Sample Orientation Research Articles

Local structural investigations of graphitic ZnO and reduced graphene oxide composite

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) assisted two-dimensional (2D) graphitic ZnO (gZnO) have been prepared and characterized by Raman, FTIR, Cross-sectional high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) techniques comprising of X-ray near edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements. Raman spectroscopy and FTIR measurements suggest formation of ZnO and the same has been corroborated by XANES measurements. HRTEM and polarization dependent XANES measurements with two different sample orientations confirm the formation of gZnO/rGO sandwiched layers. Density Functional Theory simulated relaxed initial structure of bilayers of gZnO sandwiched between successive rGO layers fits the EXAFS data reasonably well, supported by formation energy calculations which indicate better stability for samples having bilayers to a few layers of gZnO between rGO layers than with monolayer. These relaxed structures also help to understand the electronic structure contributing in XANES spectrum, with the help of ligand field theory.

Burning material behaviour in hypoxic environments: An experimental study examining a representative storage arrangement of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyethylene bubble wrap, and cardboard layers as a composite system

SummaryCone calorimeter and controlled atmosphere cone calorimeter experiments were conducted on various samples. The intent of the tests was to examine the behavior of uniform and composite samples in a range of thicknesses, irradiances, and oxygen concentrations. Single, uniform layers of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) were compared to a composite mix, comprising of ABS with a surface layer of cardboard and a secondary layer of polyethylene bubble wrap (intended to represent a potential storage arrangement). The horizontal samples have been tested at irradiances of 25 and 50 kW/m2 and oxygen concentrations of 20.95%, 17%, and 15% to examine a range of significant variables. Results for the uniform arrangement indicated various correlations, previously observed in the works of others, such as the relationships typically described between applied heat flux, ignitability, heat release rate and the effect of the introduction of hypoxic conditions. However, results were shown to change significantly when samples were arranged to feature composite layers. A hypothesized cause of the behavioral change, namely the soot and char residual introduced from the incomplete combustion of the cardboard layer, highlights further important variables that require consideration in material testing under hypoxic conditions. Such variables, namely specific material behaviors and sample orientation, must be sufficiently captured in the design methodologies of systems reliant upon the introduction of hypoxic conditions. It is concluded that sufficiently capturing a wider range of variables in burning materials under hypoxic conditions will introduce further design resilience and help optimize fire protection/prevention methods.

Mechanical, Tribological, and Corrosion Properties of Composite NiP-Al2O3 With Different Amount of Particles

Abstract In this study, the influence of Al2O3 particle amounts on the mechanical, tribological, and corrosion properties of the composite NiP-Al2O3 coating was evaluated. AISI 4140 steel was coated with NiP through an autocatalytic bath with the addition of Al2O3 particles maintained in suspension by mechanical stirring. Following, the coated samples were annealed at 600 °C to increase the hardness and to create an interdiffusion layer, which improves coating adhesion and corrosion resistance. The coating surface was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM)/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), microhardness, wear resistance, and corrosion tests. The results showed that the coating particles’ amount depends on the bath agitation speed, the sample orientation during the deposition, and the volume of Al2O3 particles in the bath composition. Also, the number of particles in the coating affects the deposition kinetics and the thickness of the interdiffusion layer, which affects the wear and corrosion resistance.

Investigation on Controllable Orientation Growth of BiFeO3 Thin Films Deposited by DC Magnetron Sputtering

Nanocrystalline BiFeO3 thin films were synthesized on single crystal SrTiO3(100) substrate by the magnetron sputtering method at a mixture of Ar/O2 gas discharge, structure and morphology were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The miscut angle of 4° and 8° for substrate and the effect of deposition temperature of 650 °C, 700 °C, 750 °C and 800 °C were discussed, respectively. The other two different crystal orientations substrates of SrTiO3(110) and SrTiO3(111), different miscut angles substrate SrTiO3(100) were selected to characterize orientation growth of BiFeO3 thin films. The results showed single phase nanocrystalline BiFeO3 thin films were synthesized at 700 °C–800 °C. The best crystallinity of BiFeO3 thin films was obtained at 750 °C with the grain size of 50 nm approximately. Via optimizing controllable orientation growth through varing the miscut angle, the orientation of the film sample can be regulated by the crystal orientation of different substrates, further proved that possessed different electric domain directions with change of miscut angle for substrate.

Laboratory Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Draupne Shale Relevant for CO2 Seal Integrity

The mechanical integrity of caprocks overlying injection formations is one of the key factors for safe storage of carbon dioxide in geological formations. Undrained effects caused by CO2 injection on strength and elastic parameters should be properly considered in the operational design to avoid fracture creation, fault reactivation and unwanted surface uplift. This study presents results from eleven undrained triaxial compression tests and one oedometer test on the Draupne shale, which is the main caprock of the Smeaheia site in the North Sea, to extract parameters relevant for seal integrity. Tests have been performed on samples oriented perpendicular to and parallel with the horizontal layering of the rock to study the effects of sample orientation relative to the loading direction. Results from undrained triaxial tests showed only minor effects of sample orientation on friction and cohesion. However, when loading during undrained shearing was parallel with layering (horizontal samples), measured Young’s modulus was roughly 1.4 times higher than for the vertical samples. Undrained shearing of vertical samples generated 30–50% more excess pore pressure than for horizontal samples with similar consolidation stress owing to more volume compaction of vertical samples. With apparent pre-consolidation stress determined from a high-stress oedometer test, the normalized undrained shear strength was found to correlate well with the overconsolidation ratio following the SHANSEP (Stress History and Normalized Soil Engineering Properties) procedure.

Sensitivity of woven textile sandwich panel faces to Charpy impact properties

This research work is motivated by the increased demand for high impact strength and light-weight materials for many industrial applications, including aerospace and automobiles. Impact properties of 5-harness satin-weave carbon/cyanate ester polymeric prepreg sandwich structures has not been addressed adequately, though it is ideal for many space applications subjected to high temperatures. The impact behaviour of textile sandwich panels and their damage resistance were investigated experimentally using the Charpy test under high impact energy. This includes the sample orientations and its tested face to the impact direction. The results indicated that the sample orientations and its face to the impact direction has a significant effect on impact properties and observed damage modes. The selection of textile sandwich composite panel with higher impact resistance is an effective way of improving its applicability in many potential sectors.

Angle-Resolved Intensity of Polarized Micro-Raman Spectroscopy for 4H-SiC

Raman spectroscopy is an indispensable method for the nondestructive testing of semiconductor materials and their microstructures. This paper presents a study on the angle-resolved intensity of polarized micro-Raman spectroscopy for a 4H silicon carbide (4H-SiC) wafer. A generalized theoretical model of polarized Raman intensity was established by considering the birefringence effect. The distributions of angle-resolved Raman intensities were achieved under normal and oblique backscattering configurations. Experiments were performed on a self-built angle-resolved Raman system, which verified the validity of the proposed model and achieved the identification of crystal orientations of the 4H-SiC sample.

Quasi-Static Tensile Properties of Unalloyed Copper Produced by Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing.

Mechanical properties of powder bed fusion processed unalloyed copper are reported majorly in the as-fabricated condition, and the effect of post-processes, common to additive manufacturing, is not well documented. In this study, mechanical properties of unalloyed copper processed by electron beam powder bed fusion are characterized via room temperature quasi-static uniaxial tensile test and Vickers microhardness. Tensile samples were extracted both perpendicular and parallel to the build direction and assigned to three different conditions: as-fabricated, hot isostatic pressing (HIP), and vacuum annealing. In the as-fabricated condition, the highest UTS and lowest elongation were obtained in the samples oriented perpendicular to the build direction. These were observed to have clear trends between sample orientation caused primarily by the interdependencies between the epitaxial columnar grain morphology and dislocation movement during the tensile test. Texture was insignificant in the as-fabricated condition, and its effect on the mechanical properties was outweighed by the orientation anisotropy. The fractographs revealed a ductile mode of failure with varying dimple sizes where more shallow and finely spaced dimples were observed in the samples oriented perpendicular to the build direction. EDS maps reveal that grain boundary oxides coalesce and grow in HIP and vacuum-annealed specimens which are seen inside the ductile dimples and contribute to their increased ductility. Overall, for the post-process parameters chosen in this study, HIP was observed to slightly increase the sample’s density while vacuum annealing reduced the oxygen content in the specimens.

Contribution of fiber orientation to enhancing dynamic properties of UHPC under impact loading

This paper investigates the contribution of fiber orientation to enhancing dynamic properties of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) under impact loading. Dynamic properties of 27 cylindrical core samples taken from prisms that have predominantly perpendicular, random, and parallel fiber orientations relative to the loading direction were tested. The Spilt Hopkinson Pressure Bar test method was used with strain rates of 160–290 s−1. Fiber orientation of samples after impact was evaluated using computed tomography scan. Test results indicated that the dynamic compressive strength, peak strain, and energy absorption capacity increased by up to 65%, 105%, and 295%, respectively, with the increase in strain rate. For a given strain rate, samples with predominant fiber orientations perpendicular and parallel to the loading direction showed the highest and lowest dynamic properties, respectively. Such spread in dynamic compressive strength, peak strain, and energy absorption capacity due to fiber orientation was up to 40%, 90%, and 135%, respectively. Fiber orientation coefficients along the direction of tensile stress were around 0.7 and less than 0.3 for samples with predominantly perpendicular and parallel fiber orientations, respectively. Good relationships were established to estimate the dynamic properties of UHPC given the quasi-static compressive strength, strain rate, and fiber orientation. A constitutive model to estimate the stress-strain curves of UHPC subjected to impact loading was developed. The model considers the influence of fiber orientation and strain rate. The model was successfully validated using the experimental data and was found to provide accurate prediction of the ascending portions of the stress-strain curves of UHPC under impact loading. The maximum spread between predicted and experimental dynamic compressive strength was limited to 10%.

Isotropically resolved label-free tomographic imaging based on tomographic moulds for optical trapping

A major challenge in three-dimensional (3D) microscopy is to obtain accurate spatial information while simultaneously keeping the microscopic samples in their native states. In conventional 3D microscopy, axial resolution is inferior to spatial resolution due to the inaccessibility to side scattering signals. In this study, we demonstrate the isotropic microtomography of free-floating samples by optically rotating a sample. Contrary to previous approaches using optical tweezers with multiple foci which are only applicable to simple shapes, we exploited 3D structured light traps that can stably rotate freestanding complex-shaped microscopic specimens, and side scattering information is measured at various sample orientations to achieve isotropic resolution. The proposed method yields an isotropic resolution of 230 nm and captures structural details of colloidal multimers and live red blood cells, which are inaccessible using conventional tomographic microscopy. We envision that the proposed approach can be deployed for solving diverse imaging problems that are beyond the examples shown here.

Characterizing eating disorder diagnosis and related outcomes by sexual orientation and gender identity in a national sample of college students

ObjectiveIn a national sample of college students, the current study aimed to: 1) examine differences in probable diagnoses of EDs (i.e., anorexia nervosa (AN), clinical/subthreshold bulimia nervosa (BN), or binge eating disorder (BED)) and weight and shape concerns by sexual orientation and gender identity, and 2) examine differences in ED chronicity and probable comorbid psychiatric diagnoses by sexual orientation and gender identity. MethodStudents across nine U.S. universities completed an online screener for DSM-5 clinical or subthreshold ED diagnoses, comorbid depression and anxiety disorders, and self-reported ED chronicity. Self-reported sexual orientation and gender identity were also collected. Tukey-corrected logistic and linear regressions examined differences in outcomes separately by sexual orientation and gender identity, adjusting for age, race, and ethnicity. ResultsA total of 8,531 students (24% sexually diverse (SD); 2.7% gender diverse (GD)) were studied. Students who identified as bisexual or other sexual orientation reported significantly greater odds of a probable ED diagnosis and greater elevations in weight and shape concerns compared to heterosexual students. Cisgender female students and GD students reported significantly greater odds of a probable ED diagnosis and greater elevations in weight and shape concerns compared to cisgender male students. Some SD students and GD students who met criteria for probable EDs were also more likely to report chronic ED symptoms and probable comorbid psychiatric diagnoses compared to heterosexual students and cisgender males, respectively. DiscussionSome SGD students may be at heightened risk for EDs, highlighting the need to identify mechanisms that contribute to disparities.

Effect of texture and mechanical anisotropy on flow behaviour in Ti–6Al–4V alloy under superplastic forming conditions

The dependency of anisotropic flow behaviour on crystallographic texture is investigated in Ti–6Al–4V alloy at 750 °C and 900 °C under constant strain rates of 10−2, 10−3 and 2 × 10−4 s−1. The evolution of microstructure and crystallographic texture during these test conditions has been studied using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Anisotropic flow stress behaviour was observed at 750 °C irrespective of the applied strain rate. The maximum flow stress at this temperature was recorded for samples with their lengths perpendicular to the rolling direction (RD), which had <0001>//Transverse Direction (TD) ± 20°, Basal TD texture. The presence of a banded microstructure appeared to be the prime reason for the anisotropic tensile behaviours at lower temperatures. However, at the higher temperature of 900 °C isotropic deformation was achieved disregarding sample orientations, i.e., parallel or perpendicular to the RD. Rachinger grain boundary sliding along α-β boundaries, accommodated by intragranular slip, was seen to contribute towards the total strain in samples perpendicular to the RD deformed under 2 × 10−4 s−1 strain rate. As such, Rachinger grain boundary sliding is the dominant deformation mechanism in the direction perpendicular to the RD at 900 °C. On the other hand, although exhibiting isotropic flow behaviour, the same texture is not observed for the samples parallel to the RD at 900 °C under the same strain rate (2 × 10−4 s−1). Thus Rachinger grain boundary sliding is not thought to be the dominating deformation mechanism for this sample orientation and potentially Lifshitz sliding is active. It is concluded that despite not having a strong effect on flow behaviour, microstructural texture determines the mechanism (i.e., Rachinger, Lifshitz) by which the superplastic deformation is driven.

Effect of nonvertical ion bombardment due to edge effects on polymer surface morphology evolution and etching uniformity

Maintaining uniform sample etching during a plasma process is a critical requirement for applications in large-scale wafer processing. The interface between the plasma and the sample surface is defined by the plasma sheath, which accelerates ions toward the sample surface. In areas where the plasma sheath is not parallel to the sample surface, such as near the sample edges, the incident ions arrive at shallower, off-normal angles that can result in a greater etch yield relative to other areas of the sample. This phenomenon leads to nonuniform etching, along with characteristic surface morphology evolution. In this work, we utilized a combination of spatial ellipsometry for etching behavior, atomic force microscopy (AFM) for surface morphology evolution, and power spectral density (PSD) analysis to quantify the extent and spatial dependence of the nonuniform etching near the sample edges. The spatial ellipsometry indicated that a region extending for about 1000 μm from the sample edge experiences approximately 10%–15% more thickness loss (∼10–15 nm) relative to areas near the center of the sample under the tested processing conditions. Within this area, the greatest rate of change in the sample thickness occurs within 5 Debye lengths or ∼300 μm from the sample edge. Via AFM analysis, we detected the presence of ripple features that are consistent with directional ion impacts caused by deflection of ions from normal incidence on the surface morphology [Merkulov et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 4816 (2002)] AFM scans performed in two different sample orientations confirmed that the ripple features are oriented perpendicular to the direction of incident ions and propagate along the direction of the incident ions. Correspondingly, the magnitude of surface roughness decreases as the distance from the sample edge increases. The ripple features were quantified via PSD analysis, which found the presence of a greater population of long-wavelength roughness closer to the sample edge. The findings of this study provide insight into the influence of the plasma sheath distortions near sample edges on the extent of nonuniform sample etching and characteristic surface morphology evolution in plasma etching applications.

Sexual Orientation and Functional Limitations: Cross-sectional Analyses From the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey

ObjectiveTo assess the association between sexual orientation and functional limitations in a large representative sample of the English population. DesignCross-sectional. SettingData were from the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. ParticipantsA total of 7403 adults aged 16-95 years (51.4% female; mean age, 46.3±18.6y) were included in the present study. InterventionsNot applicable. Main Outcome MeasuresSexual orientation was assessed using 2 items adapted from the Kinsey scale and was dichotomized into heterosexual and sexual minority orientation. Functional limitations were assessed using 7 activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). Functional limitations were defined as at least 1 difficulty in 1 of 7 ADL and IADL. Adjusted logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate the association between sexual orientation (independent variable) and functional limitations (dependent variable). ResultsThe level of sexual minority orientation and prevalence of functional limitations in the sample was 7.1% and 32.9%, respectively. After adjusting for several potential confounders, sexual minority orientation was positively and significantly associated with functional limitations (odds ratio, 1.51; 95% confidence interval, 1.18-1.95; reference group: heterosexual orientation). ConclusionsBased on the findings of this study, interventions aiming to prevent against and/or manage/reduce functional limitations in sexual minorities are needed. More research is also warranted to better understand mediators (eg, obesity, cognitive complaints, psychiatric disorders) involved in the sexual orientation–functional limitation relationship.

Quadratic magneto-optical effect in hexagonal non-collinear antiferromagnets

Quadratic magneto-optical (MO) effects can be utilized to investigate the spin order in antiferromagnetic (AFM) materials; however, the previously reported studies were all limited in antiferromagnets with collinear AFM order. Here, we develop a phenomenological theory to investigate the quadratic MO effects in hexagonal non-collinear AFM crystals with triangular spin structures. Based on the permittivity tensor up to the second-order in magnetization, we derive the formula to describe the quadratic MO responses and perform numerical calculations to obtain the MO rotation angle for different AFM spin configurations and sample orientations. For the sample with its spin plane lying perpendicular to the surface plane, we have revealed the emergence of quadratic MO response, which exhibits a strong dependence on the light incident angle. The MO rotation angle shows an approximately sinusoidal variation with a periodicity of 180° when the sample is rotated around its surface normal. The size of the MO response and its deviation from the sinusoidal form are analyzed for different values of the second-order permittivity tensor elements. This study provides important insights into the non-collinear AFM spin-induced quadratic MO effect, which may be used as a guidance for optical detections of the non-collinear AFM order, and, in particular, the ultrafast spin dynamics using the optical pump–probe technique.

Cross‐Scale Seismic Anisotropy Analysis in Metamorphic Rocks From the COSC‐1 Borehole in the Scandinavian Caledonides

AbstractMetamorphic and deformed rocks in thrust zones show particularly high seismic anisotropy causing challenges for seismic imaging and interpretation. A good example is the Seve Nappe Complex in central Sweden, an old exhumed orogenic thrust zone that is characterized by a strong but incoherent seismic reflectivity and considerable seismic anisotropy. However, only little is known about their origin in relation to composition and structural influences on measurements at different seismic scales. Here, we present a new integrative study of cross‐scale seismic anisotropy analyses combining mineralogical composition, microstructural analyses, and seismic laboratory experiments from the COSC‐1 borehole, which sampled a 2.5‐km‐deep section of metamorphic rocks deformed in an orogenic root now preserved in the Lower Seve Nappe. While there is strong crystallographic preferred orientation in most samples in general, variations in anisotropy depend mostly on bulk mineral composition and dominant core lithology as shown by a strong correlation between these. This relationship enables to identify three distinct seismic anisotropy facies providing a continuous anisotropy profile along the borehole. Moreover, comparison of laboratory seismic measurements and electron‐backscatter diffraction data reveals a strong scale dependence, which is more pronounced in the highly deformed, heterogeneous samples. This highlights the need for comprehensive cross‐validation of microscale anisotropy analyses with additional lithological data when integrating seismic anisotropy over seismic scales.

Direct Laser Writing for the Formation of Large‐Scale Gold Microbumps Arrays Generating Hybrid Lattice Plasmon Polaritons in Vis–NIR Range

AbstractSurface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) based light–matter interactions play a major role in photonic sensor applications. In order to implement such sensors in microchip devices or reduce the fabrication costs, a method with high flexibility and large‐scale capabilities must be developed. Here, the formation of large‐scale gold microbumps arrays by using a direct laser writing technique is presented. The fabricated arrays exhibit the hybrid lattice plasmon polaritons in the Vis–NIR range, in the same range as metallic gratings fabricated by lithography‐based techniques. The peak of hybrid lattice plasmon resonance depends on the period of the fabricated arrays, the thickness of the gold film, coupled light polarization, and sample orientation. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical estimation. The demonstrated method shows relevant technological progress in the formation of large‐scale metallic gratings by using a cost‐effective laser‐based technique. It provides new opportunities for hybrid lattice plasmon polariton (HLPP)‐based applications in biotechnology, photonics, plasmonics, and so on.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Depressive Symptoms through the Lens of Sexual Orientation.

This research seeks to explore the impact of COVID-19 on depressive symptoms, analyzing discrepancies of sexual orientation in a Portuguese-speaking sample. 1590 individuals participated, of which 63% were women, and 88% self-identified as straight. Participants responded to the depression sub-scale of the Beck Symptoms Iventory-18, the fear of COVID-19 scale and the COVID-19 negative impact scale. Depressive symptoms observed were higher than expected, and several significant differences were obtained: women and self-identified bisexual participants had higher levels of depressive symptoms compared to male and straight and gay or lesbian participants. Depressive symptoms negatively correlated with age and positively correlated with COVID-19 aggravated responses, fear of COVID-19, and negative impact of COVID-19. Hierarchical linear regression analysis showed that age, gender and sexual orientation explained 6% of the variance of depressive symptoms, and when fear and the negative impact of COVID-19 was added, the model explained 23% of results. This study provides an important contribution to the understanding of factors arising from the pandemic that may have an impact on the mental health of sexual minorities.

Analysis of Graviresponse and Biological Effects of Vertical and Horizontal Clinorotation in Arabidopsis thaliana Root Tip.

Clinorotation was the first method designed to simulate microgravity on ground and it remains the most common and accessible simulation procedure. However, different experimental settings, namely angular velocity, sample orientation, and distance to the rotation center produce different responses in seedlings. Here, we compare A. thaliana root responses to the two most commonly used velocities, as examples of slow and fast clinorotation, and to vertical and horizontal clinorotation. We investigate their impact on the three stages of gravitropism: statolith sedimentation, asymmetrical auxin distribution, and differential elongation. We also investigate the statocyte ultrastructure by electron microscopy. Horizontal slow clinorotation induces changes in the statocyte ultrastructure related to a stress response and internalization of the PIN-FORMED 2 (PIN2) auxin transporter in the lower endodermis, probably due to enhanced mechano-stimulation. Additionally, fast clinorotation, as predicted, is only suitable within a very limited radius from the clinorotation center and triggers directional root growth according to the direction of the centrifugal force. Our study provides a full morphological picture of the stages of graviresponse in the root tip, and it is a valuable contribution to the field of microgravity simulation by clarifying the limitations of 2D-clinostats and proposing a proper use.

Assessing the effect of sample orientation on dimensional X-ray computed tomography through experimental and simulated data

This paper evaluates the dimensional accuracy of industrial X-ray computed tomography (CT) measurements in function of the sample’s orientation within the measurement volume. Experimental measurements are contrasted against predictions from simulations that, based on Radon-space analysis and computation of X-ray traversal-path lengths through ray-casting, estimate the optimal orientation of samples that would minimize both cone-beam distortions and beam hardening artifacts in CT data reconstructions. The simulated data were obtained with the Dreamcaster, a tool for processing and visual analysis of industrial CT datasets. For the experimental data, the tilt angles from the CT rotation axis that resulted in the smallest deviations between dimensional CT data and reference measurements—obtained from contact coordinate measuring machines (CMMs)—were determined for each sample. Tilt angles that resulted in large dimensional measurement errors were also determined. In most of the cases, the data observed in the experimental measurements agree with the trends predicted by simulated data. For slender workpieces (with high aspect ratios), three basic zones of axial angular tilt were identified: a ‘green zone’ from 10 to 35° in which deviations between CT and CMM are minimum, a ‘red zone’ from 0 to 5° and from 65 to 90° in which the largest deviations are measured, and ‘yellow zones’ between the two. When optimal orientations from the ‘green zone’ are used for scanning, the dimensional deviations of CT data from reference measurements are under 10 µm.