonyms for five Drunella species from the Nearctic, east Palearctic, and Oriental regions: Drunella cryptomeria (Imanishi, 1937) (¼Ephemerella nM Imanishi, 1940, new synonym; ¼ D. lepnevae (Tshernova, 1949), new synonym; ¼ D. longipes (Tshernova, 1952), new synonym; ¼ D. fusongensis Su and Gui, 1995, new synonym), D. ishiyamana Matsumura, 1931 (¼ E. latipes Tshernova, 1952, new synonym), D. lata (Morgan, 1911) (¼ D. cornuta (Morgan, 1911), new synonym, ¼ E. depressa Ide, 1930, new synonym, ¼ D. cornutella (McDunnough, 1931), new synonym, ¼ D. longicornis (Traver, 1932), new synonym), D. submontana (Brodsky, 1930) (¼ E. svenhedini Ulmer, 1936, new synonym), and D. walkeri (Eaton, 1884) (¼ D. wayah (Traver, 1932), new synonym). Morphology, phenotypic plasticity, and biology are discussed for these species and for D. allegheniensis and D. tuberculata, and new diagnoses are provided. The specific epithet of D. doddsii is corrected to its original orthography.

(1164) Proposal to conserve the orthography of Anemone narcissiflora L. (Anemonastrum narcissiflorum; Ranunculaceae)

With few exceptions, the narcissus anemone has been known as Anemone narcissiflora since its original orthography (uarcissifolia) was corrected by Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., ed. 10: 1084. 1759, as narcissifl. ). Linnaeus's rationale for the correction seems clear. The initial u is an upside-down n and a strict printer's error. The termination -flora also is logical because among the synonyms listed in the protologue was Ranunculus montanus hirsutus humilior, narcissi flore. Bauh. pin. Furthermore, the plant has compound basal leaves and trifid to pinnatifid involucral leaves, both distinctly different from the entire, linear leaves of Narcissus. Finally, its flowers are somewhat reminiscent of daffodil flowers as implied by Bauhin (Pinax: 182. 1623). Most workers have accepted Linnaeus's correction of to narcissiflora. So established was this orthographic correction among Linnaean scholars that Steam (Sp. PI. Facs., App.: 108. 1959) indexed the name as narcissiflora, ut uarcissifolia without comment (see also Richter, Codex Bot. Linn.: 539. 1835). Perhaps the best indication of Linnaeus's own view of the orthography comes from his herbarium where the lectotype (No. 710.31, LINN!) is

George Berkeley's Manuscript Introduction (review)

BOOK REVIEWS 455 GeorgeBerkeley'sManuscriptIntroduction. Transcribed and Edited with Introduction and Commentary by Bertil Belfrage. Headington, Oxford: Doxa (Oxford) Ltd., 1987. Pp. 159. s 3o. The 3ooth anniversary of the birth of George Berkeley in x985 has been the occasion for the publication of a number of important collections, articles, and books. None, however, is likely to be of more enduring importance than Belfrage's editiodiplomatica of Berkeley's Manuscript Introduction. We now recognize that the CommonplaceBook, Luce's PhilosophicalCommentaries,has profoundly affected our philosophical interpretations of Berkeley's work. Indeed, we continue to ask what his actual words are, what they mean, when he wrote them, how they bear on his philosophy. These and many other questions have occupied students of Berkeley. As readers of the BerkeleyNewsletter (and JHP) know, Belfrage has written extensively about these questions. What readers may not, however, know is that for many years he has also been studying the draft introduction. Although printed in both the Fraser and the Luce-Jessop editions of Berkeley's Works,it has not previously been properly edited. Belfrage seeks to reproduce the manuscript text. He has tried as accurately as possible to represent in print (as Luce did in his 1944 editiodiplomaticaof the Commentaries ) the manuscript. This of course means including insertions, cancellations, and the original orthography and punctuation. Nothing remotely like this is available in either Fraser or Luce-Jessop. Belfrage also provides an introduction, a commentary, and a critical apparatus. He believes major philosophical issues are involved. He claims that this is not simply a draft of what was to be published as the Introduction to the Principles of Human Knowledge. Rather, it should be considered as a "separate contribution to philosophy." Belfrage writes: "More than one half of the ManuscriptIntroduction was omitted from the published Introduction, and more than a fifth of the published Introduction contains new material which has no counterpart in the manuscript" (13). In addition, there are apparently clear signs of different strata in the composition--matters which are analyzed in the editor's introduction. Belfrage maintains that there are themes which only appear in the published Introductions , e.g., that primary qualities cannot be separated from secondary and that ideas represent things in the same way that words represent ideas. And there are themes which he finds only in the manuscript, e.g., "complete'resemblance is required between an idea and the thing it represents" (33). Belfrage believes that Berkeley's views about representation reveal a "different concept of 'idea' in the two texts, a difference he characterizes as that between image-picturesand sign-images. He carries this forward to a discussion of (scientific) demonstration. Finally, he turns to the question of the ManuscriptIntroduction "in the context of Berkeley's early writings" (51), namely, "Of Infinites" (read 19 Nov. 17o7), his "first" sermon (11 Jan. 17o8), and the PhilosophicalCommentaries.Belfrage seeks to relate the themes of the manuscript to the entries of the Commentaries,although no one knows better than he how difficult dating those entries can be. If one has any doubts as to why an edition of the draft introduction is necessary, a 456 JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY 28:3 JULY 199o comparison of the texts in Fraser and in Luce-Jessop will remove them. Fraser gives one absolutely no idea of what Berkeley's pages look like, nor of the relations of certain strata to the basic text. Jessop gives us a straightforwardly readable text--but at the price of many omissions. Beifrage deserves our thanks both for his transcription of the text and for his provocative commentary, a commentary which seeks to demonstrate the philosophical significance of Berkeley's complete text. HARRY M. BRACKEN McGiU University Morton White. Philosophy, "The Federalist," and the Constitution. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. Pp. xi + 273- $29.95. In this study Prof. White undertakes to "expose [the] philosophical elements of Publius 's thinking" (7) to contemporary readers. In addition, the study can be seen as the beautifully crafted product of a scholar simultaneously doing philosophy and history of philosophy. Because Jay, Madison, and Hamilton, authors of these papers, were less concerned with philosophy than with persuading...

An Old Prussian grammar: the phonology and morphology of the three Catechisms By William R. Schmalstieg, and: Studies in Old Prussian: a critical review of the relevant literature in the field since 1945 By William R. Schmalstieg (review)

REVIEWS707 but Russ. kusat' obligatorily requires a direct-object NP node—which may, however , be empty, in which case its emptiness must be marked by -sja. In other words, a crucial role is played by the difference between an empty node and the absence of a node. However, Russ. pisat' 'to write' behaves like Ger. beissen, rather than like Russ. kusat'; cf. ¿enjapiset (*pisetsja) '2enja is writing.' Although all these patterns can be handled byad-hocemptynodes (e.g. forkusat' butnotforpisat')plus ageneral rule of marking derived intransitives, this seems no better, and considerably less direct, than saying that these languages all have a rule of (unspecified and/or recoverable) direct-object deletion, but that the languages (and often individual lexical items within the language) differ as to whether this derived intransitivity must be marked. Still, these reservations do not detract from the over-all positive impression made by Cranmer's study. REFERENCES Babby, L. H. 1975. A transformational analysis of transitive -sja verbs in Russian. Lingua 35.297-332. Bowers, J. ms. The theory of grammatical relations. To appear, Cornell University Press. RÛztCka, R. 1963. O transformacionnom opisanii tak nazyvaemyx bezlicnyx predlozenij ? sovremennom russkom jazyke. Voprosy Jazykoznanija 3.22-31. [Received 12 July 1977.] An Old Prussian grammar: the phonology and morphology of the three Catechisms. By William R. Schmalstieg. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1974. Pp. 385. $13.50. Studies in Old Prussian: a critical review of the relevant literature in the field since 1945. By William R. Schmalstieg. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1976. Pp. 420. $14.50. Reviewed by Lew R. Micklesen, University of Washington In these two companion volumes, Schmalstieg offers Balticists and IndoEuropeanists his own analysis of Old Prussian morphophonology and a forthright critical exposition of the state of the art in OP studies. The volume published first, Old Prussian grammar (OPG), represents a grammatical analysis of the only extensive connected texts in Old Prussian—the three translations of Luther's Catechism, all dating from the middle of the 16th century and comprising about 66 pages of OP text. OPG first tackles (rather briefly) the phonology, including the critical subheadings of orthography, vowels, stress, and consonants; it then proceeds to morphology, with more or less extensive subdivisions for nouns, adjectives, numerals, adverbs, pronouns, prefixes, prepositions, conjunctions, verbs, the non-finite forms of the verb, and the periphrastic tenses. The book concludes with an exhaustive word index, footnotes, and references. The section on morphology is really the heart of the book; it covers close to 200 pages, listing every grammatical form of every word recorded in the catechisms, both in Schmalstieg's 708LANGUAGE, VOLUME 54, NUMBER 3 (1978) phonemic transcription and in the original orthography, and it includes in most cases some basic etymological information. But why do we have no discussion (or even mention) of OP syntax, and no texts or samples of texts? Is the syntax too obvious, or too confusing, or are the extant texts too meager? Are there already sufficient editions of OP texts, or will another volume provide these ? The second book, Studies in Old Prussian (SOP), is exactly what its subtitle states. This study represents an enormous amount of work and careful thought : omitting only onomastics, it runs the gamut of main topics such as the OP people, the Sudovians or Jatvingians, the OP language, the OP texts, phonology, the morphology of various parts of speech, miscellanea, and recent etymologies. Each topic is embellished by numerous subdivisions. Both books were prepared from camera-ready typescript; and different type fonts could not be utilized for headings or emphasis. To offset this disadvantage, OPG uses some spacing and indentations ; but SOP has a particularly dense format, spacing between subsections only in the first two sections. After that point, there must have been a decision to reduce the size of the book, because the bulk of it has no spaces whatsoever between numbered subsections. This is also true in the morphological sections of OPG, but here a certain amount of indentation is helpful. The problem of course, is that a densely-printed page, plus the lack of distinctive fonts, necessarily prolongs the search for cross-references when a specific page...

Some Eighteenth-Century Fungi from Scotland

Few collections of fungi made prior to publication of Berkeley's British Fungi, in Smith's 'English Flora' (1837) have survived in herbaria. It may therefore be of some interest to record the existence in quite good condition of a few examples of common British microfungi collected in the Lothians by R. Brown at the end of the eighteenth century. They had received manuscript names from the collector before passing into the custody of the British Museum but had not been re-examined and incorporated in the herbarium before being transferred to Kew with the other fungus collections at the Museum. In many instances these are probably the earliest British records of the species in question. In current terminology, but with Brown's original orthography, the list is as follows: