Original Symmetry Research Articles

The prevalence and anatomy of recurrent artery of Heubner: a meta analysis with neurosurgical considerations

BackgroundThe recurrent artery of Heubner (RAH) is typically the largest medial lenticulostriate branch of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA). Neurosurgical procedures such as aneurysm treatment on the anterior part of the circle of Willis can result in damage of the RAH leading to neurological deficits. The aim of this study was to identify the gaps and provide comprehensive data on the prevalence and anatomical characteristics of the RAH with neurosurgical considerations.MethodsThe major electronic databases were thoroughly searched to identify the eligible studies. The information concerning study type, geographical origin, prevalence of the RAH, course and origin of the RAH, symmetry of origin and number of RAHs in each hemisphere, and morphometric data were extracted. The PRISMA guidelines were rigorously followed throughout the study. The AQUA tool was used to evaluate the reliability of included studies.ResultsA total of 34 studies (n = 3645 hemispheres) were included in the meta-analysis. The analysis revealed that the RAH was present in 97.5% (95%CI: 95.5–98.6) of the hemispheres, originating most frequently from the A2 segment (42.2%, 95%CI: 35.0–49.7) or the ACoA-ACA junction (41.6%, 95%CI: 34.0–49.6), and coursing anteriorly (47.6%, 95%CI: 38.7–56.6) or superiorly (43.9%, 95%CI: 34.4–53.8) in relation to ACA. Almost a quarter of patients had more than one RAH, which was on average 22.82 mm (SD: 1.35, 95%CI: 20.16–25.47; I2 = 99.1%, p < 0.01) long and reached 0.76 mm (SD: 0.05, 95%CI: 0.66–0.85; I2 = 99.4%, p < 0.01) in diameter.ConclusionsAs the RAH is present in the majority of the population, it is important to be aware of the wide variations in its anatomy. This will help to prevent postoperative neurological deficits by avoiding undesirable complications during surgeries that are performed in close proximity to the anterior segment of the circle of Willis.

Low-Cycle Fatigue Properties of Bimetallic Steel Bar with Buckling: Energy-Based Numerical and Experimental Investigations.

A bimetallic steel bar (BSB) consisting of stainless-steel cladding and carbon steel substrate exhibits excellent corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties. The bimetallic structure of BSBs may affect their low-cycle fatigue performance, and current investigations on the above issue are limited. In this study, the low-cycle fatigue properties of bimetallic steel bars (BSBs) with inelastic buckling were investigated. Experiments and numerical studies were conducted to investigate the low-cycle fatigue capacity for BSBs, considering buckling. The buckling mode of BSBs is discussed. The hysteretic loops and energy properties of BSBs with various slenderness ratios (L/D) and fatigue strain amplitudes (εa) are investigated. With increases in the L/D and εa, the original symmetry for hysteresis loops disappears gradually, which is caused by the buckling. A predictive equation revealing the relation between the εa and fatigue life is suggested, which considers the effects of the L/D. A numerical modelling method is suggested to predict the hysteretic curves of BSBs. The effect of buckling on the stress and energy properties of BSBs is discussed through the numerical analysis of 44 models including the effects of the L/D, εa, and cladding ratios. The numerical analysis results illustrate that the hysteresis loops of BSBs with various εa values exhibit similar shapes. The increase in the cladding ratio reduces the peak stress and the dissipated energy properties of BSBs. The hysteresis loop energy density decreases by about 3% with an increase of 0.1 in the cladding ratio. It is recommended that the proportion of stainless steel inBSBs should be minimized once the corrosion resistance requirements are met.

Discovery of the final primitive Frank-Kasper phase of clathrate hydrates.

In weakly bound materials such as water, one of the three primitive Frank-Kasper (FK) phases, the Z phase, is long absent due to the relatively unstable framework. The Z phase in clathrate hydrate, which is known as the HS-I structure, has now been found by precise tuning of the molecular guest structure. In the crystal structure, the never stabilized combination water cage of two 15-hedra and two 14-hedra formed with its original symmetries, providing sufficient gas capacity to the 12-hedral cages. With the discovery of the final FK clathrate hydrate, guest design now enables engineering of weak interactions in any mix of the three, illuminating how to leverage properties of clathrates in the broadest sense.

Neutrino anarchy from flavor deconstruction

Flavor deconstruction refers to non-universal gauge extensions where the original gauge symmetry is deconstructed into separate copies, one for each family. A hierarchical chain of symmetry breaking provides an attractive low-scale solution to the flavor puzzle, consistent with flavor-changing neutral currents and finite naturalness. Although successful in explaining the origin of flavor hierarchies in the quark and charged lepton sectors, existing models have struggled with the large and seemingly anarchic mixing observed in neutrino oscillations. This letter identifies conditions under which neutrino anarchy may arise from flavor deconstruction in generic models with right-handed neutrinos. When deconstruction is applied to carefully chosen subgroups of the extended gauge symmetry, hierarchies in the seesaw formula cancel out.

Strain to shine: stretching-induced three-dimensional symmetries in nanoparticle-assembled photonic crystals

Stretching elastic materials containing nanoparticle lattices is common in research and industrial settings, yet our knowledge of the deformation process remains limited. Understanding how such lattices reconfigure is critically important, as changes in microstructure lead to significant alterations in their performance. This understanding has been extremely difficult to achieve due to a lack of fundamental rules governing the rearrangements. Our study elucidates the physical processes and underlying mechanisms of three-dimensional lattice transformations in a polymeric photonic crystal from 0% to over 200% strain during uniaxial stretching. Corroborated by comprehensive experimental characterizations, we present analytical models that precisely predict both the three-dimensional lattice structures and the macroscale deformations throughout the stretching process. These models reveal how the nanoparticle lattice and matrix polymer jointly determine the resultant structures, which breaks the original structural symmetry and profoundly changes the dispersion of photonic bandgaps. Stretching induces shifting of the main pseudogap structure out from the 1st Brillouin zone and the merging of different symmetry points. Evolutions of multiple photonic bandgaps reveal potential optical singularities shifting with strain. This work sets a new benchmark for the reconfiguration of soft material structures and may lay the groundwork for the study of stretchable three-dimensional topological photonic crystals.

First-Principles Study of Ti-Doping Effects on Hard Magnetic Properties of RFe11Ti Magnets

Due to the rare earth supply shortage, ThMn12-type RFe12-based (R is the rare earth element) magnets with lean rare earth content are gaining more concern. Most ThMn12-type RFe12 structures are thermodynamically metastable and require doping of the stabilizing element Ti. However, the Ti-doping effects on the hard magnetic properties of RFe11Ti have not been thoroughly investigated. Herein, based on density functional theory calculations, we report the Ti-doping effects on the phase stability, intrinsic hard magnetic properties and electronic structures of RFe11Ti (R = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Y, Zr). Our results indicate that Ti-doping not only increases their phase stability, but also enhances the magnetic hardness of ground-state RFe12 phases. Particularly, it leads to the transition of CeFe11Ti and PrFe11Ti from easy-plane to easy-axis anisotropy. Charge density distributions demonstrate that Ti-doping breaks the original symmetry of the R-site crystal field, which alters the magnetic anisotropy of RFe11Ti. Projected densities of states reveal that the addition of Ti results in the shift of occupied and unoccupied f-electron energy levels of rare earth elements, affecting their magnetic exchange. This study provides an insight into regulating the hard magnetic properties of RFe12-based magnets by Ti-doping.

NiS ultrafine nanorod with translational and rotational symmetry.

Anisotropy is a significant and prevalent characteristic of materials, conferring orientation-dependent properties, meaning that the creation of original symmetry enables key functionality that is not found in nature. Even with the advancements in atomic machining, synthesis of separated symmetry in different directions within a single structure remains an extraordinary challenge. Here, we successfully fabricate NiS ultrafine nanorods with separated symmetry along two directions. The atomic structure of the nanorod exhibits rotational symmetry in the radial direction, while its axial direction is characterized by divergent translational symmetry, surpassing the conventional crystalline structures known to date. It does not fit the traditional description of the space group and the point group in three dimensions, so we define it as a new structure in which translational symmetry and rotational symmetry are separated. Further corroborating the atomic symmetric separation in the electronic structure, we observed the combination of stripe and vortex magnetic domains in a single nanorod with different directions, in accordance with the atomic structure. The manipulation of nanostructure at the atomic level introduces a novel approach to regulate new properties finely, leading to the proposal of new nanotechnology mechanisms.

Fossil evidence for the ancient link between clonal fragmentation, six-fold symmetry and an epizoic lifestyle in asterozoan echinoderms.

Asexual reproduction by means of splitting, also called fissiparity, is a common feature in some asterozoan groups, especially in ophiactid brittle stars. Most fissiparous brittle stars show six instead of the usual five rays, live as epibionts on host organisms, and use clonal fragmentation to rapidly colonize secluded habitats and effectively expand the margins of their distribution area. While the biology and ecology of clonal fragmentation are comparatively well understood, virtually nothing is known about the evolution and geological history of that phenomenon. Here, we describe an exceptional fossil of an articulated six-armed brittle star from the Late Jurassic of Germany, showing one body half in the process of regeneration, and assign it to the new species Ophiactis hex sp. nov. Phylogenetic inference shows that the fossil represents the oldest member of the extant family Ophiactidae. Because the Ophiactis hex specimen shows an original six-fold symmetry combined with a morphology typically found in epizoic ophiuroids, in line with recent fissiparous ophiactid relatives, we assume that the regenerating body half is an indication for fissiparity. Ophiactis hex thus shows that fissiparity was established as a means of asexual reproduction in asterozoan echinoderms by the Late Jurassic.

Early Fault Diagnosis of Bearings Based on Symplectic Geometry Mode Decomposition Guided by Optimal Weight Spectrum Index

When the rotating machinery fails, the signal generated by the faulty component often no longer maintains the original symmetry, which makes the vibration signal with nonlinear and non-stationary characteristics, and is easily affected by background noise and other equipment excitation sources. In the early stage of fault occurrence, the fault signal is weak and difficult to extract. Traditional fault diagnosis methods are not able to easily diagnose fault information. To address this issue, this paper proposes an early fault diagnosis method for symplectic geometry mode decomposition (SGMD) based on the optimal weight spectrum index (OWSI). Firstly, using normal and fault signals, the optimal weight spectrum is derived through convex optimization. Secondly, SGMD is used to decompose the fault signal, obtaining a series of symplectic geometric modal components (SGCs) and calculating the optimal weight index of each component signal. Finally, using the principle of maximizing the OWSI, sensitive components reflecting fault characteristics are selected, and the signal is reconstructed based on this index. Then, envelope analysis is performed on the sensitive components to extract early fault characteristics of rolling bearings. OWSI can effectively distinguish the interference components in fault signals using normal signals, while SGMD has the characteristic of unchanged phase space structure, which can effectively ensure the integrity of internal features in data. Using actual fault data of rolling bearings for verification, the results show that the proposed method can effectively extract sensitive components that reflect fault characteristics. Compared with existing methods such as Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD), Feature Mode Decomposition (FMD), and Spectral Kurtosis (SK), this method has better performance.

Programmed Targeting Pyruvate Metabolism Therapy Amplified Single-Atom Nanozyme-Activated Pyroptosis for Immunotherapy.

Increasing cellular immunogenicity and reshaping the immune tumor microenvironment (TME) are crucial for antitumor immunotherapy. Herein, this work develops a novel single-atom nanozyme pyroptosis initiator: UK5099 and pyruvate oxidase (POx)-co-loaded Cu-NS single-atom nanozyme (Cu-NS@UK@POx), that not only trigger pyroptosis through cascade biocatalysis to boost the immunogenicity of tumor cells, but also remodel the immunosuppressive TME by targeting pyruvate metabolism. By replacing N with weakly electronegative S, the original spatial symmetry of the Cu-N4 electron distribution is changed and the enzyme-catalyzed process is effectively regulated. Compared to spatially symmetric Cu-N4 single-atom nanozymes (Cu-N4 SA), the S-doped spatially asymmetric single-atom nanozymes (Cu-NS SA) exhibit stronger oxidase activities, including peroxidase (POD), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase (NOx), L-cysteine oxidase (LCO), and glutathione oxidase (GSHOx), which can cause enough reactive oxygen species (ROS) storms to trigger pyroptosis. Moreover, the synergistic effect of Cu-NS SA, UK5099, and POx can target pyruvate metabolism, which not only improves the immune TME but also increases the degree of pyroptosis. This study provides a two-pronged treatment strategy that can significantly activate antitumor immunotherapy effects via ROS storms, NADH/glutathione/L-cysteine consumption, pyruvate oxidation, and lactic acid (LA)/ATP depletion, triggering pyroptosis and regulating metabolism. This work provides a broad vision for expanding antitumor immunotherapy.

Von Neumann entropy and Lindblad decoherence in the high-energy limit of strong interactions

Quantum properties of the state associated to the gluon Green’s function in the Balitsky-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov approach are studied using a discretization in virtuality space. Considering the coupling constant as imaginary, its density matrix corresponds to a pure state for any energy. Nonlinear corrections due to high gluon densities are modeled through a suppression of infrared modes in the Hamiltonian making it no longer Hermitian. This introduces quantum decoherence into the evolution equation. When the coupling is real this leads to unbounded normalization of states which becomes bounded for sufficient saturation of infrared modes. Physical quantum properties, such as a purity smaller than one or a positive von Neumann entropy, hence are recovered when the infrared/ultraviolet original symmetry of the formalism is broken. Similarly to the work of Armesto, Domínguez, Kovner, Lublinsky and Skokov in [], an evolution equation of Lindblad type for the normalized density matrix describing the open system is obtained. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Control of giant orbital angular momentum bursts of structured Laguerre-Gaussian beams in a medium with general astigmatism

We examined theoretically and experimentally the influence of astigmatic elements (for example, a cylindrical lens) on a structured Laguerre-Gaussian beam (sLG) when the lens axes are directed at an arbitrary angle to the laboratory coordinate axes (a general astigmatism). Although a structurally stable Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) beam contains a great number of axisymmetric modes (in the LG basis) with matching phases and amplitudes, their superposition already loses its original axial symmetry, but acquires new properties (for example, fast oscillations of the orbital angular momentum (OAM)), while the beam OAM cannot exceed the azimuthal number l of the original LG mode. The loss of axial symmetry occurs due to bringing phase and amplitude perturbations into each mode of the sLG beam, which destroy the ring dislocations. Since degenerate ring dislocations are formed by optical vortices with opposite topological charges, but with equal weights, their destruction is accompanied by appearing of vortex pairs in the form of topological dipoles (their number is equal to the radial number n). As a result, the mode spectrum of the sLG is extended to the value ±(2n + l). The astigmatic element (cylindrical lens) violates the equality of vortex weights in the dipoles, which leads to a sharp growing the OAM of the sLG beam. Moreover, the OAM can be controlled by changing the rotation of the cylindrical lens axes and the control parameters of the sLG beam. It is these processes that are discussed in detail in our article, both in theoretical and experimental aspects. We show that with a certain orientation of the cylindrical lens axes, the beam OAM can exceed the sum of the orbital and azimuthal numbers (OAM &gt; n + l). Besides, we reveal that the intensity pattern of the astigmatic sLG beam can follow the rotation of the astigmatic element axes (the effect of the beam structure following the cylindrical lens axes) at certain relations between control parameters of the sLG beam and the astigmatic element.

Origin of off-centering effect and the influence on heat transport in thermoelectrics

Recently, off-centering behavior has been discovered in a series of thermoelectric materials. This behavior indicates that the constituent atoms of the lattice displace from their coordination centers, leading to the locally distorted state and local symmetry breaking, while the material still retains its original crystallographic symmetry. This effect has been proved to be the root cause of ultralow thermal conductivity in off-centering materials, and is considered as an effective tool to regulate the thermal conductivity and improve the thermoelectric performance. Herein, we present a collection of recently discovered off-centering compounds, discuss their electronic origins and local coordination structures, and illuminate the underlying mechanism of the off-centering effect on phonon transport and thermal conductivity. This paper presents a comprehensive view of our current understanding to the off-centering effect, and provides a new idea for designing high performance thermoelectrics.

Observation of a Photonic Orbital Gauge Field.

Gauge field is widely studied in natural and artificial materials. With an effective magnetic field for uncharged particles, many intriguing phenomena are observed in several systems like photonic Floquet topological insulator. However, previous researches about the gauge field mostly focus on limited dimensions such as the Dirac spinor in graphene materials. Here, an orbital gauge field based on photonic triangular lattices is first proposed and experimentally observed. Disclination defects with Frank angle Ω created on such lattices breaks the original lattice symmetry and generates purely geometric gauge field operating on orbital basis functions. Interestingly, it is found that bound states near zero energy with the orbital angular momentum (OAM) l = 2 are intensively confined at the disclination as gradually expanding Ω. Moreover, the introduction of a vector potential field breaks the time-reversal symmetry of the orbital gauge field, experimentally manifested by the chiral transmission of light on helical waveguides. The orbital gauge field further suggests fantastic applications of manipulating the vortex light in photonic integrateddevices.

Beyond the Riemann Hypothesis [v2

The functional equation of real variable that Riemann used in his paper was subjected to elementary operations. And I obtained a lot of complex functional equations that the Riemann zeta function follows respectively. Here, functional equation transformations were the main methods for obtaining the complex functional equations. Half of those are equivalent to the complete symmetric functional equation that the Riemann Xi function follows, and one of those has an origin symmetry with correction terms. From the origin symmetric functional equation including correction terms, the representation containing the leading term of the zeta function for any complex number was obtained. And the Riemann hypothesis was proved by applying reduction to absurdity. Moreover the general representation containing the leading term of the zeta function for any odd number of 3 or more was also obtained. By suitably combining those functional equations, I observed a new explicit formula for the zeta function. The Riemann hypothesis was again proven using the deductive method. And two types of general representations for the zeta function for any odd number of either 3 or 7, or more, were also obtained from the explicit formula. In total, three types of general representations for the zeta function for any odd number of either 3 or 7, or more, were discovered. Conversely, I defined a new function, named the Chi function, for the left side of the origin symmetric functional equation that includes corrective terms. The Chi function is similar to the Riemann Xi function and exhibits origin symmetry. Furthermore, I defined a new function, the eta function, which is similar to the zeta function. The eta function’s pole and trivial zeros are the same as those of the zeta function. Furthermore, the Chi and eta functions have the same non-trivial zeros on the imaginary axis. And I proposed a generalized Riemann hypothesis for the eta function that states that all non-trivial zeros lie on the imaginary axis. Since I was able to discover the explicit formula for the eta function, the deductive method was used to prove the generalized Riemann hypothesis for the eta function. As you know, there are different types of transformations between the prime numbers and the non-trivial zeros of the zeta function. I discovered that there are comparable transformations between the prime numbers and the non-trivial zeros of the eta function. Based on the results of numerical experiments, I proposed some conjectures referring to relationships between the prime numbers and non-trivial zeros of the eta function.

Zinc-Substituted Structures of Hydroxyapatite: Modeling and Experiment

The results of calculations of the substitution of calcium atoms for zinc in the structure of hydroxyapatite using density functional theory methods using hybrid functionals in the supercell model are presented. Changes in the parameters and volume of the unit cell, energy bands and energy of formation of substitutions with increasing number of substitutions in different positions of calcium (Ca1 and Ca2) are analyzed in comparison with experimental data. A proportional decrease in the parameters and volume of the cell with an increase in the number of substitutions has been established, and a more complex behavior of various cell parameters has been revealed, which is a consequence of the violation of the original symmetry. Electronic energy levels were found to depend on the zinc concentration and the positions of the calcium ions being replaced. In this case, the band gap Eg of hydroxyapatite experiences a jump of 0.6–0.8 eV with the introduction of one zinc ion per supercell, and then decreases and reaches values below the initial Eg value by 0.5–0.6 eV for substitutions in Ca1 positions, and by 0.8–0.9 eV for substitutions in Ca2 positions. It has been shown that the energy of substitution has a complex dependence on the concentration of the substituent and the replacement of calcium ions with zinc occurs predominantly in the Ca2 position over the entire concentration range. An analysis of changes in interatomic distances during the process of relaxation to the equilibrium state at different zinc concentrations was carried out. We revealed formation of bonds between zinc atoms and nearby oxygen anions, which violates the original symmetry of hydroxypatite structures. The data obtained are important for understanding the structural changes that occur during substitution, as well as for understanding and predicting the properties of synthesized biocompatible materials.

Flexible Anionic Groups-Activated Structure Dissymmetry for Strong Nonlinearity in Ln2 Ae3 MIV 3 S12 Family.

Structural dissymmetry and strong second-harmonic generation (SHG) responses are key conditions for nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals, and targeted combinatorial screening of suitable anionic groups has become extremely effective. Herein, optimal combination of flexible SnSn (n=5, 6) groups and highly electropositive cations (lanthanides (Ln3+ ) and alkaline earth (Ae2+ : Sr, Ca) metals) affords the successful synthesis of 12 NLO thiostannates including Ln2 Sr3 Sn3 S12 (Pmc21 ) and Ln2 Ca3 Sn3 S12 (P-62m); whereas 17 rigid GeS4 or SiS4 tetrahedra-constructed Ln2 Ae3 Ge3 S12 and Ln2 Ae3 Si3 S12 crystallize in the centrosymmetric (CS) Pnma. This unprecedented CS to noncentrosymmetric (NCS) structural transformation (Pnma to P-62m to Pmc21 ) in the Ln2 Ae3 MIV 3 S12 family indicates that chemical substitution of the tetrahedral GeS4 /SiS4 units with SnSn breaks the original symmetry to form the requisite NCS structures. Remarkably, strong polarization anisotropy and hyperpolarizability of the Sn(4+) S5 unit afford huge performance improvement from the nonphase-matching (NPM) SHG response (1.4×AgGaS2 and Δn=0.008) of La2 Ca3 Sn3 S12 to the strong phase-matching (PM) SHG effect (3.0×AgGaS2 and Δn=0.086) of La2 Sr3 Sn3 S12 . Therefore, Sn(4+) S5 is proven to be a promising "NLO-active unit." This study verifies that the coupling of flexible SnSn building blocks into structures opens a feasible path for designing targeted NCS crystals with strong nonlinearity and optical anisotropy.

An anisotropic van der Waals dielectric for symmetry engineering in functionalized heterointerfaces

Van der Waals dielectrics are fundamental materials for condensed matter physics and advanced electronic applications. Most dielectrics host isotropic structures in crystalline or amorphous forms, and only a few studies have considered the role of anisotropic crystal symmetry in dielectrics as a delicate way to tune electronic properties of channel materials. Here, we demonstrate a layered anisotropic dielectric, SiP2, with non-symmorphic twofold-rotational C2 symmetry as a gate medium which can break the original threefold-rotational C3 symmetry of MoS2 to achieve unexpected linearly-polarized photoluminescence and anisotropic second harmonic generation at SiP2/MoS2 interfaces. In contrast to the isotropic behavior of pristine MoS2, a large conductance anisotropy with an anisotropy index up to 1000 can be achieved and modulated in SiP2-gated MoS2 transistors. Theoretical calculations reveal that the anisotropic moiré potential at such interfaces is responsible for the giant anisotropic conductance and optical response. Our results provide a strategy for generating exotic functionalities at dielectric/semiconductor interfaces via symmetry engineering.

Dual-resonant-peak single-mode fiber surface plasmon resonance gas sensor with V-groove for methane detection

ObjectiveThe simple structure of single-mode fibers as a sensing platform circumvents the technical bottlenecks associated with manufacturing difficulties. Meanwhile, compared to photonic crystal fibers, they have lower manufacturing costs and can achieve similar performance to other types of fibers, providing greater possibilities for mass production. The V-groove in the SMF destroys the original symmetry of the fiber and renders the core mode energy leak controllable, consequently enhancing the sensitivity and confinement loss (CL) intensity of the core mode as well as the resolution. The composite nanolayer (gold gas-sensitive film) combines the advantages of both the materials and mutual gain to strengthen the detection ability and continuously outputs high-quality free electrons to promote mode coupling. MethodsA dual-resonant-peak single-mode fiber (SMF) surface plasmon resonance (SPR) gas sensor with a V-groove is designed for the sensitive detection of methane and analyzed by the full-vector finite element method (FEM). ResultsBy optimizing the structural parameters and polarization states, the SPR sensor can be operated in the concentration range between 0 % and 3.5 %, which can be spread across two transmission bands simultaneously with the maximum wavelength sensitivities being 12 nm/% and 8 nm/% and the corresponding resolution being 0.0083 % and 0.013 %, respectively. The tolerance of the structural parameters of the sensor is below 0.88 nm/μm to make manufacturing easier compared to conventional products. This sensor has good prospects and application potential in areas such as gas leakage diagnostics and environmental safety.

Leading all-loop quantum contribution to the effective potential in the inflationary cosmology

In this paper, we have constructed quantum effective potentials and used them to study slow-roll inflationary cosmology. We derived the generalised RG equation for the effective potential in the leading logarithmic approximation and applied it to evaluate the potentials of the T 2 and T 4-models, which are often used in modern models of slow-roll inflation. We found that while the one-loop correction strongly affects the potential, breaking its original symmetry, the contribution of higher loops smoothes the behaviour of the potential. However, unlike the ϕ 4-case, we found that the effective potentials preserve spontaneous symmetry breaking when summing all the leading corrections.We calculated the spectral indices ns and r for the effective potentials of both models and found that they are consistent with the observational data for a wide range of parameters of the models.