Oriented Strand Board Panels Research Articles

Performance of oriented strand board bonded with a hybrid phenol-formaldehyde/polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate adhesives system

A hybrid adhesive system composed of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin and polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI), modified with two types of alkaline catalysts, namely NaOH and CaCO3 at 20% (w/v), was used for manufacturing the oriented strand board (OSB) from sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria L. Nielsen) wood. The catalyst was added at a concentration of 1% of the solids content of PF adhesive, and pMDI was added at 2.5% and 5.0% of the PF adhesive solids content. Adding catalysts and cross-linking agents increased the solids content and viscosity of the adhesive and accelerated the gelation time. The water absorption of OSB increased with the addition of catalysts and crosslinking agents compared to the control PF. Still, the CaCO3 catalyst worked optimally in reducing the thickness swelling of OSB. The mechanical properties of the laboratory-fabricated OSB panels increased with the addition of catalyst and cross-linker, except for the modulus of elasticity parallel to the grain. The optimal performance of OSB was obtained by adding 1% CaCO3 and 2.5% pMDI based on the PF’s solids content.

Timber-Based Strategies for Seismic Collapse Prevention and Energy Performance Improvement in Masonry Buildings

This study investigates the effectiveness of a range of timber-based solutions for the seismic and energy retrofitting of existing masonry buildings. These solutions are designed not only to prevent structural collapse during earthquakes but also to create integrated interventions that enhance thermo-physical performance and reduce emissions in existing buildings. Various case scenarios were considered and both mechanical and energetic behaviour post-intervention were evaluated. Timber-engineered products serve as foundational components for the retrofit approach, encompassing one-dimensional vertical elements (strong-backs) and various types of panels (cross-laminated timber panels, laminated veneer lumber panels, and oriented strand board panels). The analyzed retrofit techniques share a common principle involving the attachment of these timber-based elements to the building’s wall surfaces through mechanical point-to-point connections. The proposed solutions integrate strong-backs and timber panels with membranes and insulation layers, yielding cohesive, and highly effective interventions. Finite element modeling was employed to analyze the mechanical and thermal responses of the retrofitted walls. A comprehensive comparative analysis of various techniques was conducted to determine the most effective solution for each specific scenario.

Evaluation of the Physical-Mechanical Properties of OSB Panels (Oriented Strand Board) With Different Types of Adhesives and Particle Orientations

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the quality of OSB (Oriented Strand Board) panels produced with different particle orientations and adhesive formulations. Method: The panels were produced using strand particles of Pinus taeda, with a nominal density of 0.65 g/cm³ in two particle orientations (oriented and random) and three adhesive formulations (100% phenol formaldehyde, 100% tannin and 50% phenol formaldehyde + 50% tannin), distributed in six treatments. The tests were carried out according to the standards established by the EN 300 (2006) standards. Results and conclusion: The results showed that using the mixture of the phenol and tannin adhesive had better results for the swelling, water absorption properties and the static bending. It was not possible to determine the best type of adhesive to be used, as the results showed an equivalence between the two types of adhesives used, as well as the mixture between them. It was observed that the use of mixtures with 50% of each adhesive can be used in the production process of OSB panels, allowing new alternatives of adhesives for the industries. Research implications: This research investigates the possibility of using different types of natural adhesives in the manufacture of wooden panels, contributing to reducing the use of materials that are harmful to the environment and reducing costs in panel production, contributing to more sustainable production.

SIP construction with EPS and galvanised electro-welded mesh

SIP stands for structure insulated panels which is usually constructed of oriented strand boards (OSB) on the interior and exterior sides with foam like Expanded polystyrene (EPS), extruded polystyrene (XPS) or rigid poly-urethane foam, sandwiched in between the OSB sheets. Around the polystyrene; plywood, pressure treated plywood, aluminium, thin mesh of steel, stainless steel etc can also be used in replacement to OSB panels. This article focus on a new idea which is using polystyrene sheets 170mm thick, 2.4m long and 1.2m wide with 3mm electro-welded mesh on both faces with both main and distribution bars. Depending on the loading the spacing can be reduced and some extra bars at length L/3 can be welded to the mesh. The SIP with galvanized electro-welded mesh acts like RC structure and if installed by trained persons it is suitable for all design loads as all the factory tests have been conducted on them. The advantages of using SIP panels with electro-welded mesh are easy to install, economical (at least half a price of traditional build), speedy construction (takes about half of the time as compared to traditional build), light weight, fire resistant, flexibility, thermal properties, easy transportation etc.

Effects of air-plasma treatment in enhancing the mechanical properties of oriented strand boards

In this work, through surface modification of poplar strands with a non-thermal type of plasma, we produced oriented strand board (OSB) panels with high loading capacity (fabricated with a target density of 0.7 g/cm3 and phenol-formaldehyde resin in a content of 7%). At the processing power of 4.5 kW, the plasma-induced efficient etching effect and chemical grafting contributed greatly to improving the wettability of strands surfaces, resulting in the 68.3% increase of resin coverage and the formation of consecutive bond-lines within the structures of OSB. Furthermore, the adhesive distribution within wood surface layers and adhesion efficiency were intensively analyzed by means of X-ray computed tomography imaging, the results demonstrated that the plasma-based surface modification considerably increased the penetration depth of the resin into the wood volume, making it easier to form mechanical interlocking in wood-resin interphase. Further nanoindentation analysis on the resin-infiltrated cell walls revealed the substantial reinforcement of bonding interphase after plasma modification. In bonding performance tests, the internal bond strength of plasma-modified OSB reached up to 1.22 MPa, nearly 3.6 times the value recommended by ISO 16894: OSB panels type 4. Meanwhile, the loadbearing property was improved significantly, which was not only reflected in the enhanced bending strength and elastic modulus, but was also confirmed by strain distribution along the thickness direction recorded using digital image correlation technique.

Oriented Strand Board panels of residual reforestation wood with Al2O3 nanoparticles

The application of metal oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3) in Oriented Strand Board (OSB) panels has been studied as a way to provide greater efficiency in heat transfer rate during the thermopressing process, thus contributing to the polymerization process of the resin used in particle agglomeration. Studies on the subject, however, are still scarce and require further study in order to optimize the production process of OSB panels. Therefore, this study evaluated medium density OSB panels (650 kg/m3) of reforestation residual wood shaped with 13% castor oil-based polyurethane resin with 1% of commercially sourced Al2O3 nanoparticles and manufactured in the laboratory via the proteic sol-gel method. Microstructural analysis of the nanoparticles was performed to verify their dispersion within the resin; qualitative analysis of nanoparticles was performed with X-ray diffraction (XRD); and analysis by High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) was performed to study commercially sourced and laboratory-produced nanoparticles. After analyzing the results, the panels were produced with commercial aluminum oxide nanoparticles and characterized by physical (thickness swelling) and mechanical (static bending and perpendicular traction) tests, according to current normative documents. The results indicated that commercial aluminum oxide nanoparticles provided better performance in microstructural and qualitative analysis, in addition to provide a better efficiency in the resin curing stage, causing an increase in the values of physical-mechanical properties in the transverse direction for the modulus of rupture (69.15%) and internal bond of the wood particles (53.57%).

Influence of Local Density on Concentrated Static Load Performance of Oriented Strandboard

Abstract Fourteen 1,220 by 2,440 by 11.1-mm commercial Oriented Strandboard (OSB) panels were X-ray scanned to obtain horizontal density matrices. Localized densities around the concentrated static load (CSL) testing points of the panels were calculated prior to the CSL test. A linear regression analysis was conducted to assess the impact of the localized density on CSL performance. The results indicated that both deflection and ultimate load were highly correlated with the local density. Deflection and ultimate load were somewhat correlated (R2 = 0.52). The CSL deflection decreased and ultimate load increased significantly with increasing local density. The impact of local density on ultimate load was greater than on deflection. Horizontal density variation is inherent in OSB manufacturing processes, especially in the mat forming process. A number of factors, including evenness of strands in the metering bin, condition of picker rolls and dissolving rolls, and strand and fines surging, can affect horizontal density distribution. OSB panels with a high degree of variation in horizontal panel density may cause low density spots that increase the chance of failure in CSL test. It is therefore crucial to minimize the occurrence of very low density areas in order to reduce the odds of ultimate load failure. Reducing density variability allows OSB companies to increase the CSL properties of their products, which would otherwise need to be done by making the panel denser. Improving horizontal density uniformity allows for lowering of the average panel density, which reduces the manufacturing cost and helps improve the company's bottom line.

Study of the Influence of Heat Treatment on OSB Panels Produced with Eucalyptus Wood in Different Layer Compositions

In view of the lack of studies aimed at producing and assessing the effects of heat treatment of Oriented Strand Board (OSB) panels, this paper evaluated the thermal degradation kinetics of the raw materials, and the physical and mechanical properties of the panels made with eucalyptus wood and castor oil-based polyurethane adhesive. The OSB panels were subjected to post-production heat treatment (at 175 and 200 °C), replacing the use of wood chemical preservatives. Furthermore, the quantity of materials varied in the face:core:face layers in the proportions of 25:50:25 and 30:40:30, aiming to evaluate the possibility of structural applications for the panels. The results were statistically analyzed and compared with the specifications and classifications for OSB indicated by the European Standard EN 300 and the literature. The application of heat treatment improved the physical properties by decreasing the interaction with water and did not reduce the mechanical properties below the recommended levels. The variation in layer proportions indicated that all of them can be adopted without compromising the panel’s physical-mechanical performance. All treatments are compatible with the EN 300 classification for OSB/4 (heavy duty load-bearing boards for use in humid conditions), presenting technical feasibility and excellent structural profile for civil construction applications.

Physical-mechanical properties and heat transfer analysis of OSB produced with phenol-formaldehyde and ZnO nanoparticles addition

Oriented Strand Board is a structural wood composite with applications that require good physical and mechanical performance. The addition of ZnO nanoparticles is an alternative that has been studied in order to improve the properties of Oriented Strand Board panels. However, there is no information about its effect Oriented Strand Board. The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of the addition of zinc oxide nanoparticles in two different percentages (0,25 % and 0,50 %) on the physical-mechanical properties of Oriented Strand Board panels produced with phenol-formaldehyde resin and on the heat transfer during hot-pressing. Oriented Strand Board panels were produced and tested according to European Standards. The addition of ZnO nanoparticles improved the dimensional stability of the panel, reducing its thickness swelling, and also increased the screw withdraw strength. The heat transfer during hot-pressing increased the temperature more quickly on boards with nanoparticles addition; on the other hand the final temperature of the control treatment was higher.

Effects of strands geometry on the physical and mechanical properties of oriented strand boards (OSBs) made from black spruce and trembling aspen

Black spruce is widely used for lumber production in Eastern Canada, and it has the potential to replace trembling aspen and paper birch for oriented strand board (OSB) manufacturing. This study evaluated the bending modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR), the internal bond (IB), and the thickness swelling (TS) of OSB panels made from black spruce and trembling aspen strands and how they were affected by strand geometry. All the panels met the CSA O437 (1993) standard for class O-2 properties except for the TS. The strand thickness had a significantly negative effect on the bending properties but a significantly positive effect on the IB and TS properties. The strand length had a significantly positive effect on the parallel bending properties but a significantly negative effect on the perpendicular bending properties and the IB, except for the TS. The OSB panels made from aspen obtained better bending properties, while the IB and TS properties were lower than those of the OSB black spruce panels. The results indicate that black spruce strands obtained from the Eastern Canadian softwood lumber industry are suitable for OSB production, but more work is required to reduce the TS.

Evaluating Log Stiffness Using Acoustic Velocity for Manufacturing Structural Oriented Strand Board

Oriented strand board (OSB) is an engineered panel product formed by layering strands of resinated wood in specific orientations into a mat, then pressing the mat at a high temperature to form a panel of desired strength and stiffness. OSB manufacturing facilities utilize small diameter logs from thinning operations and waste from harvesting. Considerable variation exists in the wood properties of the raw material and ideally the OSB industry would take advantage of such variation, however, it lacks the technology required to rapidly assess log quality on-site. Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques based-on acoustics have the potential to rapidly segregate logs in the field, however the influence of acoustic-based log segregation on OSB panel properties is unknown. The aims of this project were to determine if log quality affects panel properties and if acoustic NDE technology is a satisfactory tool for determining log stiffness prior to entering the manufacturing process. It was found that low velocity (stiffness) logs produced panels with low stiffness while high and medium velocity (stiffness) logs produced panels with similar properties. The Director HM 200 was a satisfactory tool for determining log stiffness. Further studies are required to determine how to incorporate NDE tools into the manufacturing process.

Optimization of castor oil polyurethane resin content of OSB panel made of <i>Dendrocalamus asper</i> bamboo

This work presents a study of the optimization of castor oil polyurethane (PU) resin content for the production of Oriented Strand Boards (OSB) using bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper). For this study, medium-density (650 kg/m3) OSB panels were produced with different resin contents (8%, 10%, 12%, and 15%). The bamboo particles were characterized through physical, chemical and anatomical analyses, identifying the potential of this product as a raw material for OSB panels. Subsequently, the physical and mechanical properties of OSB panels were evaluated. The results indicated that bamboo and castor oil PU are suitable for the production of OSB panels, and all the conditions met the minimum requirements of the European standard EN 300 (2002), for OSB type 1. In particular, the best overall properties were obtained by the panels with a resin content of 12%, achieving the minimum requirements for applications as a structural panel (type 4), opening new opportunities for formaldehyde-free engineered bamboo materials for the built environment.

Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil-Based Epoxy as an Adhesive in Oriented Strand Board Production.

The objectives of this study were to utilize bio-oil-based epoxy resin in oriented strand board (OSB) production and investigate the effect of bio-oil substitution in epoxy resin as an adhesive for OSB production. Bio-oil was produced by the fast pyrolysis (FP) process using southern yellow pine (Pinus spp.). Bio-oil-based epoxy resin was synthesized by the modification of epoxy resin with FP bio-oil at various substitution levels. Acetone extraction using a Soxhlet process indicated a superior cured reaction of bio-oil and epoxy resin at 20% bio-oil substitution. FTIR spectra corroborated the Soxhlet extraction with the removal of the epoxide peak signature within the cross-linked polymer. Images from the scanning electron microscopy suggested bulk phase homogeneity. OSB panels were tested according to ASTM D1037-12. The modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), internal bond strength, and water resistance (thickness swell and water absorption) properties of the OSB panels were feasible at bio-oil substitution up to 30% in the epoxy resin system.

Experimental evaluation and numerical modeling of the mechanical performance of OSB sandwich panels manufactured with trapezoidal core

The development of materials using forest biomass by-products has presented a viable alternative to replacing conventional materials and a great potential for the reuse of waste by-products. This study aimed to evaluate experimentally and by computational modeling, the mechanical performance of OSB (Oriented Strand Board) panels stiffened by the trapezoidal core according to the bending direction. By the cross-section of the panels manufactured with strands of balsa wood waste and castor oil polyurethane resin, the influence of the core direction on the flexural stiffness and ultimate load capacity was evaluated. Bending performance tests showed that stiffness in the longitudinal direction was 56% greater than in the transversal direction. For this same approach and referring to the elastic-linear segment, the computational modeling by Finite Element Analysis showed a superiority of 66% for stiffness in the longitudinal direction. Regarding the deflections and predictions of critical regions for the failure of the panel, an appropriate accuracy of the computational models adjusted for the material's nonlinearity and orthotropy. The OSB sandwich panels reached the minimum normative requirements for structural purposes, presenting great potential for applications in civil constructions, due to their efficient bending stiffness added to the benefits of a bio-based waste product

Strength Properties of Full-Size Oriented Strand Board Panels Following Submergence in Potable and Salt Water

Abstract One of the largest contributors to the economic loss from floods is the complete or partial destruction of residential buildings, and finding ways to eliminate or minimize this loss is important. Oriented strand board (OSB) is a wood product commonly used in home construction, so a better understanding of how flood water affects its mechanical properties is warranted. In this study, the moduli of elasticity and rupture (MOE and MOR, respectively) of representative samples removed from full-size (4 by 8-ft [1.2 by 2.4 m]) OSB panels were examined following the submergence of the panels in potable and salt water (surrogates for flood water) for increasing periods of time (i.e., 8, 24, 48, 72, 168, and 336 h). The results of our study show that after 8 hours of panel submersion in potable water, MOR and MOE is reduced by 15 percent and 16 percent, respectively; no significant change was observed in MOR and MOE for panels soaked in salt water. After 168 hours, the MOR loss was 43 percent for panels soaked in potable water and 38 percent for panels soaked in salt water. For MOE, there was a 35 percent loss regardless of water type. Submersion of panels in either water type for an additional 168 hours resulted in no significant change in MOR or MOE. The MOR and MOE of samples removed from the edges of the submerged panels, for both water types, were lower than those of the interior samples. Finally, the decreases in average MOR and MOE following submergence in either water type were approximately independent of brand.

Optimization of Production Parameters in Oriented Strand Board (OSB) Manufacturing by Using Taguchi Method

Optimization of process conditions in oriented strand board (OSB) manufacturing is a very important issue for both reducing cost and improving the quality of panels. Taguchi experimental design technique was applied to determination and optimization of the most influential controlling parameters of OSB panels such as press condition (pressure-time-temperature) and the ratio of adhesive parameters on modulus of elasticity (MOE). The value of the MOE is one of the very important mechanical properties of OSB panels. For this purpose, several experiments were conducted according to Taguchi L27 orthogonal design. The signal-to-noise (S/N) and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to find the optimum levels and to indicate the impact of the controlling parameters on MOE. A verification test was also performed to prove the effectiveness of Taguchi technique. Since the predicted and the measured values were very close to each other, it was concluded that the Taguchi method was very successful in the optimization of effective parameters in OSB’s manufacturing.

Evaluation of Balsa wood (Ochroma pyramidale) waste and OSB panels with castor oil polyurethane resin

ABSTRACT This research presents an advanced characterization of Balsa wood waste to evaluate its potential use as raw material for Oriented Strand Board (OSB) panel. For that, chemical, thermal and microstructural characterization of the Balsa wood particles were performed followed by the production and characterization of OSB agglomerated with castor oil polyurethane resin (Pu-Castor oil). The results indicated that the lignin content of the Balsa wood waste was lower than the content found in Pinus spp. wood, used in the industrial production of OSB panels, demonstrating the need for higher resin contents to ensure a perfect agglomeration of the particles. Microstructural analysis indicated that the Balsa wood presented characteristics to be used as a constituent raw material of OSB with Pu-Castor oil. The physical-mechanical characterization indicated that the material can be classified as OSB type 1 in accordance with the EN 300:2006 guidelines and is suitable for application in internal environments.

Numerical modeling for adjustment of the equivalent moduli of elasticity of OSB layers estimated from experimental flexural rigidity

Oriented strand board (OSB) panels are well-known for their many applications and as a complex multi-layer composite, which elastic properties are commonly obtained by testing the specimens for the longitudinal and transverse directions of the panel. This study aimed to establish a method to obtain the equivalent moduli of elasticity to each panel layer. For this purpose, OSB panels were manufactured from balsa wood waste and castor oil polyurethane resin. Based on the flexural rigidity for each panel direction and considering the geometric and elastic parameters, a system of the equations was established to obtain the equivalent moduli of elasticity of each layer. The method proposed was validated using the finite element method. The experimental results showed that the elastic-linear behavior was quite accurate for up to approximately 60% of the ultimate stress, and thereafter the non-linearity was better fitted by a multi-linear model. The load-deflection curves, both for the longitudinal and transverse directions, for the elastic phase were precisely represented with the equivalent moduli of elasticity. For non-linear segments, there was a strong dependence on the parameters adopted in the model. The results obtained in this study showed that the equivalent moduli of elasticity of layers of OSB panel can be obtained based on the results of bending test of specimens manufactured with the full thickness of the panel, providing properties for more detailed applications in the modeling with of this layered wood-based product.

Experimental investigation into the performance of cold‐formed steel walls sheathed with OSB and cement‐based panels

AbstractCold‐formed steel (CFS) structures are developing fast in both seismic and not seismic areas for their high degree of prefabrication, high structural performance and the good energy performance. In the last decades, many research groups around the world have focused on the analysis of seismic behaviour of CFS structures and the development of design procedures that still need to find their full implementation in many international codes, first of all in the Eurocode. Therefore, the development of CFS system still requires, very often, the adoption of large experimental testing, in particular, when sheathing braced design methodologies are applied. This paper presents, for the first time, the in‐plane tests of CFS walls sheathed on one side with oriented strand boards (OSB) and cement based panels (CP). In particular, a set of two full scale tests of ledger walls having 2400mm width and 2926mm height, sheathed with OSB3 and CP, and a set of two tests on ledger walls having dimensions (2400mmm x 2974mm) sheathed with OSB3 panels are presented and discussed. The tests have been carried out in accordance to the BS EN 594:1996. The results confirm in agreement with literature studies that the collapse is governed by the failure of the screws between panels and steel profiles. And, more importantly it shows that, when both OSB and CP are present the collapse is governed by the failure of the screws between cement panels and steel profiles. When comparing the two sets of walls those sheathed only with OSB panels have lateral resistance which is about 1.5 time higher than when also CP are present.

Lateral loading performance of end narrow panel reinforced light wood frame shear walls

PurposeThe sheathing panels of traditional light wood frame shear walls mainly use oriented strand board (OSB) panels, and the damage of the traditional walls is mainly caused by the tear failure at the bottom corner of the OSB panel. In order to improve the lateral performance of the traditional light wood frame shear wall, a new type of end narrow panels reinforced light wood frame shear wall is proposed.Design/methodology/approachThe monotonic loading tests and finite element analysis of nine groups of walls, with different types of end narrow panel, types of fasteners used on the end narrow panels and the end narrow panels edge fastener spacing, are carried out. The effects of different characters on lateral performance of light wood frame shear walls are reported and discussed.FindingsThe failure modes of the wall reinforced by parallel strand bamboo narrow panels with 150 mm edge nails spacing are similar to the traditional wall. Conversely, the failure modes of other groups of walls reinforced by end narrow panels are the tears of the bottom narrow panel or the bottom beam. The end narrow panel reinforced light wood frame shear wall can make full use of the material property of sheathing panels. Compared with the lateral performance of traditional walls, the new-type end narrow panels reinforced walls have better lateral performance.Originality/valueA new type of end narrow panels reinforced light wood frame shear wall is proposed, which can enhance the lateral performance of the traditional light wood frame shear wall. The new-type walls have advantages of convenient operation, manufacture cost saving and important value of engineering application.