Original Description Research Articles

Diaphlebia richteri Bota-Sierra, 2015 is a junior synonym of Zonophora nobilis Belle, 1983 (Gomphidae: Odonata)

Diaphlebia richteri is shown to be a junior synonym of Zonophora nobilis. The confusion started by a generic misplacement due to the failure to observe the subalar carina spine which is present in Zonophora but not in Diaphlebia. Therefore, Z. nobilis is officially recorded for the first time in Colombia; we present a distribution map with the known localities for this rare Amazon species. Also, we made a comparison between our female specimens and the original description of the female from Cerro de la Neblina (Venezuela), including the first photographs of diagnostic characters of a female specimen.

Disjonction entre image et identité : histoire et actualité du signe du miroir

ObjectiveThis article focuses on the “mirror sign” as an element of psychiatric semiology. Considered as a prodrome of schizophrenia during its description between 1927 and 1930, the article aims to shed light on its contemporary relevance, particularly with regard to changes in society concerning the subject's relationship to their image as well as the relationship to identity or self. MethodAfter reviewing the history of the discovery and description of this sign, in order to shed light on its origins and on some essential elements, we take up the hypothesis of a link between a failure of the Lacanian “mirror stage” (stade du miroir) and the occurrence of the sign of the mirror. Links between original description, the frequency of body image disorders in psychosis, and the consequence of the mirror stage on symbolic identity are clarified. A few clinical fragments allow us to question the unfolding hypothesis. ResultsThe mirror sign appeared at the beginning of the 20th century as a prognosis for schizophrenia. Alienists linked it to homosexuality, then considered pathological. It appears today that the clinical class of the disorders that can be referred to this sign emerges essentially from a disjunction between body image and identity. This sign can be heuristically put into perspective with the Lacanian statement unpacked in “Le stade du miroir comme formateur de la fonction du Je,” and with the hypothesis that the psychotic structure also offers subjects the possibility of non-standard symptomatic responses. The sign of the mirror and the subjective responses that result from it shed light on what it is that some subjects seeking to create, by working on their image, on their body, a new identity, to respond to an initial perceived disjunction between image and identity. DiscussionIf the sign of the mirror inspires a large number of subjective responses aimed at modifying the body to make it conform to a new identity, and thereby carrying viable neo-identity solutions, it is not experienced without some discomfort in most cases. Nothing makes it possible to predict its future, and the therapeutic action is limited to identifying this sign and supporting the possible elaborations of the subjects who aspire to produce a conjunction between image and identity. ConclusionOne hundred years after its discovery, the mirror sign, is still an extremely relevant element of psychiatric semiology. It does not necessarily constitute a prodrome of schizophrenia, but it indicates a subjective difficulty in associating image with identity. The symptomatic response of the subject does not require the validation of the clinician; it is linked to a subjective malaise, which can be welcomed, whatever the outcome of this sign.

Taxonomic notes on Catasetum meeae (Orchidaceae: Catasetinae)

In this study we propose to treat Catasetum meeae and C. lendarium as conspecific based on distinctive features identified in the protologues of both species. We emphasize that C. meeae was never collected again after its description in the 1960s. Here we also invalidate the name C. lendarium because its original description is not in accordance with the Shenzhen Code. We provide a brief taxonomic discussion for the taxon, as well as photographs and information related to distribution and ecology. At this stage the species is evaluated as belonging to the Endangered (EN) category according to IUCN criteria.

Binary Extended Formulations and Sequential Convexification

A binarization of a bounded variable x is obtained via a system of linear inequalities that involve x together with additional variables [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text] so that the integrality of x is implied by the integrality of [Formula: see text]. A binary extended formulation of a mixed-integer linear set is obtained by adding to its original description binarizations of its integer variables. Binary extended formulations are useful in mixed-integer programming as imposing integrality on 0/1 variables rather than on general integer variables has interesting convergence properties and has been studied from both the theoretical and practical points of view. We study the behavior of binary extended formulations with respect to sequential convexification. In particular, given a binary extended formulation and one of its variables x, we study a parameter that measures the progress made toward enforcing the integrality of x via application of sequential convexification. We formulate this parameter, which we call rank, as the solution of a set-covering problem and express it exactly for the classic binarizations from the literature. Funding: M. Aprile and M. Di Summa are supported by the University of Padova [SID 2019 Grant C94I20000280005].

Revision of Neotropical Scelolabes Philippi (Diptera, Hybotidae, Ocydromiinae): two new species and a proposal of delimitation

Scelolabes, historically is a monotypic genus of Ocydromiinae (Hybotidae) that for a long time was not studied due to the absence of the type of the type species (Scelolabes bivittatus Philippi), which is probably lost or destroyed. In this context, we propose an updated diagnosis and redescription of the genus, based on specimens identified by experts and in agreement with the original description of Philippi (1865), as well as illustrating male and female terminalia for the first time. This serves as an aid to discuss and corroborate the status of Scelolabes in the Neotropical region as a genus distinct from Hoplopeza. In addition, two new species are described, and an identification key and a distribution map are provided to all the Neotropical species of the genus.

A morphological review of the jellyfish genus Nausithoe Klliker, 1853 (Nausithoideae, Coronatae, Scyphozoa, Cnidaria).

In this study we address the diversity of the scyphozoan jellyfish genus Nausithoe Klliker, 1853 (Nausithoidae, Coronatae), questioning the feasibility of using some characters of the medusa stage to identify species and filling in gaps concerning species of the genus and their distributions. Like most scyphozoans, the vast majority of the 21 Nausithoe species have a metagenetic life cycle, but similarity of most polyps within the genus highlights the need for studying morphology of the medusa stage. By analyzing morphological features on preserved and live specimens (polyps and medusae) and comparing these data with the original descriptions, we were able to validate twenty species of the group, providing new information for some of them.

Relationships and taxonomy of the genus Diponthus Stl (Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Romaleidae).

Diponthus Stl, one of the most diversified and widely distributed Romaleinae genera, is endemic to southern South America. This colorful grasshopper genus is placed within Romaleini and currently includes 16 valid species from a total of 22 nominal ones, most of them only known from their original descriptions. The aims of this study were to propose a morphology-based phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships among the species of Diponthus, and to conduct a taxonomic revision, including the description of four previously unknown species. Parsimony analysis of 79 morphological characters strongly recovered the monophyly of genus Diponthus, and Gurneyacris as its sister group. Internal clades within Diponthus were supported by external morphology and coloration patterns, while characters from male genitalia were shown to be more useful for species differentiation. Based on the results of the taxonomic review, Diponthus is constituted by 16 valid species, with the following nomenclatural changes proposed: Diponthus nigroconspersus (Stl) is considered a valid name; D. invidus Carl and D. bilineatus Rehn are synonymized under D. virgatus (Gerstaecker); Diponthus clarazianus Pictet & Saussure is synonymized under D. cribratus (Serville); D. paulista Rehn is synonymized under D. porphyreus (Gerstaecker); D. maculiferus (Walker) is synonymized under D. electus (Serville). New names are proposed for four undescribed species from Bolivia (D. colorbellus sp. nov. and D. dilatatus sp. nov.), Argentina (D. paranaensis sp. nov.) and Brazil (D. salvadorii sp. nov.).

Meeting the southern brothers: a revision of the Neotropical spider genus Hexapopha Platnick, Berniker & Vquez, 2014 (Araneae, Oonopidae).

The goblin spider genus Hexapopha Platnick, Berniker & Vquez, 2014 is revised. The four Costa Rican species recognized in the original description of the genus are re-diagnosed: H. reimoseri (Fage, 1938) (the type species), H. hone Platnick, Berniker & Vquez, 2014, H. osa Platnick, Berniker & Vquez, 2014 and H. jimenez Platnick, Berniker & Vquez, 2014. Two species recently transferred from Gamasomorpha Karsch, 1881 are redescribed: H. brasiliana (Bristowe, 1938), from southern Brazil, of which the male is described for the first time, and H. m-scripta (Birabn, 1954), from Argentina. Thirty-five new species are described from South America, elevating the total number of species to forty-one. Thirty three species are described from Brazil: H. una (, ), H. brescoviti (), H. peba (,), H. harveyi (,), H. fannesi (), H. erebai (), H. periclitata (,), H. delta (), H. tallitae (,), H. platnicki (,), H. santosi (,), H. rheimsae (), H. wangi (,), H. ruizi (), H. itabaiana (), H. ramirezi (), H. depleta (), H. gunma (), H. corniculata (,), H. egua (), H. izquierdoi (,), H. numerosa (,), H. baehrae (,), H. excavata (,), H. ubicki (,), H. quadraginta (,), H. ilhoa (,), H. marajoara (,), H. kropfi (,), H. caboquinho (), H. grismadoi (), H. manauara (,) and H. pantaneira (,). Two additional new species, H. pithecia (,) from Peru and H. sorkini (,) from Venezuela are also described. Species of Hexapopha are restricted to the Neotropical region, from Costa Rica to Northern Argentina. Brazil, where 85% of the species occur, harbors the highest species richness. A key and distribution maps are provided for all species.

Rediscovery of Forcipomyia (Trichohelea) opilionivora (Lane, 1947) (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) in Brazil after 75 years

The species Forcipomyia (Trichohelea) opilionivora (Lane, 1947) (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) was rediscovered in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 75 years after its original description. This study aimed to investigate the ectoparasitic relationship between F. (T.) opilionivora and its host and document its occurrence, which was recorded serendipitously during the collection of Opiliones (harvestmen) specimens in Parque Nacional do Itatiaia in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. After the collection, both specimens were subjected to photographic documentation and preserved for further examination. This study presents the first photographic record of the ectoparasitic relationship between F. (T.) opilionivora and a harvestman, shedding light on a poorly studied interaction. The host specimen was identified as a female of Holcobunus nigripalpis Roewer, 1910 (Opiliones, Sclerosomatidae), a gagrelline commonlyfound in the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil. Previous records of ectoparasitism between Ceratopogonidae and harvestmen were limited to the family level (Sclerosomatidae species, specifically Gagrellinae or Leiobuninae). However, no specific host species had been identified until now. The rediscovery of F. (T.) opilionivora, along with the identification of its host, addresses a significant gap in our knowledge regarding the biology and distribution of this species and provides valuable insights into the intricate relationships between biting midges and arachnids. This study emphasizes the need for further investigations into the biology of these ectoparasitic species and underscores the importance of documenting and studying lesser-known interactions within ecosystems.

New insights into Aspergillus guangdongensis (Aspergillaceae) and its first global record since the original description

Aspergillus guangdongensis was included in the Aspergillus section Ochraceorosei. A notable feature of this section is that the majority of the described species are recognized only from the type strain. A. guangdongensis accommodates only a single strain, and the intraspecific variation within this species has not been realized. In investigating fungi from soil and stored plant seeds, two isolates, namely, BCRC 32544 and BCRC 32546, were identified as A. guangdongensis newly recorded from Taiwan. This is the first global record since its original description. To the best of our knowledge, all known species of section Ochraceorosei have not been previously reported in Taiwan. Our study also involved the phylogenetic analyses based on four loci genes (ITS, BenA, CaM, and RPB2), as well as a comparison of cultural and morphological characteristics between strains of A. guangdongensis and among closely related species, revealing obvious intraspecific variability. Aspergillus spp. produce a diverse array of important secondary metabolites, which have motivated great interests in scientific research groups. Therefore, a brief summary of research articles on the metabolites produced by the related species within the series Funiculosi under the Aspergillus section Ochraceorosei have been presented in this study.

Rediscovery and range extension for Platyclarias machadoi Poll, 1977 (Siluriformes, Clariidae) in the Kwanza River, Angola

We report the first record of Platyclarias machadoi Poll, 1977 since its original description. This species was sampled by electrofishing in rapids on the Kwanza River upstream of Capanda Dam in Angola. Morphomet-ric and meristic data for the Kwanza River material were compared to published data from the Platyclarias type series. Osteology was compared between the Kwanza specimens and two Platyclarias paratypes using computed tomography (CT) scans. Prior to this discovery, the genus was known only from the Kwango River in Angola.

Detection of Meloidogyne graminicola (RRKN) in Kumaon region of the Indian Himalayas

Rice root-knot nematode (RRKN), Meloidogyne graminicola is a serious pest of rice (Oryza sativa L.) reported globally. In India, RRKN has been reported from various parts of the rice growing region and causing 17–30% yield loss. In the present study, RRKN population infesting rice growing region of Kumaon hills of Uttarakhand, Indian Himalayan region was isolated during 2019–20, characterized using integrative taxonomy by combining molecular analysis using ITS, morphology of male, juveniles, adult female and morphometry measurements of different stages. The data presented in the comparative analysis of morphometry parameters for Meloidogyne graminicola isolate from the Kumaon region of the Indian Himalayas, as compared to the original description by Golden and Birchfield (1965) from Louisiana, USA, reveals some differences in the morphological characteristics of adult females, adult males, and 2nd stage juveniles (J2) of M. graminicola. The ITS sequence from the present study appeared as a single clade between the Fujian isolate (KM111531.1) and the Brazilian M. graminicola isolate (KY962651). To our knowledge, this is the first authentic characterization and report of RRKN from the Hilly region of Uttarakhand state. The detection of M. graminicola in the mid Indian Himalayan region provides valuable information for further studies on the natural population dynamics and distribution patterns of this nematode species. The findings highlight the need for regular monitoring and surveillance of nematode populations in the region to better understand their distribution and potential impact on rice production.

New species and records in Phrynidius Lacordaire (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae).

Phrynidius Lacordaire, 1869, a genus of Mesoamerican distribution, is a group whose original taxonomic knowledge was generally limited, mainly due to the original descriptions not allowing for the adequate determination of its species. Recently, this knowledge was increased with the description of new species and the publication of a key to separate them. However, this knowledge is still incomplete, and there remain undescribed species deposited in different entomological collections. In this study, we update the taxonomic and distributional knowledge of the genus, and provide a new key to separate the species. Seven new species are described: P. poriferus sp. nov., from Honduras; P. skillmani sp. nov., from Guatemala; P. obrieni sp. nov., from Honduras; P. wibmeri sp. nov., from Mexico; P. pallifemoralis sp. nov., from Mexico; P. oaxacanensis sp. nov., from Mexico; P. guatemalensis sp. nov., from Guatemala. Phrynidius echinus Bates, 1880 is briefly redescribed and reported for the first time for the Guatemalan department of El Progreso. Phrynidius armatus Linsley, 1933 is excluded from the Nicaraguan fauna. Additionally, two new country records are reported: Phrynidius guifarroi Santos-Silva, Van Roie & Jocqu, 2021, from Guatemala; and P. nayaritensis Heffern, Nascimento & Santos-Silva, 2018, from Honduras.

"Oncocytoid Renal Cell Carcinomas After Neuroblastoma" Represent TSC -mutated Eosinophilic Solid and Cystic Renal Cell Carcinomas : Association With Prior Childhood Malignancy and Multifocality With Therapeutic Implications.

The concept of oncocytoid renal cell carcinoma in patients who have survived neuroblastoma as a distinct biologic entity has been controversial since its original description in 1999. This is in part because similar oncocytoid renal cell carcinomas have been described in association with other pediatric cancers, and also because other renal cell carcinoma subtypes (such as MiT family translocation renal cell carcinoma) have been described in children who have survived neuroblastoma. We identified an index case of a child who survived medulloblastoma and developed multifocal bilateral oncocytoid renal cell carcinomas with morphology and immunophenotype compatible with eosinophilic solid and cystic renal cell carcinoma (ESC RCC) and demonstrated that both neoplasms harbored distinctive mutations in the TSC1/TSC2 genes. Remarkably, the child's remaining bilateral multifocal renal neoplasms completely responded to MTOR inhibitor therapy without need for further surgery. To confirm our hypothesis that oncocytoid renal cell carcinomas after childhood cancer represent ESC RCC, we obtained formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks from 2 previously published cases of oncocytoid renal cell carcinoma after neuroblastoma, confirmed that the morphology and immunophenotype was consistent with ESC RCC, and demonstrated that both cases harbored somatic TSC gene mutations. Both expressed markers previously associated with neoplasms harboring TSC gene mutations, glycoprotein nonmetastatic B, and cathepsin K. Of note, one of these patients had 2 ESC RCC which harbored distinctive TSC2 mutations, while the background kidney of the other patient had multiple small cysts lined by similar oncocytoid cells which showed loss of TSC2 protein. We then reviewed 3 of 4 cases from the original 1999 report of oncocytoid renal cell carcinomas after neuroblastoma, found that all 3 demonstrated morphology (including basophilic cytoplasmic stippling) that is characteristic of ESC RCC, showed that all 3 overexpressed glycoprotein nonmetastatic B, and showed that both cases with adequate material demonstrated loss of TSC2 protein and expressed cytokeratin 20 and cathepsin K by immunohistochemistry. In summary, "oncocytoid renal cell carcinomas after neuroblastoma" represent ESC RCC which are often multifocal in patients who have survived childhood cancer, likely representing an incompletely characterized tumor predisposition syndrome. MTOR-targeted therapy represents an effective therapeutic option for such patients to preserve functional nephrons.

First Report of Heterodera zeae Koshy, Swarup & Sethi, 1971 (corn cyst Nematode) Infecting Corn (Zea mays) in Spain.

Heterodera zeae Koshy, Swarup & Sethi, 1971 (corn cyst nematode) is an important disease of corn in several areas of the world, including India, Nepal, Pakistan, Egypt, USA, Greece and Portugal (Subbotin et al., 2010). It is a sedentary semi-endoparasite feeding on corn roots and other Poaceae plants and has been associated with significant yield losses in corn (Subbotin et al., 2010). During autumn 2022 a plant-parasitic nematode survey performed in corn at central-western area of Spain (Talavera de la Reina, Toledo), revealed a commercial field with stunted plants. Nematodes were extracted from soil by centrifugal-flotation method (Coolen, 1979). Corn roots inspection detected infections by immature and mature cysts, and soil revealed also mature live cysts and second-stage juveniles (J2s) with a population density of 1010 eggs and J2s/500 cm3 soil (including eggs from cysts). J2s and cysts were processed to pure glycerine using De Grisse's (1969) method. DNA was isolated from single live fresh J2s specimens for amplifying and sequencing of cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COII) mitochondrial region using the primer pair species-specific H.Gly-COIIF_inFOR/P116F-1R (Riepsamen et al., 2011); D2 and D3 expansion domains of the 28S rRNA were amplified using the D2A/D3B primers (De Ley et al. 1999); internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region using primers TW81/AB28 (Subbotin et al., 2001); and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene was amplified using the primers JB3/JB5 (Bowles et al., 1992). Brown cysts were lemon-shaped with a protruding vulval cone with fenestra ambifenestrate, bullae prominent below underbridge and characteristically arranged in finger-like bullae (Fig. 1). J2 with slightly offset lip region (3-5 annuli), stylet strong with rounded stylet knobs, lateral field with four lines, and tail short and tapering conically. Measurements of cysts (n=10) included body length 559 (432-688) µm, body width 450 (340-522) µm, fenestral length 40 (36-43) µm, semifenestral width 19 (17-21) µm, and vulval slit 40 (35-44) µm. J2 measurements (n=10) included body length 477 (420-536) µm, stylet length 21 (20-22) µm, tail length 51 (47-56) µm, and tail hyaline region 23 (20-26) µm. Morphology and morphometrics of cysts and J2, fit with original description and others from several countries (Subbotin et al., 2010). Two J2s individuals were sequenced for COII region (OQ509010-OQ509011) showing 97.1-98.1% similarity with H. zeae from USA (HM462012). Six almost identical 28S rRNA sequences from J2s (OQ449649-OQ449654) were 99.2-99.4% similar to 28S rRNA sequences of H. zeae from Greece, Afghanistan and USA (GU145612, JN583885, DQ328695). Four identical ITS DNA fragments from J2s (OQ449655-OQ449658) were 97.0-97.8% similar to ITS sequences of H. zeae from Greece, and China (GU145616, MW785771, OP692770). Finally, six COI sequences of 400 bp obtained for J2s (OQ449699-OQ449704) were under 87% similarity to several COI sequences of Heterodera spp. in NCBI, being a new molecular barcoding for identifying this species. On the basis of these results, the cyst nematodes isolated from the corn plants from the central-western area of Spain (Talavera de la Reina, Toledo) were confirmed as H. zeae and up to our knowledge it is the first report in Spain. This is a well-known pest of corn, causing important losses in this crop (Subbotin et al., 2010) and it was previously regulated as a quarantine nematode in the Mediterranean region (EPPO).

Redescription of Brevimulticaecum baylisi () (Nematoda: Heterocheilidae), a parasite of Caiman crocodilus (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae) in the north-eastern Peruvian Amazon.

Caiman crocodilus is among the most abundant and widely distributed predators in the Neotropical region. These animals consume prey such as crustaceans, birds, small mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and fish, which can carry infective larval forms of nematodes. Brevimulticaecum has few studies on its morphology available, lacking detailed images. Therefore, the aim of this study was to redescribe Brevimulticaecum baylisi, stomach parasite of Caiman crocodilus, from subsistence hunting in the Yavari-Mirin River, Peruvian Amazon, using light and scanning electron microscopy. Four caimans were analyzed, and, macroscopically, all had ulcerative lesions in the stomach caused by this parasite. Histopathology showed an inflammatory infiltrate with a predominance of lymphocytes. Morphological characteristics of nematodes include the presence of three diamond-shaped lips wider than they are long, interlabia pyramidal, excretory pore located above the nerve ring, present intestinal cecum, ventriculus with five ventricular appendages, and long, winged spicules. These morphological characters, added to the number and distribution of the pre- and postcloacal papillae of the male specimens, allowed the identification of these parasites as B. baylisi. Scanning electron microscopy of these nematodes showed the presence of a dentigerous ridge on the inner surface of the lips in both sexes, while in males, the presence of a horseshoe-shaped median papilla was observed on the upper lip of the cloaca. Our research, therefore, adds these characteristics to the original description of B. baylisi, in addition to expanding the biogeographical distribution of this parasite.

Hiding in the Arctic and in mountains: a (dis)entangled classification of Claxtonia (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae)

Abstract Numerous evolutionary lineages representing an armoured, limno-terrestrial family Echiniscidae are restricted to high mountainous or polar localities, exhibiting clear cold stenothermic preferences. One such group is the genus Claxtonia, with its type species Claxtonia wendti, originally described from Svalbard and later on reported globally. In this paper, we re-describe this taxon by establishing the neotype from Spitsbergen. We sequenced five genetic markers (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, ITS-1, ITS-2, and COI) for multiple populations of Claxtonia, including C. mauccii, C. molluscorum, C. wendti, and several potentially new species, collected in the Alps, Andes, Carpathians, Scotland, Iceland, Southern Appalachians, Spitsbergen, Scandinavian Peninsula, Borneo, and the West Indies. The relationships between these species are elucidated thanks to the phylogenetic reconstructions based on nuclear loci. Various Claxtonia species frequently co-occur in mosses and lichens, which hampers delineating their probable geographic ranges. All historical records of C. wendti are questioned in the light of our revision. Delineation of new species within the genus is nipped in the bud due to numerous problems with original species descriptions, unknown intraspecific (including ontogenetic) variability, and the lack of DNA barcodes. Finally, it is hypothesized that Claxtonia potentially comprises two lineages: a cold-stenothermic one and a thermophilic subtropical–tropical one.

First Report of Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne enterolobii on Antirrhinum majus in China.

Antirrhinum majus L. is a medicinal and ornamental herb commonly grown in China. In October 2022, A. majus plants were observed stunted in growth with yellowish leaves and containing a large number of galls on roots in a field in Nanning, Guangxi, China (N22°47'23.35″, E108°23'4.26). Ten samples were collected randomly from rhizosphere soil and roots of A. majus. Second-stage juveniles (J2) were isolated from fresh soil with a Baermann funnel, and a mean of 36 ± 2.9 per 500 cm3 of soil was recorded. Gall roots were dissected using a microscope, where 2+ 0.42 males per sample were recovered. The species was determined to be Meloidogyne enterolobii based on morphological characteristics, including the female perineal pattern, and DNA studies. Female perineal patterns and morphometric data were similar to the original description of M. enterolobii Yang and Eisenback 1983 from Enterolobium contortisilquum (Vell.) Morong in China (Yang and Eisenback 1983). The measurements of males (n = 10) included body length, 1600.7 ± 55.32 (1421.3 to 1924.3) µm; body diameter = 41.3 ± 0.80 (37.8 to 45.4) µm, stylt length = 20.5 ± 0.40 (19.1 to 22.2) µm, spicules length = 30.0 ± 0.47 (28.2 to 32.0) µm and DGO = 4.5 ± 0.3 (3.8 to 5.2) µm. Measurements of J2 (n = 20) included body length, 441.9 ± 5.42 (403.2 to 493.3) µm; body diameter = 16.6 ± 0.30 (14.4 to 8.7) µm, a = 26.8 ± 0.54 (21.9 to 31.2), c = 8.7 ± 0.27 (6.4 to 10.8), stylet length = 12.6 ± 0.17 (11.2 to 14.3) µm, DGO = 3.8 ± 0.10 (2.9 to 4.8) µm, tail length = 51.6 ± 1.27 (42.3 to 63.1) µm and hyaline tail terminus length = 11.7 ± 0.15 (10.2 to 13.1) µm. These morphological characteristics are similar to the original description of M. enterolobii (Yang and Eisenback 1983). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on A. majus 'Taxiti' plants directly germinated from seeds in a 10.5-cm-diameter pot filled with 600 ml of sterilized peat moss/sand (1:1, v/v) soil in the glasshouse. After 1 week, fifteen plants were inoculated with 500 J2/pot (nematode culture collected from the original field) and five uninoculated plants served as a control. After 45 days, aboveground parts of all inoculated plants showed symptoms similar to those observed in the field. No symptoms were observed on control plants. The RF value of the inoculated plants was determined by the method of Belair and Benoit (1996) 60 days after inoculation, and the average was 14.65. J2 were used in this test and sequenced on 28S rRNA-D2/D3, ITS, COII -16SrRNA 3 region and confirmed to be M. enterolobii. Species identification was confirmed by using polymerase chain reaction primers D2A/D3B (De Ley et al. 1999), F194/5368r (Ferris et al. 1993), C2F3/1108 (Powers and Harris, 1993). The sequences obtained GenBank accession numbers OP897743 (COII), OP876758 (rRNA) and OP876759 (ITS) were 100% similar to other M. enterolobii populations from China (MN269947), (MN648519) and (MT406251). M. enterolobii is a highly pathogenic species and has been reported in vegetables, ornamental plants, guava (Psidium guajava L.), and weeds in China, Africa and America (Brito et al. 2004; Xu et al. 2004; Yang and Eisenback 1983). The medicinal plant Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis was also infected by M. enterolobii in China (Lu et al. 2019). Of concern is its ability to develop on crop genotypes carrying RKN resistance genes in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.), and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Consequently, this species was added to the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization A2 Alert List in 2010. This is the first natural infection report of M. enterolobii in Guangxi, China on the medicinal and ornamental herb A. majus. Acknowledgments This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31860492), Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi (2020GXNSFAA297076), and Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences Fund, China (2021YT062, 2021JM14, 2021ZX24).

МАЛЬФОРМАЦИЯ КИАРИ. КРАТКИЙ ОБЗОР ПАТОЛОГИИ И ИСТОРИЯ ОТКРЫТИЯ

Chiari malformation is a congenital anomaly of the hindbrain and is characterized by descent of the cerebellar tonsils into the foramen magnum with compression of the medulla oblongata and the development of specific neurological symptoms. The whole concept of these malformations arose towards the end of the 19th century from the original descriptions by the German pathologist, Professor Hans Chiari (1851–1916), of changes in the cerebellum resulting from cerebral hydrocephalus. He also classified Arnold-Chiari malformations into 4 types. The aim of this study was reviewing of the literature and discussion of the anatomical forms, classification and history of the discovery of Chiari malformation.

Revision of Megalothoraxincertus Börner, 1903 reveals it to be another widespread Palearctic species of the genus (Collembola, Neelidae).

Megalothoraxincertus Börner, 1903 is the second species of Megalothorax to have been discovered. The brevity of the original description left the species insufficiently defined. In this work, we redescribe M.incertus from topotypes (Sicily) and describe a new species of the incertus-group: M.boerneri sp. nov. (France). We report the presence of M.incertus sensu nov. in France and Russia and validate a previous record from China based on molecular data. New records are also provided for a third species of the incertus-group, M.perspicillum Schneider & D'Haese, 2013. Novel DNA data (28S rDNA, 16S rDNA, COI) are provided for the three species. The interactive key of the Megalothorax species of the world is updated. The three species are distinguished on subtle morphological characteristics and are found to be well-separated on the molecular based phylogenetic tree. Megalothoraxincertus sensu nov. joins M.perspicillum, M.minimus Willem, 1900 and M.willemi Schneider & D'Haese, 2013 in the club of widespread Megalothorax species in the Palearctic, and can be found in co-occurrence with them. Thus, the ecological distinction between those species remains unprecise.