Original De Research Articles

On the Thermomechanics of Hadrons and Their Mass Spectrum

A little-known thermomechanical relation between entropy and action, originally discovered by Boltzmann in the classical domain, was later reconsidered by de Broglie in relation to the wave–particle duality in the free propagation of single particles. In this paper, we present a version adapted to the phenomenological description of the hadronization process. The substantial difference with respect to the original de Broglie scheme is represented by the universality of the temperature at which the process occurs; this, in fact, coincides with the Hagedorn temperature. The main results are as follows: (1) a clear connection between the universality of the temperature and the existence of a confinement radius of the color forces; (2) a lower bound on the hadronic mass, represented by the universal temperature, in agreement with experimental data; and (3) a scale invariance, which allows the reproduction of the well-known hadronic mass spectrum solution of the statistical bootstrap model. The approach therefore presents a heuristic interest connected to the study of the strong interaction.

An adaptive differential evolution algorithm to solve the multi-compartment vehicle routing problem: A case of cold chain transportation problem

This research paper introduces an adaptive differential evolution algorithm (ADE algorithm) designed to address the multi-compartment vehicle routing problem (MCVRP) for cold chain transportation of a case study of twentyeight customers in northeastern Thailand. The ADE algorithm aims to minimize the total cost, which includes both the expenses for traveling and using the vehicles. In general, this algorithm consists of four steps: (1) The first step is to generate the initial solution. (2) The second step is the mutation process. (3) The third step is the recombination process, and the final step is the selection process. To improve the original DE algorithm, the proposed algorithm increases the number of mutation equations from one to four. Comparing the outcomes of the proposed ADE algorithm with those of LINGO software and the original DE based on the numerical examples In the case of small-sized problems, both the proposed ADE algorithm and other methods produce identical results that align with the global optimal solution. Conversely, for larger-sized problems, it is demonstrated that the proposed ADE algorithm effectively solves the MCVRP in this case. The proposed ADE algorithm is more efficient than Lingo software and the original DE, respectively, in terms of total cost. The proposed ADE algorithm, adapted from the original, proves advantageous for solving MCVRPs with large datasets due to its simplicity and effectiveness. This research contributes to advancing cold chain logistics with a practical solution for optimizing routing in multi-compartment vehicles.

Improved thermal conductivity parameterization of SHAW model in permafrost regions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Soil thermal conductivity is critical for determining the hydrological and energy transfer processes in permafrost regions and simulating hydrological and thermal dynamic processes with land surface models. In this study, improved thermal conductivity parameterizations of the Simultaneous Heat and Water model (SHAW) were assessed using observation data from permafrost regions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). The results indicated that the SHAW could precisely describe soil hydrological and thermal processes at the Tanggula (TGL) site. In general, the performances of Johansen's, Luo's, and the ORCHIDEE-MICT model's soil organic matter (SOM) parameterizations were superior to the original De Vries's parameterization. The SOM parameterization performed the best. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the active layer's soil temperature was 0.42 °C lower than that of the original parameterization at the Xidatan (XDT) site and 0.2 °C lower at the TGL site. In particular, the RMSE of the soil temperature at 3 m depth at TGL was 0.8 °C lower than that of the original parameterization. The average Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) for simulating the active layer soil temperature using the SOM parameterization was 0.915 at TGL site and 0.806 at XDT site. While De Vries parameterization yielded average NSE values of 0.771 and 0.627 for soil temperature simulations at the two sites, respectively. The results indicate that the soil organic carbon cannot be ignored in the simulation of hydrological and thermal processes in permafrost areas with a high soil organic carbon content. Notably, the simulated soil temperatures during the freezing period and the soil liquid water content during the thawing period improved significantly after modifying the thermal conductivity parameterization of SHAW. Therefore, the revised SHAW more accurately reflects the water and heat transfer processes of permafrost and can be used to analyze land-atmosphere interactions.

Higher-order de Branges–Rovnyak and sub-Bergman spaces

The sub-Bergman spaces are de Branges–Rovnyak subspaces of Bergman space A2 defined by the contraction Tb or Tb⁎ for an analytic symbol b. The fact that both Tb and Tb⁎ are 2-hypercontractions on A2 leads to the introduction of a new type of sub-Bergman spaces, which will be called higher-order sub-Bergman spaces. We show these new spaces are different and yet connected in a nice way with the sub-Bergman spaces. The close relationship of these new spaces to the original de Branges–Rovnyak subspaces of the Hardy spaces is also explored. A similar study is conducted on weighted Bergman spaces Aα2 where both Tb and Tb⁎ are [α+2]-hypercontractions.

An Improved Differential Evolution Algorithm for Numerical Optimization Problems

The differential evolution algorithm has gained popularity for solving complex optimization problems because of its simplicity and efficiency. However, it has several drawbacks, such as a slow convergence rate, high sensitivity to the values of control parameters, and the ease of getting trapped in local optima. In order to overcome these drawbacks, this paper integrates three novel strategies into the original differential evolution. First, a population improvement strategy based on a multi-level sampling mechanism is used to accelerate convergence and increase the diversity of the population. Second, a new self-adaptive mutation strategy balances the exploration and exploitation abilities of the algorithm by dynamically determining an appropriate value of the mutation parameters; this improves the search ability and helps the algorithm escape from local optima when it gets stuck. Third, a new selection strategy guides the search to avoid local optima. Twelve benchmark functions of different characteristics are used to validate the performance of the proposed algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm performs significantly better than the original DE in terms of the ability to locate the global optimum, convergence speed, and scalability. In addition, the proposed algorithm is able to find the global optimal solutions on 8 out of 12 benchmark functions, while 7 other well-established metaheuristic algorithms, namely NBOLDE, ODE, DE, SaDE, JADE, PSO, and GA, can obtain only 6, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, and 1 functions, respectively. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2023-04-02-014 Full Text: PDF

On a Conjecture of De Giorgi About the Phase-Field Approximation of the Willmore Functional

In 1991 De Giorgi conjectured that, given lambda >0, if mu _varepsilon stands for the density of the Allen-Cahn energy and v_varepsilon represents its first variation, then int [v_varepsilon ^2 + lambda ] dmu _varepsilon should Gamma -converge to clambda {text {Per}}(E) + k mathcal {W}(Sigma ) for some real constant k, where {text {Per}}(E) is the perimeter of the set E, Sigma =partial E, mathcal {W}(Sigma ) is the Willmore functional, and c is an explicit positive constant. A modified version of this conjecture was proved in space dimensions 2 and 3 by Röger and Schätzle, when the term int v_varepsilon ^2 , dmu _varepsilon is replaced by int v_varepsilon ^2 {varepsilon }^{-1} dx, with a suitable k>0. In the present paper we show that, surprisingly, the original De Giorgi conjecture holds with k=0. Further properties of the limit measures obtained under a uniform control of the approximating energies are also provided.

TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS IN THE 17th CENTURY BASED ON THE ORIGINAL WORK DE PHTHISI (ON TUBERCULOSIS) FROM 1679

Galen was the first who defined phthisis as lung ulceration, accompanied by coughing, persistent low-grade fevers, and body wasting. Attempts to define tuberculosis and find the cause of the disease belong to significant errors in the period of medical theories about tuberculosis (TB). Even in the 17th century, the most common causes of this disease were pulmonary ulcers, incorrect shape and position of the lungs, or menstruation. This article endeavors to elucidate the history of TB and its therapy in the 17th century on the basis of the Latin inaugural academic disputation De phthisi (On Tuberculosis) from 1679, which was first translated into Slovak in 2021. It was written by Matthaeus Palumbini, a Hungarian physician of Slovak origin born in Turiec County (Comitatus Thurociensis) in the Kingdom of Hungary. Although this dissertation is due to the anatomical, physiological, and clinical views of the Early Modern period, the ideas about the disease inhalation route as well as the fact that the disease transmission happens indirectly through the air, are close to existing knowledge. Similarly, the TB classification, the description of indications, climatic treatment, or principles of healthy lifestyle surprisingly correlate with the current medical practice. The article is supplemented by examples of the period of drug prescriptions that constituted a part of the therapy. The archival source of the original text comes from the Digitale Sammlungen der Universitätsbibliothek Erlangen-Nürnberg.

Revision of the Nitzschia sigma complex (Bacillariophyta), a frequent cosmopolitan species in disguise with the description of two new species

ABSTRACT The original material of four taxa in the Nitzschia sigma complex has been studied and revised based on light and scanning electron microscopy observations. Nitzschia sigma, in this paper lectotypified based on the original Kützing drawing and epitypified using original de Brébisson material from Courseulles (Calvados, France), is a large marine-brackish species with a distinct striation pattern and structure. Several of the studied taxa, originally considered as varieties of N. sigma, showed sufficient morphological differences to be raised to species level or be described as new species, due to nomenclatorial issues. Nitzschia rigidula (Grunow) stat. nov., a freshwater species, originally described as N. sigma var. rigidula from the region around Brussels (Belgium) is the smallest of the new taxa. Analysis of another, former N. sigma-variety, proved to be based on an illegitimate, superfluous Kützing taxon, showed that two independent species were included under the same name, N. sigma var. rigida, that are described in this paper as two new, brackish to freshwater species: Nitzschia neorigida sp. nov. and N. pararigida sp. nov. All species are morphologically characterised and illustrated and their ecological preferences based on the associated diatom flora in the samples, are better defined.

Naming, relocating and dating the woods of Notre-Dame “forest”, first results based on collated data and archaeological surveys of the remains

The tragic fire of Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris on April 15th 2019 has provided researchers with a wide variety of materials to study. The condition of the framework remains does not allow any reuse, which creates an unprecedented opportunity to study the charred pieces of the frame: about 10,000 for the highest estimates. But upstream from the wooden items study, an inventory is required to establish methods that are consistent with the potential of the charred remains of the cathedral's framework. The purpose of this article is therefore to present the problems raised, the methods applied, the potential of the remains of the n-dame's frame - so called the "forest" - and the first results.

Self-Legislating Machines: What can Kant Teach Us about Original Intentionality?

Abstract In this paper, I attempt to address a fundamental challenge for machine intelligence: to understand whether and how a machine’s internal states and external outputs can exhibit original non-derivative intentionality. This question has three aspects. First, what does it take for a machine to exhibit original de dicto intentionality? Second, what does it take to exhibit original de re intentionality? Third, what is required for the machine to defer to the external objective world by respecting the word-to-world direction of fit? I attempt to answer the first challenge by providing a constitutive counts-as understanding of de dicto intentionality. This analysis involves repurposing Kant’s vision of a self-legislating agent as a specification of a machine that reprograms itself. I attempt to answer the second and third challenges by extending Kant’s synchronic model of de dicto intentionality with Brandom’s interpretation of Hegel’s diachronic model of de re intentionality, using Hegel’s notion of recollection to provide an understanding of what is involved in achieving deference to the external world.

Erratum to ‘Naming, relocating and dating the woods of Notre-Dame “forest”, first results based on collated data and archaeological surveys of the remains’ [Journal of Cultural Heritage Volume 56C (July-August 2022) 75-84

• A survey in terms of meaning and witness: identify, give a name, and even replace wooden pieces in the original Notre-Dame de Paris's framework using digital resources. • 3D restitution is helpful to create precise wood volume estimations. • First results of dendrochronology enable the phasing of the different parts of the Notre-Dame's frameworks. • The relocated remains dating will confirm or overturn archaeological hypothesis and allow wood resources studies. The tragic fire of Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris on April 15 th 2019 has provided researchers with a wide variety of materials to study. The condition of the framework remains does not allow any reuse, which creates an unprecedented opportunity to study the charred pieces of the frame: about 10,000 for the highest estimates. But upstream from the wooden items study, an inventory is required to establish methods that are consistent with the potential of the charred remains of the cathedral's framework. The purpose of this article is therefore to present the problems raised, the methods applied, the potential of the remains of the n-dame's frame - so called the "forest" - and the first results.

Translation: History (Geschichte)

J.F. Herbart is a philosopher whose ideas were very influential in many countries, including the USA, until the first quarter of the 20th century, in fields such as educational sciences, teaching methods, social psychology, teacher training, and he transferred the German spirit beyond the continents with his works on education. His writings on history teaching present the approaches of German teachers in the early 19th century as well as his own opinions. In the comments of the leading American Herbartian Charles De Garmo, the differences between German and American history teaching, the equivalents of the approaches in German education in American education, and the differences between the narrative and textbook method of teaching were described. It proposes two different approaches to history teaching by introducing different aspects of these methods. De Garmo was awarded his doctorate from the Herbartians in Germany. As the first president of the "National Herbart Society for the Scientific Study of Education", organized in 1895 "to study and investigate and discuss important problems of education", he pioneered the dissemination of Herbart's ideas in the USA. The original text of this article, which belongs to Johann Friedrich Herbart, includes the part about history teaching of his famous book "Umriß pädagogischer Vorlesungen", published in 1835, on the teaching of different branches. Kehrbach's facsimile was taken as the basis for this part of the translation from German to Turkish. In Herbart's text, the numbering in this edition is followed and added at the end of the paragraphs. The paragraphs given in italics in the sub-texts in addition to the translation presented are the translations of De Garmo’s comments added to the English translation of this Herbart’s book in 1904 under the name "Outlines of Educational Doctrine" by Alexis F. Lange. In this respect, Herbart's own writings were translated from the German original version and De Garmo's comments were translated from his English script.

Improved scaling law for the prediction of deuterium retention in beryllium co-deposits

Hydrogen isotope co-deposition with Be eroded from the first wall is expected to be the main fusion fuel retention mechanism in ITER. Since good fuel accounting is crucial for economic and safety reasons, reliable predictions of hydrogen isotope retention are needed. This study builds upon the well-established empirical De Temmerman scaling law De Temmerman et al (2008 Nucl. Fusion 48 075008) that predicts D/Be ratios in co-deposited layers based on deposition temperature, deposition rate, and deuterium particle energy. Expanding the data used in the original development of the scaling law with an additional dataset obtained with more recent measurements using a different technique to the original De Temmerman approach, allows us to obtain new values for free parameters and improve the prediction capabilities of the new scaling law. In an effort to improve the model even further, scaling with D2 background pressure was included and a new two-term model derived, describing D retention in low- and high-energy traps separately.

Sad Presentiments


 
 
 Goya completed Los Desastres de la Guerra during the Peninsular War (1808 to 1814), soon after Napoleon’s brutal occupation of Spain, which sparked a popular uprising among the Spaniards and violent repression by the French. The full title for the series was Fatales consequencias de la sangrienta guerra con Buonaparte. Y otros caprichos enfáticos en 85 estampas. Inventadas, dibuxadas, y grabadas por el pintor original D. Francisco de Goya y Lucientes. (translated: Fatal consequences of the bloody war with Buonaparte, and other emphatic inventions in 85 prints. Invented, drawn, and engraved by the original painter Francisco de Goya y Lucientes). The artist may have initially held Bonapartist sympathies, admiring the liberal vision for a more egalitarian world. Goya became thoroughly disillusioned, however, as he observed the depredations, domination, and systematized violence inflicted by the invading French as Napoleon installed his own brother on the Spanish throne.
 There are very few precedents for this wrenching level of graphic depiction of war, notably the 18 etchings circa 1633 of Les Misères et les Malheurs de la Guerre (The Miseries and Misfortunes of War) of Jacques Callot, a set that was widely circulated. Goya echoes the format of Callot’s print cycle in placing text beneath graphic depictions of atrocities and executions, but Callot’s images seem remote, historic narrative, whereas Goya’s grisly scenes ard brought to the forefront, producing immediate, visceral reactions. They are impossible to look at without feeling abhorrence and revulsion, their impact undiminished even now in an era where violent, horrific, uncensored images can be transmitted virtually instantly around the world (and we see the murder of George Floyd in nearly real time).
 
 

Optimization of steel roof trusses using machine learning-assisted differential evolution

A steel truss is a preferred solution in large-span roof structures due to its good attributes such as lightweight, durability. However, designing steel trusses is a challenging task for engineers due to a large number of design variables. Recently, optimization-based design approaches have demonstrated the great potential to effectively support structural engineers in finding the optimal designs of truss structures. This paper aims to use the AdaBoost-DE algorithm for optimizing steel roof trusses. The AdaBoost-DE employed in this study is a hybrid algorithm in which the AdaBoost classification technique is used to enhance the performance of the Differential Evolution algorithm by skipping unnecessary fitness evaluations during the optimization process. An example of a duo-pitch steel roof truss with a span of 24 meters is carried out. The result shows that the AdaBoost-DE achieves the same optimal design as the original DE algorithm, but reduces the computational cost by approximately 36%.

Modifying the Models of Calcium Dynamics in Astrocytes by Ryanodine Release

The influence of ryanodine channels on the cytosole Ca2+ dynamics was studied. We added the equations for ryanodine receptors and voltage-gated calcium channels into the original De Pitta et al. model of Ca2+. The derived model was shown to have significantly wider range of predictions: we derived the frequency of cytosole calcium spontaneous oscillations (which are absent in the original De Pitta et al. model) for various existing models of Ca2+ signalling in astrocytes. Particularly, the initial De Pitta et al. results can be converted to either Lavrentovich and Hemkin model or in the Dupont et al model predictions. The absence of the Ca2+ oscillations in astrocytes with the active ryanodine channels only was recently reported. This behaviour can be achieved in our model predictions for the certain values of parameters, which are supposedly responsible for the bifurcation landscape between the oscillatory and non-oscillatory dynamics of cytosol Ca2+ in astrocytes. We also investigated the interplay between the spontaneous and glutamate-triggered oscillations.

De Branges Type Lemma and Approximation in Weighted Spaces

The purpose of this paper is to give some generalizations of de Branges Lemma for weighted spaces to obtain different approximation theorems in weighted spaces for algebras, vector subspaces or convex cones. We recall that the (original) de Branges Lemma (Proc Am Math Soc 10(5):822–824, 1959) was demonstrated for continuous scalar function on a compact space while, the weighted spaces are classes of continuous scalar functions on a locally compact space (e.g. the space of function with compact support, the space of bounded functions, the space of functions vanishing at infinity, the space of functions rapidly decreasing at infinity).

A comparison between two de Rham complexes in diffeology

There are two de Rham complexes in diffeology. The original one is due to Souriau and the other one is the singular de Rham complex defined by a simplicial differential graded algebra. We compare the first de Rham cohomology groups of the two complexes within the Čech–de Rham spectral sequence by making use of the factor map which connects the two de Rham complexes. As a consequence, it follows that the singular de Rham cohomology algebra of the irrational torus $T_\theta$ is isomorphic to the tensor product of the original de Rham cohomology and the exterior algebra generated by a non-trivial flow bundle over $T_\theta$.

On the Finite Time Blowup of the De Gregorio Model for the 3D Euler Equations

AbstractWe present a novel method of analysis and prove finite time asymptotically self‐similar blowup of the De Gregorio model [13, 14] for some smooth initial data on the real line with compact support. We also prove self‐similar blowup results for the generalized De Gregorio model [41] for the entire range of parameter on ℝ or for Hölder‐continuous initial data with compact support. Our strategy is to reformulate the problem of proving finite time asymptotically self‐similar singularity into the problem of establishing the nonlinear stability of an approximate self‐similar profile with a small residual error using the dynamic rescaling equation. We use the energy method with appropriate singular weight functions to extract the damping effect from the linearized operator around the approximate self‐similar profile and take into account cancellation among various nonlocal terms to establish stability analysis. We remark that our analysis does not rule out the possibility that the original De Gregorio model is well‐posed for smooth initial data on a circle. The method of analysis presented in this paper provides a promising new framework to analyze finite time singularity of nonlinear nonlocal systems of partial differential equations. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Distribution rules of systematic absences and generalized de Wolff figures of merit applied to electron backscatter diffraction ab initio indexing

A new method for electron backscatter diffraction ab initio indexing is reported that adopts several methods originally invented for powder indexing. Distribution rules of systematic absences and error-stable Bravais lattice determination are used to eliminate the negative influence of non-visible bands and erroneous information from visible bands. In addition, generalized versions of the de Wolff figures of merit are proposed as a new sorting criterion for the obtained unit-cell parameters, which can be used in both orientation determination and ab initio indexing from Kikuchi patterns. Computational results show that the new figures of merit work well, similar to the original de Wolff Mn . The ambiguity of the indexing solutions is also pointed out, which happens in particular for low-symmetry cells and may generate multiple distinct solutions even if very accurate positions of band centre lines and the projection centre are given. It is supposed that this is the reason why indexing was successful in an orthorhombic case but not in a triclinic cell.