Original One-factor Model Research Articles

Psychometric Properties of the Dimensional Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children 2.0 among Portuguese Adolescents.

The dimensional Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children 2.0 (dYFAS-C 2.0) was developed to provide a reliable psychometric measure for assessing food addiction in adolescents, in accordance with the updated addiction criteria proposed in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5). The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the dYFAS-C 2.0 among Portuguese adolescents and pre-adolescents and to explore the relationship between food addiction and other eating behaviors such as grazing and intuitive eating. The participants were 131 Portuguese adolescents and pre-adolescents (53.4% female and 46.6% male) aged between 10 and 15 years (Mage = 11.8) and with a BMI between 11.3 and 35.3 (MBMI z-score = 0.42). Confirmatory Factor Analysis demonstrated an adequate fit for the original one-factor model (χ2 (104) = 182; p < 0.001; CFI = 0.97; TLI = 0.97; NFI = 0.94; SRMR = 0.101; RMSEA = 0.074; 95% CI [0.056; 0.091]). Food addiction was positively correlated with higher grazing (r = 0.69, p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with lower reliance on hunger/satiety cues (r = -0.22, p = 0.015). No significant association was found between food addiction and BMI z-score, or between food addiction and age. The results support the use of dYFAS-C 2.0 as a valid and reliable measure for assessing food addiction in Portuguese adolescents and pre-adolescents. Furthermore, the findings highlight that food addiction may be part of a spectrum of disordered eating behaviors associated with control impairment. Future research with a larger sample size could further elucidate the associations between food addiction and other variables, such as psychological distress and multi-impulsive spectrum behaviors.

Applicability and clinical utility of the German rivermead post-concussion symptoms questionnaire in proxies of children after traumatic brain injury: an instrument validation study.

The German Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ) can be used to assess post-concussion symptoms (PCS) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in adults, adolescents, and children. In this study, we examined the psychometric properties of the German RPQ proxy version (N = 146) for children (8-12 years) after TBI at the item, total and scale score level. Construct validity was analyzed using rank correlations with the proxy-assessed Post-Concussion Symptoms Inventory (PCSI-P), the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9), and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale 7 (GAD-7). Furthermore, sensitivity testing was performed concerning subjects' sociodemographic and injury-related characteristics. Differential item functioning (DIF) was analyzed to assess the comparability of RPQ proxy ratings for children with those for adolescents. Good internal consistency was demonstrated regarding Cronbach's α (0.81-0.90) and McDonald's ω (0.84-0.92). The factorial validity of a three-factor model was superior to the original one-factor model. Proxy ratings of the RPQ total and scale scores were strongly correlated with the PCSI-P (ϱ = 0.50-0.69), as well as moderately to strongly correlated with the PHQ-9 (ϱ = 0.49-0.65) and the GAD-7 (ϱ = 0.44-0.64). The DIF analysis revealed no relevant differences between the child and adolescent proxy versions. The German RPQ proxy is a psychometrically reliable and valid instrument for assessing PCS in children after TBI. Therefore, RPQ self- and proxy-ratings can be used to assess PCS in childhood as well as along the lifespan of an individual after TBI.

Examining the structure validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index among female workers during New Zealand’s initial COVID-19 lockdown

Sleep is important for good physical and mental health. The COVID-19 pandemic lockdown created a unique context that impacted psychological and social drivers for sleeping well. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a widely used measurement tool assessing subjective sleep quality. The traditional model of the PSQI (a one-factor model), whilst validated and used across different populations, has also been questioned with regards to data fit and representativeness of its global score in different social and work-related circumstances. Examination of the structure validity of the PSQI in the unique context of the pandemic has been scarce. This study determined the PSQI structure validity amongst employed women considered to experience increased stressors during the pandemic lockdown. The subjectively reported PSQI data from 498 female workers (mean age 44.6 years) collected during New Zealand’s first national COVID-19 lockdown (April, 2020) was used. Confirmatory factor analyses compared the original one-factor model of the PSQI with the two- and three-factor models used by Jia et al. (2019) within this pandemic context. Results showed that the two-factor model provided a superior fit of the PSQI data compared to the original one-factor or a three-factor model. These findings suggest that a sub-score of the PSQI with two factors appears to be better at describing the sleep quality of healthy working women during the constrained situation of the pandemic lockdown compared to a single global sleep quality score. This indicates the importance of considering the validity of subjective sleep measures when used within unique social contexts and stressors.

The psychometric properties of positive and negative beliefs about the rumination scale in Chinese undergraduates

BackgroundRumination, a transdiagnostic factor in different psychopathological conditions, is believed to be activated and sustained by dysfunctional metacognition. The Positive Beliefs about Rumination Scale (PBRS) and the Negative Beliefs about Rumination Scale (NBRS) have been used to measure the metacognitive beliefs of rumination and have been investigated in many cultural contexts. However, it remains unclear whether these scales can work as well for the Chinese population. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the psychometric properties of the Chinese versions of these scales and to test the metacognitive model of rumination for students with different levels of depression.MethodsThe PBRS and NBRS were forward-backward translated into Mandarin. In total 1,025 college students were recruited to complete a battery of web-based questionnaires. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and correlation analysis were used to test the structure, validity, and reliability of the two scales, as well as their item correlations with rumination.ResultsA new two-factor structure of the PBRS (rather than the original one-factor model) and a new three-factor structure of the NBRS (rather than the original two-factor model) were extracted. The goodness-of-fit indices of these two factor models showed they had a good to very good fit with the data. The internal consistency and construct validity of PBRS and NBRS were also affirmed.ConclusionThe Chinese versions of the PBRS and the NBRS were generally shown to be reliable and valid, but their newly extracted structures fit the Chinese college students better than their original structures. These new models of PBRS and NBRS are of value to be further explored in Chinese population.

Translation and adaptation of child and adolescent mindfulness measurement into Bahasa version

The child and adolescent mindfulness measurement (CAMM) is a self-report instrument assessing the ability of mindfulness in adolescents. This assessment is widely used in measuring the effectiveness of mindfulness intervention in children and adolescents. This study aimed to validate the translated Bahasa version of the CAMM. We used international test commission (ITC) guidelines with six steps in the adaptation process. After forward-backward transltion procedure, the participants were 207 adolescents aged 10-17 years (M=15, 00, SD=1.890; girls=130, boys=77). Internal consistency and factor analysis are used to measure the reliability and validity. Investigation of internal consistency Cronbach Coefficient Alpha yielded satisfactory results (.767). Results from confirmatory factor analysis supported the original one-factor model with &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;(df=34, p=.088), goodness of fit index (GFI)=.985, comparative fit index (CFI)=.974.). In sum, the Bahasa version of the CAMM can be successfully used for assessment and evaluation of the effect of mindfulness intervention in the Bahasa adolescents' population.

Validity and reliability of Spanish PROMIS pediatric pain interference short form

BackgroundThe goal of this study was to analyze psychometric properties of the Spanish PROMIS Pediatric Pain Interference short form (PROMIS-PPI) in a sample of Spanish children and adolescents. MethodsIn a hospital pediatric sample it was studied the structure scale (exploratory and confirmatory analysis), construct validity, convergent validity, and reliability (internal consistency). Findings163 children and adolescents (mean age 13.3 years; SD 2.01; 39.26% female) with and without chronic pain completed measures pertaining to their pain experience. Psychometric analysis showed the PROMIS-PPI Spanish version maintains the original one-factor model of the scale, excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α coefficient 0.90 (95% CI 0.88–0.92)), and convergent validity (showed a positive, significant, and moderate magnitude correlation [r from 0.330 to 0.604] with pediatric quality of life, child and parent pain intensity, and showed a low correlation with the number of medical consultations in the last year). DiscussionThe Spanish PROMIS-PPI scale is a valid and reliable tool. It is recommended for research and clinical care in pediatric populations. Application to practiceThe results provide evidence that the Spanish version of PROMIS-PPI is valid and reliable tool. Health professionals who work with children in risk to develop persistent pain, will have access to short tool with highest evidence, for assess pain interference.

Dyadic Invariance of the Positive Sexuality Scale in Chilean Heterosexual Couples

Gender differences in sexuality-related dimensions have long been investigated in close relationship research. An important assumption when comparing values across gender in dyadic research is that both partners conceptualize the construct under investigation in the same way. Thus, issues of measurement invariance should be considered when working with dyadic data. The aim of the present study was to test the dyadic invariance of the Positive Sexuality Scale (PSS) to assess an individual’s sense of happiness and fulfillment with his/her sexual expression. The PSS was completed by 166 Chilean heterosexual couples, and measurement invariance was tested using confirmatory factor analysis within a dyadic framework. Configural, metric, scalar, and partial strict measurement invariance were supported for the PSS original one-factor model. No between-partner difference was found in the PSS latent factor mean. The functioning of the PSS and the meaning attributed to positive sexuality were the same for both partners. Hence, variations in the PSS levels between both partners in heterosexual couples can be interpreted as true mean differences rather than measurement artifacts.

Chinese validation of the Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (BEAQ) in college students

The Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (BEAQ) has been widely used to measure experiential avoidance (EA). However, the BEAQ is not available in Chinese. The current study aimed to translate the BEAQ into Chinese and validate it on a sample consisting of college students in China. A convenience sample of 698 students completed two surveys in June 2019 (T1) and July 2019 (T2) in a longitudinal study. Both surveys were included in the analyses. Using the T1 data, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that the original one-factor model of the BEAQ did not fit the data adequately. Moreover, exploratory factor analysis revealed that a 2-factor structure in this Chinese version of the BEAQ (labelled as cognitive avoidance and behavioural avoidance) and a subsequent CFA of the BEAQ using T2 data replicated the two-factor structure. The two BEAQ subscales demonstrated good internal consistency in T1 and T2 (Cronbach's alpha values of >0.78) and acceptable test–retest reliability over a two-month interval (ICC > 0.45). T1 cognitive avoidance scores were associated significantly with another measure of experiential avoidance and negative measures of negative affect and anxiety and depression. They also significantly predicted increased negative affect in T2. T1 behavioural avoidance scores were associated significantly with positive outcomes of positive affect, life satisfaction and resilience, and significantly reduced predicted negative affect and increased positive affect and life satisfaction in T2 but the associations were small in magnitude. Results highlight the importance of interpreting experiential avoidance through cultural lens. The Chinese version of the BEAQ could be used to measure experiential avoidance in Chinese college students and hence support further research in developing knowledge regarding the mechanisms of diverse strategies.

Psychometric properties of the proactive vitality management scale in a Chinese sample

The Proactive Vitality Management (PVM) scale is a new measurement that assesses proactive management of physical and mental energy. In this research, we examined the psychometric properties of the PVM scale with a Chinese sample of 439 full-time employees, aging from 23 to 65. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the original one-factor model of the scale. And the Cronbach’s α of the scale is acceptable (α = .88). Besides, PVM correlated moderately but positively with proactive personality and increasing challenging job demands (convergent validity) and showed significant but small relationships with decreasing hindering demands and psychological detachment (discriminant validity). PVM significantly related to in-role job performance and well-being (criterion validity). Thus, the PVM scale is a reliable and valid measure to assess proactive energy management in the Chinese context.

PSYCHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE UKRAINIAN VERSION OF THE OCCUPATIONAL SELF-EFFICACY SCALE

The article examines the concept of occupational self-efficacy, because self-efficacy assessments are widely used in organizational research. The concept of occupational self-efficacy addresses this point and self-efficacy is understood here as a domain-specific assessment. Occupational self-efficacy means such competence when a person feels able to successfully fulfill his/her job tasks. The aim of this study was to present psychometric adaptation of the Ukrainian translation of the Occupational Self-efficacy Scale proposed by B. Shyns and G. von Collani on the sample of employees working at Ukrainian companies. The modification of the original one-factor model was performed by calculating modification indices, which revealed possible correlations that can improve the model. The final version contains all 20 items that formed the one-factor version. All absolute and relative criteria testify to the high correspondence of the model with empirical data. The constructed scale is characterized by high construct validity and retest reliability. After converting the reverse scoring item, the scale total score was calculated by the formula (7 – Sum of items / 20). Accordingly, higher total scores on the scale characterize higher professional self-efficacy and vice versa. The descriptive statistics were calculated. The criterion validity was verified by comparing the translated version of the scale with the Positive Personality Traits Questionnaire proposed by K. Singh and S.D. Jha. We determined that an individual’s high occupational self-efficacy is characterized by his/her confidence in the ability to initiate actions regarding his/her own life and the lives of others, as well as be active and independent in social relations. Accordingly, the occupational self-efficacy constructs and basic positive personal traits are linked to one another. Prospects for further research in this direction are to create a short version of this scale and to adapt it in correspondence with the socio-cultural features of the Ukrainian population.

Psychometric Properties of the Shortend Version of the Scale "Transpersonal Trust" in a Representative Sample of the German Population

The aim of the present study was to show the development of the revised and shortened German version (6 items) of the scale "Transpersonales Vertrauen" (TPV-6R; 2017) as well as to examine its psychometric properties. In a representative German sample the questionnaire has been given to 2513 subjects. Collected data from 2464 subjects could be analysed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis has been made to prove the original one-factor model (Belschner, 2000) as well as the 2-factorial structure found by Albani et al. (2003). Measurement invariance was tested using multigroup analysis. Correlations were used to determine convergent and discriminant validity towards other items. After excluding 2 items due to their unsatisfactory scale fit, the 4 item model showed good item and scale characteristics as well as excellent model fit. The one factorial structure of the original work of Belschner and colleagues (2000) could be replicated. Metric invariance could be shown for gender and age, partial scalar invariance could be only generated for gender. No metric or scalar invariance could be shown for federal state and denomination. Due to the good psychometric properties of the TPV-4R questionnaire it should be further analyzed in future research with other validated instruments that are measuring spiritual or religious attitudes. The new German short version, the TPV-4R, is an economic, reliable and valid questionnaire to measure spiritual attitudes.

A Comparability Analysis of Anxiety Scale For International Students’ Classifications: Invariance Across Gender, Status, and Students’ Current Degree

This study aimed to investigate the structure of the latent factor of an anxiety symptoms scale (Pudrovska et al., 2001) and the stability of invariance across groups of international students’ classifications (gender, students’ current degree, and students’ status). In the large, non-clinical sample (619), Saudi students as international students in the USA completed the anxiety symptom scale. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test the factor structure of the scale, and a multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) model was used to test stability of invariance across groups of students’ classifications. The findings of theCFA indicated support for the original one-factor model. Additional analyses of the MGCFA method support for the measurement (configural, metric and strong) invariant and practical invariant components of this model. There was an invariant across gender. The instrument appeared to measure the same constructs in both groups (male and female). However, there was partially invariant across groups of students’ current degree. The instrument appeared to measure the same constructs in both groups (undergraduate students and graduate students), except for Item 3. Moreover, there was partially invariant across groups of students’ status. The instrument appeared to measure the same constructs in both groups (single and married), except for Item 3 and 4.Given that this study is the first investigation for the structure of anxiety symptoms scale (Pudrovska et al., 2001), it will be important for future studies to replicate the findings.

Adaptation of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes

BackgroundSleep disturbance is a major health issue in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) has been the most widely used instrument to measure subjective sleep disturbance. Nevertheless, its factor structure in the context of T2DM has not been examined. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the factor structure of the PSQI in Chinese adults with T2DM and thereby to facilitate its use in clinical practice and research. MethodsThe PSQI (Chinese version) was administered to 240 patients with T2DM. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to examine the one-factor, adapted one-factor by removing the component “use of sleep medication”, and the three-factor structure of the PSQI. Goodness-of-fit indices were used to evaluate the fit of the model. Construct validity of the resultant model was further examined using contrasted groups. Cronbach's α of the resultant model was obtained to evaluate its internal consistency. ResultsThe three-factor model proposed by Cole et al. did not fit the sleep data. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the adapted one-factor model with the PSQI global score as an indicator of overall sleep quality, and the goodness-of-fit indices for the adapted model were better compared to the original one-factor model. As expected, women, older adults, and patients with poor glycemic control had higher adapted PSQI global score (p < 0.01). Cronbach's α of the adapted PSQI was 0.78. ConclusionThe adapted PSQI was similar to the original PSQI in that only the component “use of sleep medication” was removed from the original scale and the one-factor scoring worked better. In contrast, the three-factor model has limited usefulness in this population.

The validity of the Satisfaction with Life Scale in adolescents and a comparison with single-item life satisfaction measures: a preliminary study.

The validity of the life satisfaction measures commonly used among adults has been rarely examined in adolescent samples. The present research had two main goals: (1) to evaluate the structural validity of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) among adolescents and to test measurement invariance across gender; (2) to compare the criterion and convergent validity of the SWLS and single-item life satisfaction measures among adolescents. Three samples of Serbian adolescents were recruited for the present research. Study 1 (N=481, M age=17.01years) examined the structure of the SWLS via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and evaluated measurement invariance of the SWLS across gender by a multi-group CFA. Study 2 (N=283, M age=17.34years) and Study 3 (N=220, M age=16.73years) compared the convergent validity of the SWLS and single-item life satisfaction measures. The results of Study 1 supported the original one-factor model of the SWLS among adolescents and provided evidence for strong measurement invariance of the SWLS across gender. The findings of Study 2 and Study 3 showed that the SWLS and single-item measures were equally valid and strongly associated (r=.734 in Study 2 and r=.668 in Study 3). No substantial differences in correlations with school success and well-being indicators were found between the SWLS and single-item measures. Our findings support the use of the SWLS among adolescents and indicate that single-item life satisfaction measures perform as well as the SWLS in adolescent samples.

Factor structure of the Chinese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in breast cancer patients

ObjectiveThe Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is used extensively to assess subjective sleep disturbance in cancer populations. Although previous studies on the PSQI suggested a better fit for a two- or three-factor model than the original one-factor model, none accounted for the indicator-specific effect between sleep duration and habitual sleep efficiency. This study evaluated the PSQI’s dimensionality and its convergent validity with cancer-related psychopathological states in female breast cancer patients. MethodsThe PSQI was administered to 197 women with breast cancer. Confirmatory factor analysis examined the relative fit of one-, two-, three-, and revised one-factor models. The PSQI’s convergent validity was evaluated via bivariate correlations between the PSQI factor scores and measures of anxiety, depression, fatigue, pain, and quality of life. ResultsConfirmatory factor analyses showed an adequate fit for the revised one-factor model with the PSQI global score as the overall index of sleep disturbance. Although the revised one- and two-factor solutions showed statistically equivalent model fits, the one-factor model was selected due to utility reasons. The severity of sleep dysfunction that the PSQI global score represented was positively correlated with anxiety, depression, fatigue, pain, and reduced quality of life. ConclusionThe results support the PSQI’s original unidimensional structure, demonstrating that the PSQI global score is a valid and parsimonious measure for assessing and screening sleep dysfunction in cancer patients.

Factor structure of a Cantonese-version Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index

The objectives of this study were to translate, validate and test the factor structure of a Cantonese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Cantonese-PSQI) in support of its use among Cantonese-speaking Chinese in Hong Kong, southern China and Chinese immigrant communities in the West. The study involved Cantonese-speaking Chinese aged 45 or over in Hong Kong. A cross-sectional survey of 97 participants was firstly conducted to validate the Cantonese-PSQI. A second survey of 794 participants identified the best-fitted factor structure of the scale. Confirmatory factor analysis then functioned to develop and test a single-factor model, a two-factor model, and a three-factor model. The one-factor model turned out to be unacceptable due to its poor fit (L2 = 303.408, d.f. = 14, SRMR = 0.085; RMSEA = 0.161; CFI = 0.805). The three-factor model, despite its very good fit (L2 = 36.450, d.f. = 11, SRMR = 0.022; RMSEA = 0.054; CFI = 0.983), was unacceptable because of the extraordinarily high correlation (r = 0.928) between two of its three factors, namely the sleep quality factor and the daily disturbances factor. The two-factor model showed a good fit with the data of all the participants (L2 = 46.339, d.f. = 13, SRMR = 0.028; RMSEA = 0.057; CFI = 0.978), and with those of the middle-aged, the young-old and the old-old groups. The two-factor model of the Cantonese-PSQI characterized by sleep efficiency and sleep quality is therefore better than the original one-factor model and the three-factor model for measuring the sleep quality of middle-aged and older Cantonese-speaking Chinese.

Assessing the Psychometric Properties of the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale-Short Form in Mainland China

This investigation tested the psychometric properties of the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale-Short Form (ATSPPH-SF; Fisher and Farina [Journal of College Student Development, 36, 368–373, 1995]) in a sample of 338 Mainland Chinese college students. Using back-translation, the ATSPPH-SF was translated into simplified Chinese. Confirmatory factor analysis did not support the original one-factor model. Subsequently, exploratory factor analysis suggested a 7-item, two-factor model; however, the new factor structure yielded poor reliability coefficients, below .60. Results suggest that the help-seeking construct as operationalized by the ATSPPH-SF may not be valid for the Chinese population. The importance of designing indigenous instruments for help-seeking attitudes is discussed.

Structure validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in renal transplant recipients: A confirmatory factor analysis

The primary aim of this study was to fit and test the hypothesized three-factor model of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) reported by Cole (2006) in renal transplant (RTx) recipients. We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study using a convenience sample of home-dwelling RTx recipients, transplanted 6 months to 5 years prior to initiation of the study. Of the 135 RTx patients meeting the inclusion criteria, 29% were women with a mean age of 52 years (SD: 12; range: 21 to 76). The PSQI and a structured demographic questionnaire were mailed to the patients’ homes. We conducted a confirmatory factor analysis to fit and test a single-factor model proposed by Buysse (1989) as well as the Cole (2006) three-factor model. Confirmatory factor analysis provided weak empirical support for the three-factor model (c2 = 16.555, d.f. = 8, P < 0.0351; RMSEA = 0.089; WRMR = 0.492; CFI = 0.983). Post hoc exploration of the three-factor model indicated the inclusion of an additional path from sleep-medication items to the factor of sleep efficiency, which demon-strated an improved fit (x2 = 11.850, d.f. = 8, P = 0.408; RMSEA = 0.060; WRMR = 0.384; CFI = 0.992). Confirmatory factor analysis suggests that the three-factor model of the PSQI has a better fit than the original one-factor model, and the additional pathway may improve its fit. The three-factor model with the additional path should be tested in a new sample before use in RTx recipients.

Trait emotional intelligence and its relationships with problem behavior in Hong Kong adolescents

This study examines how trait emotional intelligence, as measured using the 33-item Emotional Intelligence Scale, is related to internalizing and externalizing problem behavior in 325 adolescents in Hong Kong. An item factor analysis yields four dimensions of emotional intelligence. This set of Chinese data, together with a dataset from the UK ( Petrides & Furnham, 2000), suggests the inadequacy of the original one-factor model in describing this type of intelligence. The female adolescents scored significantly higher in self-management of emotions and social skills, whereas no significant differences between genders were identified in awareness of others’ emotions and positive use of emotions. There was an inverse relationship between emotional intelligence and problem behavior. The self-management of emotions was negatively associated with all types of problem behavior, whereas social skills were related to aggression and delinquency. Regression analysis suggests that poor use of emotions may lead to higher levels of problem behavior, such as depression, aggression and delinquency, whereas a higher degree of self-management may lead to less anxiety. The implications of the findings for enhancing emotional intelligence and the limitations of this study are discussed.

Assessing Acceptance of Violence Toward Women

The Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence Scale (AIV) is a self-report inventory assessing beliefs about violence toward women. This study's purpose was to test the multidimensionality of the AIV. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on half a sample of 772 male participants and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the other half. EFA indicated a two-factor solution. Factors were labeled Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Violence. The CFA showed this model provided a good fit and was superior to the original one-factor model. Potential problems when using the single sum score and the applicability of the derived factor structure to violence research are discussed.