Original Appearance Research Articles

The Ketone-Based Varnish Removal from an Oil Painting by Wassily Kandinsky: Comparison and Assessment of Cleaning Methods Through Preliminary Test on Mock-Ups and Multi-Analytical Investigation

This paper presents the removal of a non-original varnish from the surface of a painting by Wassily Kandinsky based on prior experimentation carried out on mock-ups, which were made according to the original artistic technique and painting stratigraphy. Due to a generally serious state of conservation, the artwork underwent several treatments over the years that have changed its original appearance. This work focused on the study and characterization of the ketone-based varnish present on the surface to outline how this non-original film layer interacted with paint layers and increased deterioration phenomena. Aiming to identify the most suitable approach for the artwork, some preliminary cleaning tests were made on artificially aged mock-ups. A multi-analytical investigation was carried out through non-invasive and invasive techniques to support all steps of the conservation treatment. By comparing cleaning results on mock-ups, a suitable protocol was developed and applied to the original painting. The best results were obtained by using the Nanorestore Gel® Dry MWR (Medium Water Retention) with ethanol. The project has shown that the dissolving power of the solvent can effectively be controlled and limited at the surface by confining it to the nanostructure of the gel, thus minimizing the risk of interaction with the original paint layers.

Laboratory X-ray powder micro-diffraction in the research of painted artworks

Painted artworks represent a significant group of cultural heritage artifacts, which are primarily admired because of their aesthetic quality. Nevertheless, the value of each particular painting depends also on what is known about it. Material investigation of paintings is one of the most reliable sources of information. Materials in painted artworks (i.e. panel, easel and miniature paintings, wall paintings, polychromed sculptures etc.) represent an extensive set of inorganic and organic phases, which are often present in complicated mixtures and exhibit characteristics reflecting their geological genesis (mineral pigments), manufacturing technology (artificial pigments), diverse biological nature (binders or dyes) or secondary changes (degradation or intentional later interventions). The analyses of paintings are often made challenging by the heterogeneous nature and minute size of micro-samples or, in some cases, even by the impossibility of sampling due to the preciousness, fragility or small dimensions of the artwork. This review demonstrates the successful implementation of laboratory X-ray powder micro-diffraction for material investigation of paintings, illustrating its efficiency for mineralogical analysis of (i) earth-based materials indicating the provenance of paintings, (ii) copper-based pigments pointing to their origin, and (iii) products of both salt corrosion and saponification enabling one to reveal the deterioration and probable original appearance of artworks.

Microwave enhanced carbon dots synthesis from eggshell membrane: Versatile applications in heavy metal ion sensing, strain free detection of fingerprints, UV shielding, food packing and anti-counterfeiting

In this study, a one-step microwave irradiation process combined with a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution allowed for the quick and easy synthesis of carbon dots (CDs) from eggshell membrane (ESM) ashes. The resultant CDs demonstrated exceptional selectivity for Fe3+ and excellent fluorescence (FL) with a quantum yield (QY) of 15.3%. Utilizing synthetic CDs, a sensitive nanoprobe is utilized to identify free Fe3+ within the 0-350μM (R2 = 0.9976) range, with a 0.281μM limit of detection (LoD). Additionally, the CDs were shown to be useful for intracellular Fe3+ detection applications because of their low cytotoxicity and biocompatibility. Investigations using real samples at 420 and 500nm excitation wavelengths showed promising results in terms of real-world application. In order to transform molecular data into FL signal outputs, a multi-input logic gate is also constructed. In the UV-A (93%), UV-B (88%), UV-C (98%) and HEBL (79%) regions, blue colour-emitting CDs had the maximum UV blockage, but pure polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) absorbed less than 22–30% of the light in all UV regions. The integration of CDs into the polymer improved the thermal characteristics of the PVA film. Additionally, testing of in vitro cell viability demonstrated that the CDs, when embedded in the PVA, did not cause cytotoxicity to the Neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY-5Y). As a paradigm for perishable commodities, the effects of CDs and PVA were assessed on the shelf life of tomatoes. When fresh tomatoes were coated with CDs@PVA and PVA, weight and moisture loss were effectively decreased, according to the results of the long-term monitoring study. Throughout almost 34 days at room temperature, it also dramatically reduced the growth of fungi and prevented spoiling, all the while maintaining the fruits original colour and appearance. The CDs FL under 365nm UV light excitation makes them well-suited for creating fluorescent inks to deter counterfeiting. Additionally, the study explored the CDs exceptional FL properties for use as a luminescent fingerprint powder, aiding in the detection of latent fingerprints (LFPs) on various surfaces. The findings from this study highlight the potential of cost-effective and safe CDs for a range of applications, including non-cytotoxic UV blocking, active packaging, Fe3+ sensing, fingerprint detection, anti-counterfeiting (AC) measures and flexible nanocomposite (NC) films.

Exploring Carolingian and Romanesque cycles: a study of the detached wall paintings from the Church of St. Johann in Müstair

Twenty-six fragment of wall paintings detached from the upper register of the Carolingian and Romanesque cycles of the church of St. John in Müstair (Switzerland) have been part of the Swiss National Museum collection since the beginning of the twentieth century. As some of these objects were in a critical state of conservation, a research project was launched to assess and document their conditions, and to gain knowledge about painting materials and execution techniques, in view of planning a conservation project. In a first phase, non-destructive analyses were carried out, using handheld XRF and portable FTIR spectroscopy; followed by the targeted collection of samples for detailed analysis in the laboratory. In parallel, similar investigations were carried out on the imprints left on the walls of the church’s attic. The results allowed the identification of the pigment palette and the execution technique. Besides earth pigments such as ochres, a lime-based white, probably bianco di San Giovanni, and limited amounts of lapis lazuli were used in both painting cycles. For the Carolingian cycle, Egyptian blue and mixtures of several lead-based pigments were also identified. In several instances, the deterioration of lead-based pigments resulted in shades of grey to black severely modifying the original appearance of the wall paintings. Additionally, both cycles have suffered from pigment alteration due to fire. The obtained results, together with iconographic considerations, allowed for an extended interpretation of possible original colour palette.Graphical

Discovery and Reconstruction of the Remains of the Beacon-Equipped Hollow Enemy Towers along the Ming Great Wall

Hollow Enemy Towers, as iconic structures of the Ming Great Wall, are renowned for their roles in defense surveillance, weapon storage, and firearm operation. Recent studies have indicated that certain Hollow Enemy Towers along the Ji Town section of the Ming Great Wall also serve the function of Beacon Towers for beacon signaling. However, previous studies have not definitively determined if these towers were distinctively marked, nor have they provided a comprehensive account of their current distribution and original historical appearance. This paper initially examined the historical documentation of white lime markings employed on the outer walls of certain Hollow Enemy Towers, which served as Beacon Towers during the middle and late Ming periods. Utilizing multidisciplinary methodologies, this research identified remains of lime markings of the Beacon-Equipped Hollow Enemy Towers along the Ji Town section of the Ming Great Wall, illustrating their extensive distribution. We analyzed the material composition and construction techniques of the lime mortar. This analysis clarifies the scope of lime plastering on the exterior walls of these towers and offers a point of reference for restoring their original historical appearance. The results make a significant supplement to the types of signaling structures on the Great Wall, enriching existing understanding of the original appearance of the Great Wall’s historical landscape.

Effects of Different Drying Methods on Drying Characteristics and Quality of Small White Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)

This study examined the effects of hot air drying (HAD), infrared radiation drying (IRD), microwave vacuum drying (MVD), freeze drying (FD), and freeze drying combined with microwave vacuum drying (FD-MVD) on the drying kinetics, color, rehydration ratio, titratable acidity, and vitamin C content of small white apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.). Results showed drying times of 12.5 h (IRD), 14.1 h (FD), 16 h (HAD), 0.53 h (MVD), and 6.15 h (FD-MVD). FD-MVD significantly outperformed MVD, HAD, and IRD in color, vitamin C, titratable acidity, and rehydration, though was slightly inferior to FD. Microstructural analysis revealed that FD-MVD preserved the most uniform pore structure, better maintaining apricots’ original appearance. In contrast, IRD and HAD caused severe surface shriveling, compromising quality. In conclusion, FD-MVD emerges as a promising drying method to enhance apricot quality and market competitiveness in food processing.

Сохранить, нельзя разрушить: памятники истории и культуры горной Ингушетии

The article examines the architectural monuments of mountainous Ingushetia from the point of view of their physical preservation and preservation of historical and cultural value. These monu-ments have undergone active restoration in recent years. Patrons are involved in financing these works. It is established that there is concern for preserving historical and cultural value during these works. The reason for this is the inability to determine the original appearance in detail of most dilapidated monuments, as well as the fact that the number of restored or restored tower set-tlements over the past couple of years has exceeded a dozen, and the materials on mandatory ar-chaeological excavations are few indicating irreparable damage that can be caused to historical and cultural monuments. Also, the absence of the need for practical use of restored premises of cultural heritage sites is an indicator of the inexpediency of using such an approach. In world prac-tice, restoration is used in exceptional cases, in particular when there is an ongoing historical cul-tural process. To solve this problem, it is necessary to attract the attention of state bodies, institu-tions, commercial organizations engaged in the preservation of cultural heritage sites, the public to the need to preserve the historical and cultural value of historical and cultural monuments as tower and castle complexes, as well as religious and burial structures concentrated on the territory of modern mountainous Ingushetia, when carrying out work on their preservation, as well as the priority of their conservation over other types of work. It is concluded that a monument of history and culture is valuable insofar as it contains reliable information about human activity in previous eras, and principles for the preservation of architectural (tower and castle) complexes of moun-tainous Ingushetia have been developed, adherence to which will solve the problems identified in this study in matters of conservation work architectural monuments of mountainous Ingushetia.

Nativity of the Virgin Mary Kozelshchynskyi Monastery in the Poltava Region: an assessment of architectural heritage and contemporary challenges

The challenge of preserving the architectural heritage of small towns in Ukraine is compounded by the lack of sufficient historical and architectural research, as well as numerous alterations to buildings during their use. This article presents the results of historical and architectural research on the architectural heritage of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary Kozelshchyna Monastery in the Poltava Region. It explores the historical stages of the monastery's formation and development and evaluates its historical and cultural significance. A virtual reconstruction of the monastery's original appearance was undertaken, and the historical boundaries of the monastery were established. The analysis of the current state enabled the identification of issues related to the monastery's functioning and the preservation of its cultural heritage. This research provides a scientific foundation for developing protection zones for the monastery and for restoration and adaptation projects of its buildings. It also establishes an information base for future project work and the monitoring of architectural heritage.

Two early cinquecento Renaissance polyptychs by Antonio de Saliba on Sicily and Malta: an art-historical and scientific investigationtion

This study focuses on two Renaissance polyptychs that were produced by Antonio (1466/7–c. 1535) and Giovanni de Saliba (doc. 1461–1517?), referred to in this study as the Taormina Polyptych (1503–04) and the Rabat Polyptych (1510–15). Through art-historical research and scientific analyses, this study sheds light on their original visual completion and manufacturing techniques. The Taormina Polyptych, located at the Cathedral of St Nicholas of Bari in Taormina, Sicily, underwent thorough on-site examination, revealing details overlooked in prior studies. A two-dimensional digital reconstruction, the creation of which was aided by early 20th century photographs, provided insights into its original appearance. The Rabat Polyptych, once situated in the Franciscan Observant Church in Rabat, Malta, faced dismemberment in 1785, leading to challenges in reconstruction. By analysing historical documents and employing digital reconstruction techniques, the original framework was hypothesised. Scientific studies, including histological and stratigraphic analyses of wood and pigment samples respectively, carried out on two newly discovered predella panels from the Rabat Polyptych, provided insight on Antonio de Saliba's techniques. The digital reconstructions and insights into manufacturing techniques contribute to scholarship on Antonio’s works in the context of Sicilian Renaissance art.

Exploring Product Design Innovation through Repair Techniques: Insights from Knowledge and Experience

Repair has been a longstanding activity in human society. However, in modern times, the production strategy of “planned obsolescence” has led to a decline in product quality and lifespan, resulting in closed and non-repairable products. Additionally, advertising manipulates consumers' desires, leading them to prefer replacing old items with new ones rather than repairing them. This has resulted in issues such as overconsumption, massive waste, and recycling challenges. Nevertheless, many DIY repair enthusiasts promote repair activities through communities and online media, highlighting the joy and creativity of repair. This unique relationship of care between people and objects extends the life of products and alters their original appearance and function, creating new possibilities to meet consumers’ needs. This study analyzes actual cases to explore how DIY repairers innovate during the repair process, reinterpret old items, and elucidate the interaction between people and objects. Furthermore, it argues that repair activities represent a radical approach to mitigating waste and are crucial for advancing sustainable development.

A virtual reconstruction method for corridor gable buildings based on the knowledge of structural dynamics: taking Leiyin Cave as an example

Virtual reconstruction of ancient buildings often has incomplete records of the original design and construction details, and can only be reconstructed based on limited data, drawings and photography, which is different from the actual conditions. The unique overhanging structure of the corridor gable building makes it vulnerable to damage in extreme weather conditions. In order to ensure that the virtual reconstruction results can not only reproduce the original appearance of history, but also ensure that the reconstructed model maintains structural stability in the long term. This paper proposes a reconstruction method of the original appearance of the corridor gable building remains based on structural dynamics analysis. This method comprehensively uses three-dimensional reconstruction, structural engineering, dynamic analysis, and computer simulation technology to ensure the structural accuracy and historical authenticity of the virtually reconstructed corridor gable building. First, through data collection and analysis, combined with ancient architectural construction techniques, a preliminary three-dimensional model was created, which included all structural elements and details. Several groups of reconstruction schemes are determined based on material properties. Then, using finite element analysis software, perform dynamic analysis on the three-dimensional model. Evaluate the stability of the reconstructed structure and optimize the material selection plan to ensure the feasibility and accuracy of the virtual reconstruction. Taking the virtual reconstruction of the eaves in front of Leiyin Cave as an example, it shows that this method is effective and feasible to achieve the virtual reconstruction of corridor gable buildings. It provides new ideas for virtual reconstruction of ancient buildings and has important practical application value.

Oxidized cellulose microneedle patch combined with vascular embolization and local delivery of timolol maleate for hemangiomas

Hemangiomas are superficial tumors characterized by dense vascular structures that often affect the patient's aesthetic appearance due to the obvious red appearance on the skin. Current treatments, especially timolol maleate in the form of eye drops and hydrogels, suffer from low transdermal drug delivery rates, resulting in prolonged treatment time. To address this challenge, our study introduced a soluble microneedle patch with dextran as the main material to form microcatheters for sustained delivery of timolol maleate. In addition, we proposed a vascular embolization strategy to disrupt the blood supply in hemangiomas. Oxidized cellulose (C-cellulose) was selected for its excellent hemostatic properties. We incorporated C-cellulose into dextran microneedles to facilitate thrombosis in the vascular-rich areas of hemangiomas. The innovative microneedle patch we developed can penetrate the skin to a depth of 430 μm and dissolve rapidly within 3 minutes, ensuring direct drug delivery to the subcutaneous layer. Notably, the treated skin area regained its original appearance within two hours after treatment. In addition to excellent skin permeability and rapid dissolution, these patches significantly promoted apoptosis and inhibited cell migration in mouse hemangioendothelioma EOMA cells. Our results demonstrate that this approach not only achieves significant tumor inhibition in a mouse hemangioma model, but also represents a more effective, convenient, and non-invasive treatment option. Therefore, dextran/C-cellulose/timolol maleate microneedle patch (MNs/Timolol) has broad clinical application prospects in the treatment of hemangiomas, minimizing the risk of additional damage and improving treatment efficacy.

Research on resin modified gelatin as environmental-friendly high temperature resistant wellbore stabilizer

In the development of deep shale oil and gas, the working temperature of the water-based drilling fluids is relatively high, which can cause wellbore instability due to the poor temperature resistance of the traditional environmental-friendly additives. To address this issue, this study presents a wellbore stabilizer called PMG, prepared by modifying gelatin (GT) with a resin synthesized by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and methacrylic acid (MA) through hydrothermal free radical polymerization, and it can withstand temperature up to 200 °C. The synthesis and thermal stability of PMG were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The wellbore stability performance of PMG was evaluated by linear swelling test, rolling recovery test, core immersion experiment and point load test and the wellbore stability mechanism was also investigated. The results reveal that the swelling height of sodium-based bentonite (Na-BT) in 2.0 % PMG solution at 150 °C is only 0.97 mm; the hot-rolling recovery rate in 2.0 % PMG solution at 200 °C is 72 %; the artificial core still maintains its original appearance after being immersed in 2.0 % PMG solution at 200 °C for 16 h, and the compressive strength increases by 12 %, effectively strengthening the wellbore. In addition, the EC50 value of PMG is > 106 mg/L, and the BOD5/CODcr value is 31 %, indicating that it is non-toxic and biodegradable. PMG has excellent wellbore stability performance, in addition to being able to adsorb on the surface of Na-BT by electrostatic action and hydrogen bonding, the PMG micelles that precipitated from the aqueous solution due to the breaking of hydrogen bonds in the molecular chain at high temperature also form a film on the clay surface, aggregating and cementing the clay particles together, further enhancing the wellbore stability.

Is a 3 mm Surgical Margin Safe for Basal Cell Carcinoma in the Head and Neck that is Less than 2 cm, Considering Different Risk Factors?

Background Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Typically, resection requires a safety margin of ≥4 mm. When removing tumor cells, achieving complete excision with minimal safety margins and reconstructing the defect to preserve the original appearance are important. In this study, we used a 3-mm resection margin to confirm recurrence and re-resection rates. Methods Electronic medical records and photographic data were obtained for patients with primary BCC lesions less than 2 cm in diameter who underwent wide excision with a 3-mm surgical margin from January 2015 to November 2021. We analyzed factors determining recurrence and re-resection rates, such as tumor size, location, age, sex, underlying diseases (including immunosuppression state), ethnicity, subtypes, tumor borders, etc. Results This study included 205 patients. The mean age and follow-up period were 73.0 ± 11.5 years and 10.2 ± 8.0 months, respectively. The recurrence and re-resection rates were 1.95% and 25.85%, respectively. A statistically significant correlation was found between recurrence rate and tumor border ( p = 0.013) and the re-resection rate was correlated statistically with location ( p = 0.022) and immunosuppressed patients ( p = 0.006). Conclusion We found that a 3-mm excision margin provided sufficient safety in small facial BCC, resulting in ease of surgery and better aesthetic outcomes. However, surgical margins must be determined case by case by integrating various patient factors. In particular, a surgical margin of ≥4 mm is required for BCC in high-risk areas, immunosuppressed patients, or poorly defined border.

Framework restoration on Tang Dynasty garden as a multiple-histories environment: Regions, ecology, architecture, and human behavior

From a multiple-histories perspective, this paper attempts to restore the feature framework of Tang Dynasty gardens by describing the environment panorama of that era. Tang Dynasty gardens have their own unique and complex environment features, which is crucial for understanding Chinese classical gardens. This research developed a massive text mining method of historical-document to detect all garden-related elements in Tang poetry. By sorting out these elements, it has been restored the original appearance of Tang Dynasty gardens and summarized its feature framework. The resulting model included 199 factors, 173 of which are correlating with gardens. Among the 173 factors, 129 are risk factors and 44 are protective factors. This paper restores the feature framework of Tang Dynasty gardens from the following four points, namely regions, ecology, architecture and human behavior. Understanding the Tang Dynasty gardens would help understand the development context of Chinese classical gardens, and should provide new paths for contemporary environment creation.

An anthocyanin activation gene underlies the purple central flower pigmentation in wild carrot.

Many organisms have complex pigmentation patterns. However, how these patterns are formed remains largely unknown. In wild carrot (Daucus carota subsp. carota), which is also known as Queen Anne's lace, one or several purple central flowers occur in white umbels. Here, we investigated the unique central flower pigmentation pattern in wild carrot umbels. Using wild and cultivated carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus L.) accessions, transcriptome analysis, protein interaction, stable transformation, and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout, a anthocyanin-activating R2R3-myeloblastosis (MYB) gene, Purple Central Flower (DcPCF), was identified as the causal gene that triggers only central flowers to possess the purple phenotype. The expression of DcPCF was only detected in tiny central flowers. We propose that the transition from purple to nonpurple flowers in the center of the umbel occurred after three separate adverse events: insertion of transposons in the promoter region, premature termination of the coding sequence (caused by a C-T substitution in the open reading frame), and the emergence of unknown anthocyanin suppressors. These three events could have occurred either consecutively or independently. The intriguing purple central flower pattern and its underlying mechanism may provide evidence that it is a remnant of ancient conditions of the species, reflecting the original appearance of Umbelliferae (also called Apiaceae) when a single flower was present.

Kine-Appendage: Enhancing Freehand VR Interaction Through Transformations of Virtual Appendages.

Kinesthetic feedback, the feeling of restriction or resistance when hands contact objects, is essential for natural freehand interaction in VR. However, inducing kinesthetic feedback using mechanical hardware can be cumbersome and hard to control in commodity VR systems. We propose the kine-appendage concept to compensate for the loss of kinesthetic feedback in virtual environments, i.e., a virtual appendage is added to the user's avatar hand; when the appendage contacts a virtual object, it exhibits transformations (rotation and deformation); when it disengages from the contact, it recovers its original appearance. A proof-of-concept kine-appendage technique, BrittleStylus, was designed to enhance isomorphic typing. Our empirical evaluations demonstrated that (i) BrittleStylus significantly reduced the uncorrected error rate of naive isomorphic typing from 6.53% to 1.92% without compromising the typing speed; (ii) BrittleStylus could induce the sense of kinesthetic feedback, the degree of which was parity with that induced by pseudo-haptic (+ visual cue) methods; and (iii) participants preferred BrittleStylus over pseudo-haptic (+ visual cue) methods because of not only good performance but also fluent hand movements.

Imaging Based Techniques Combined with Color Measurements for the Enhancement of Medieval Wall Paintings in the Framework of EHEM Project.

(1) Background: This paper illustrates an innovative methodological approach chosen to study and map the colors of the medieval wall painting of Santa Maria Antiqua in the Roman Forum, one of the pilot sites of the EHEM project (Enhancement of Heritage Experiences: The Middle Ages). Digital Layered Models of Architecture and Mural Paintings over Time). (2) Methods: Two methods were employed to gather information about colors and mapping. Specifically, colorimetry was utilized for spot measurements, and hypercolorimetric multispectral imaging (HMI) was employed to map the same colors sampled through colorimetry. (3) Results: Chromatic data for all colors in the wall paintings were obtained in the CIELAB color space. Additionally, chromatic similarity maps were generated using the innovative HMI system, a multispectral imaging technique capable of obtaining color data information through advanced calibration software named SpectraPick® (Version 1.1). This comprehensive approach facilitates a thorough understanding of color characteristics and distribution. (4) Conclusions: The color measurements and mapping represent significant advancements in the interpretation of medieval wall paintings, which are often fragmentary and stratigraphically complex. This research sheds new light on the colors used and enhances our understanding of the original appearance of the iconographic patterns. Furthermore, it enables the reconstruction of colors that closely resemble the originals.

Investigating the standard design and production procedure of heritage mortars for compatible and durable masonry restoration

Historic buildings ensure generational knowledge of past events, milestones, construction developments and evolution of materials, architectural designs, and practices throughout the centuries. It is indisputable that heritage buildings' survival against deterioration factors has proven the use of durable materials for their construction. However, they suffer inevitable decay due to ageing. Therefore, restoring the monuments to their original appearance and strength is always necessary for long-term survival. This paper discusses solutions for the design and development methods of new compatible restoration mortars for the architectural heritage, covering four significant aspects, namely: i) visual analysis of the heritage building in question, ii) experimental analysis of the original mortar samples for their physical, mineralogical and chemical properties, iii) characterization of the potential raw materials (available in the study area) that are close to the original, and iv) assessment of the new mortar durability. The mortars collected from the Castle of Good Hope, an important and ancient colonial edifice in the Western Cape Province (South Africa), were earth (samples SK7 to SK9) and hydraulic lime-based (SK1 to SK6), with 21–38 % porosity. The raw materials used on this monument include feldspar aggregates, possibly from the West Coast (Cape Town) and hydraulic lime for SK1, SK3 and SK5 mortars. For the restoration of the lime mortars (SK1, SK3 and, SK5), a hydrated lime-based mortar with a binder-to-aggregate ratio of 1:3, made of west coast sea sand and 5 % seashell additives, with a porosity of 24 %, has proved to be the most durable. The aesthetics for all the restoration mortars M1 to M9 is difficult to achieve considering the original material ageing factor, thus, the use of color-enhancing pigments is recommended.

The regenerative solar system. Unified theory of physics

The Euler’s holomorphic regenerative universe is a quantum-gravitational theory of Earth development recognizing that oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide in the Earth’s hydrosphere engender biological processes along with living organisms able to reshape the planet as surely as any physical force, but with delayed effects, the so-called torsional/gravitational buckling lag. Herein, the environmental sciences as a Vernadsky’s hypothesis precursor to these, become vital for preserving biological recurrent cycles, their nature being artificially changed by a vicious human intervention. The present paper describes the thermal gravitational mechanism of a solar system associated with the regenerative processes of molecular structures (in biology called metabolism or growth) at the quantum-gravitational scale, too slow to be perceived. The term “morph” (or the concept of “morphing” in aeronautics, in mathematics called topological holomorphism) originates from ancient Greeks and refers to the shape, figure, or other related aspects of an evolving entity. Therefore, morphing/morphism pertains to the process of modifying the original form or appearance of a particular object or system. The planets of solar system like “cosmic organisms” can manipulate the curvature and twist of their surfaces to maintain precise control over their recurrent cyclical complex motions (double, orbital and sideral rotations) by the thermal gravitational waves. The out of order function of the thermal gravitational mechanism can lead to the global warming effects associated with both reshaping (earthquakes, fires, floods) surfaces and morphing (as a whole energy metabolism) mutations, crucial for perpetuity of human beings. At the same time, the concept of quantum-gravity light with a topological dual isomorphic structure solves the fundamental problem of a unified theory of physical forces, as kinematic fast dynamo electromagnetic forces for splitting quanta bonded into atomic structures, and persistent (long time) gravitational forces for non-splitting quanta bonded into thermomolecular morphing structures. The only problem remains to gauge such multiple cooperative physical phenomena induced by light, which is solved by diverse reciprocity/equivalence theorems and corresponding conversion factors.