Organophosphate Residues Research Articles

Advancing micro-electrometric techniques for the detection of organophosphate and carbamate residues using cricket cholinesterase.

The widespread use of organophosphate (OP) and carbamate (CM) pesticides requires efficient and cost-effective detection methods. This study introduces a micro-electrometric method using cricket cholinesterase (ChE) to detect OP and CM residues, providing a rapid and economical alternative to conventional chromatographic techniques. The parameters of the method, including the substrate concentration, incubation temperature, and incubation time, were optimized. By leveraging the sensitivity of cricket ChE to OP and CM inhibition, this approach translates enzyme inhibition into an electrical signal to quantify pesticide levels, achieving an impressive limit of detection (LOD) from 0.036 to 0.086 parts per million (ppm). This method demonstrated reproducibility and stability, making it suitable for field applications and on-site testing across various environmental matrices. This research represents a significant advancement in pesticide residue analysis with potential applications in the development of portable biosensor devices for real-time environmental monitoring and public health protection.

Survey of Carbendazim and Organophosphate Residues Among Organic and Non-Organic Produce

Survey of Carbendazim and Organophosphate Residues Among Organic and Non-Organic Produce

Determination of pesticide residue content in fruits and vegetables from Lagos, Nigeria.

Developing countries like Nigeria are increasingly employing pesticides to boost the productivity of their agriculture and food supply, despite the fact that doing so poses a health risk to the general populace. The purpose of this study was to assess pesticide residue levels in Lagos, Nigeria. A total of 18 samples from three neighbourhood markets were collected, and they were then examined for the presence of organochlorine (Endosulfan I, Pentachlorophenol, Heptachlor epoxide, and Endosulfan II) and organophosphate (Dichlorvos, Dimethoate, Phorate, and methyl parathion) residues. During the pre-treatment, the multi-residue Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS citrate) method with the addition of acetonitrile was used, and then samples were analysed using GC-MS. All of the samples contained dichlorvos, but the orange sample's concentration was below the limit of quantification, making quantification impossible. Dimethoate concentrations were below MRLs except waterleaf sample. With a concentration of 0.043 μg/mL, Waterleaf had the highest quantity of dimethoate in the sample. The findings of this study indicate that in order to safeguard the health of consumers, it is necessary to closely monitor organochlorine and organophosphate use nationwide, along with other related pesticides, and to test for pesticide residues in food products.

Novel Nano-biosensors for the Detection of Organophosphate Residues in Food Commodities

Novel Nano-biosensors for the Detection of Organophosphate Residues in Food Commodities

Designed Metal-Containing Peptoid Membranes as Enzyme Mimetics for Catalytic Organophosphate Degradation.

The detoxification of lethal organophosphate (OP) residues in the environment is crucial to prevent human exposure and protect modern society. Despite serving as excellent catalysts for OP degradation, natural enzymes require costly preparation and readily deactivate upon exposure to environmental conditions. Herein, we designed and prepared a series of phosphotriesterase mimics based on stable, self-assembled peptoid membranes to overcome these limitations of the enzymes and effectively catalyze the hydrolysis of dimethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate (DMNP)─a nerve agent simulant. By covalently attaching metal-binding ligands to peptoid N-termini, we attained enzyme mimetics in the form of surface-functionalized crystalline nanomembranes. These nanomembranes display a precisely controlled arrangement of coordinated metal ions, which resemble the active sites found in phosphotriesterases to promote DMNP hydrolysis. Moreover, using these highly programmable peptoid nanomembranes allows for tuning the local chemical environment of the coordinated metal ion to achieve enhanced hydrolysis activity. Among the crystalline membranes that are active for DMNP degradation, those assembled from peptoids containing bis-quinoline ligands with an adjacent phenyl side chain showed the highest hydrolytic activity with a 219-fold rate acceleration over the background, demonstrating the important role of the hydrophobic environment in proximity to the active sites. Furthermore, these membranes exhibited remarkable stability and were able to retain their catalytic activity after heating to 60 °C and after multiple uses. This work provides insights into the principal features to construct a new class of biomimetic materials with high catalytic efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and reusability applied in nerve agent detoxification.

Bioaccumulation of Chloropyrifos Organo-pesticide and Its Toxicogenic Association with Antioxidant GSTP1 in Pakistani Pest Control Workers.

Synthetic pesticides are employed to enhance agricultural production. Chronic exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides may be a source of health problems. The present study was designed to examine an association of GSTP1 (rs1695) polymorphism with OP pesticide chronic exposure. A case-control study was recruited with 250 subjects comprising exposed (n = 100) and controls (n = 150). A survey was conducted to determine the pesticide type to which workers had exposed. According to recorded survey assessment, two compounds of OP pesticides chloropyrifos and malathion were investigated in the blood samples of exposed study subjects using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For screening of genetic polymorphism in GSTP1 (rs1695) polymerase chain reaction, restriction length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and agarose gel electrophoresis were performed. Statistically, data were analyzed using SPSS v. 20.0 and MedCal© software. Total chrom© navigator programmer was used for detection of OP residues in serum and local pesticide solution. chloropyrifos-OP pesticide residues were detected in serum of estimated chronically exposed subjects at 206nm HPLC optimal conditions. The pattern of GSTP1 (rs1695) genotypic frequencies depicted that heterozygous genotype was higher in Chloropyrifos exposed subjects (0.56) when compared with controls (0.44). Statistical outcomes showed an insignificant association with GSTP1 (rs1695) polymorphism and chloropyrifos-OP pesticide toxicity (Fisher's exact test 1.0, p = 0.25). An insignificant allelic investigation reflected a protective effect of mutant allele G against chloropyrifos-OP pesticide toxicity in exposed subjects. Findings may be helpful in identifying bioaccumulated pesticide residues, but in studied Pakistani exposed workers, no significant association of GSTP1 (rs1695) variant with chloropyrifos-OPs was demonstrated.

Organophosphate pesticide residues in surface water and bilih fish (Mystacoleucus padangensis Blkr.) in Lake Singkarak, West Sumatra

Organophosphate pesticide is a pesticide derivate that is used widely by farmers because it has a high killing power against insects and easily disappears from plants. Organophosphate pesticide residues can accumulate in the environment and also cause acute and chronic poisoning in humans. Singkarak Lake in West Sumatra Province is surrounded by many agricultural and farming areas. One of fisheries resources that can be affected by activities at those areas is Bilih fish (Mystacoleucus padangensis). The study aims to determine the levels of organophosphate pesticide residues in Singkarak Lake’s water and Bilih fish. Seven organophosphate pesticide compounds: Diazinon, Fenitrothion, Methidathion, Malathion, Chlorpyrifos, Parathion, and Profenofos were analyzed. In June 2021, surface water and Bilih fish samples were collected from 10 sampling locations in Singkarak Lake. The organophosphate pesticide in the samples was determined using gas chromatography. The results showed that residues were detected in water samples of four locations (Ombilin, Tikalak, Sumani, and Paninggahan), but not in the other six locations (Batu Taba, Sumpur, Guguak Malalo, Saniang Baka, Muaro Pingai, and Tanjung Mutuih) as well as below 1 ppb. Methidathion, Malathion, Chlorpyrifos, and Parathion were detected in lake water at range 2 to 8 ppb. Except for the Bilih fish sample from Ombilin, the majority of the samples contained organophosphate residues. Diazinon, Fenitrothion, Methidathion, Chlorpyrifos, Parathion, and Profenofos were the organophosphate derivate found in the fish samples. Malathion compound was not found. The organophosphate residue concentration in Bilih fish ranged from 2 to 70 ppb.

Assessment of environmental and human health risk from pesticide residues in river Gomti, Northern India.

Rivers get polluted with diverse types of hazardous and toxic substances, pesticides being one of them. The water and sediment of rivers get contaminated with pesticide residues coming through the run-off of vast agricultural fields along the catchment area and also from domestic sewage water. The residues get bio-concentrated and bio-accumulated in different aquatic organisms and animals including fishes along the food chain. Fish, one of the important and chief sources of proteins, are consumed by humans. The presence of toxic substances like pesticides in any food item is undesirable for the fear of health hazards. We have monitored the status of pesticide residue in river Gomti, a tributary of River Ganga that passes through the Uttar Pradesh state of India. Water, sediment, and fish samples collected from the different locations along the river stretch were analyzed for 34 targeted pesticide compounds belonging to organochlorines (OC), organophosphates (OP), and synthetic pyrethroids (SP) groups. In 52% of water, 30% of sediment, and 43% of fish samples residues of OCs were detected while the OPs were present in 33%, 25%, and 39% of samples respectively. However, none of the SPs could be recorded in any sample. The concentrations of the pesticides in water indicate stress conditions to some extent to aquatic life, but based on the human health risk assessment it can be concluded that consumption of fishes from the river contaminated with different OC or OP residues would not pose any direct risk to the consumers.

Organophosphate Pesticide Residues in Food Products in Kenya and their Chromatographic Detection: A Systematic Review

Organophosphate pesticides are used worldwide to control several pests and meet food demand. These chemicals harm non-target animals and people when misused. Thus, they are a health and environmental concern. The purpose of the systematic review was to synthesise the amount, breadth, and quality of evidence from empirical studies concerning the presence, type, and quantity of OPs in food products in Kenya. A systematic review was done by following the PRISMA protocol. For the identification of studies, the following databases were used: Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. The study focused on peer-reviewed articles published between January 2001 and August 2022. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria for the scoping review. The main methods used in detecting and quantifying organophosphates in the studies were High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Most studies (86.67%) reported significant levels of OPs in food products, exceeding the MRLs and the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADIs) set by the World Health Organization. Six of the studies (50%) reported the presence of OPs in plant products (vegetables, cereals, and fruits), while three (25%) found residues in animal products (milk and meat). The most notable OP compounds detected were chlorpyrifos, acephate, profenofos, diazinon, omethoate, and dimethoate. Most of the food samples in the reviewed studies presented contamination, making them a significant risk to human health due to bioaccumulation. Studies done in Kenya for the last 20 years continue to report high levels of organophosphate residues and their metabolites in food products, both from plant and animal origin. Although the residues are below MLRs in some samples, they can accumulate at higher levels in humans, becoming a severe health risk

GC/EI-MS and UV-Vis analysis of pesticide residues in cultivated Catha edulis Forsk (Khat) from selected farms in Meru County, Kenya

In this study, an analysis of pesticide residues was performed using a gas chromatography/ electron impact mass spectrometer (GC/EI-MS) to qualitatively assess and characterize pesticide residues in khat leaves sampled from selected agricultural farms in Meru County, Kenya. A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) procedure followed by GC/EI-MS analysis led to the detection and identification of six pesticide compounds from the sample-ion chromatograms. They include cypermethrin, acephate, cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin, chlorpyrifos, and chlorfenvinphos. The prevalence rate of pesticide contamination was determined to be 54.5% of the sample size. Of the identified pesticide residues, 50% were compounds based on pyrethroids and the other 50% were based on organophosphate. Four of the six identified pesticides were chlorinated compounds. A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe UV-vis double beam spectrophotometric technique based on copper (II) chelation reactions leading to colored copper pesticide complexes was developed, validated, and applied to quantify and compare the levels of selected pesticide compounds found in the khat samples. UV-vis wavelength-scan measurements performed on pesticide compounds chelated with copper (II) ions revealed maximum absorption of Cu-cypermethrin and Cu-acephate at 321 and 207 nm, respectively. The standards calibration curves developed from the UV-Vis quantitation technique showed excellent linearity in the concentration range of 0.5-10.0 µg/L (R2 = 0.99) for both cypermethrin and acephate standards. The estimated limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.25-0.26 µg/L, respectively. The UV-Vis quantitation results from the selected samples (in which residues were confirmed to be present) revealed that acephate (an organophosphate residue) occurred at higher concentration levels (range 2.897-7.978 µg/L) than cypermethrin (2.145 µg/L). For the pesticides quantitatively analysed in the selected samples, the levels were below the maximum residue limit (MRL). The hazard quotients (HQ) were in the range of between 0.247-0.797.

Status of Contamination of the Jawfish (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, (Lapécède, (1803)) by Organophosphorus Residues in the Hydroelectric Dams of Faé, Kossou and Taabo (Ivory Coast)

The present study aims at determining the level of contamination of the jawfish (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) by organophosphate residues in the hydroelectric dams of Faé, Kossou and Taabo. Ninety (90) fish were collected from these three dams during eight sampling campaigns. Composite samples were formed, each for two fish. A total of forty-five (45) composite samples were formed. The detection of pesticide residues in the fish samples was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC/MS). The results show that the average total organophosphate residue load at the three dams is 0.184 mg/kg. The Faé hydroelectric scheme had the highest total load of 0.266 mg/kg in fish samples, compared to 0.197 mg/kg for Taabo and 0.089 mg/kg for the Kossou hydroelectric dam. The relatively high average total concentration is observed for parathion-methyl with a value of 0.130 ± 0.023 mg/kg. Chlorfenvinphos, with a total average concentration of 0.046 ± 0.007 mg/kg was the only molecule present in all the fish samples analyzed in the three hydroelectric dams. In addition, most of the molecules detected in the fish samples had concentrations that exceeded the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) for pesticides, whose values range from 0.01 to 0.05 mg/kg.

The Assessment of Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure among School Children in Four Regions of Thailand: Analysis of Dialkyl Phosphate Metabolites in Students' Urine and Organophosphate Pesticide Residues in Vegetables for School Lunch.

In Thailand, pesticides containing organophosphates (OP) are frequently applied to crops to suppress insects. School children can be exposed to OPs on a daily basis, from food consumption to breathing and touching pesticides drifted near classrooms. Living in an agricultural area can also be one of the causes. As a result, it is important to monitor OPs residues in the food chain and biomarkers of exposure. The Gas Chromatography–Flame Photometric Detector method was employed to examine the relationship between OPs residue and DAPs (Diakly phosphate) in four targeted locations in Thailand, as well as to examine the residues of OPs in vegetable samples and DAPs in 395 school children’s urine samples. Vegetables were found to contain at least one OP, with chlorpyrifos being the most prevalent. The OPs detected frequencies for Sakon Nakhon, Chiang Mai, Phang Nga, and Pathum Thani are 96.1%, 94%, 91.7%, and 83.3%, respectively. The overall centration level of OPs showed 0.3261 mg/kg, 0.0636 mg/kg, 0.0023 mg/kg, 0.0150 mg/kg, 0.2003 mg/kg, 0.0295 mg/kg, and 0.0034 mg/kg for diazinon, dimethoate, pirimiphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, ethion, and triazophos, respectively. Nearly 98% of school children were detected with at least one DAP. The overall level of dimethyl phosphate metabolites (5.258 µmole/mole creatinine) in urine samples is higher than diethyl phosphate metabolites (2.884 µmole/mole creatinine), especially in the case of Pathum Thani. Our findings show a consistent relationship between OPs in vegetables from wet markets and DAPs in urine samples of school children in various parts of Thailand.

Monitoring of pesticide residues in fresh fruits and vegetables available in Nigerian markets and assessment of their associated health risks.

The presence of pesticide residues in agricultural products is posing serious health concerns for consumers. This study monitored the concentrations of pesticide residues in some selected fruit and vegetables, and their potential health risks were also assessed. Organochlorine (OCPs) and organophosphate (OPPs) residues were extracted and quantified with a gas chromatography-pulsed flame photometric detector. A total of 38 pesticide residues were identified and the results showed mean concentration (mg/kg fresh weight) of (OCPs) residues ranging from 0.02 to 0.37 and (OPPs) residues ranging from 0.01 to 0.33. The concentrations (mg/kg) of isodrin, heptachlor, dicofol, prothiophos, profenofos and dichlorvos were above the maximum residue limit. The non-carcinogenic health risk estimates revealed a possible potential health risk from consumption of the fruits and vegetables in adults and children for most of the pesticide residues. The cancer risk assessment estimates gave values below 10-6 which suggests no probable cancer risk. As a result of the increasing trend in pesticide use in Nigeria, routine monitoring of pesticide residues in agricultural produce is a necessity to ensure the safety of consumers.

Pesticide Residue Anlysis in Excreta of Spotted Owlet Athene Brama and Barn Owl Tyto Alba

The continuous use of pesticides to improve agriculture has not only affected the crop but also altered the food chain and worst affected the non-target organisms. Birds utilizing agricultural landscapes for feeding get exposed to these chemicals through ingestion of sprayed soils, treated granules or seeds and prey items. Raptors like owls are the most likely victims of pesticide exposure as they are at the top level of food chain. In present study, excreta samples of barn owl and spotted owlet were collected from three locations and tested for presence of pesticide residues using gas chromatography. The organophosphate residues of dichlorvos, monocrotophos, phorate, malathion, quinalphos, profenophos, ethion were not reported in excreta of both owl species but the residues of chlorpyriphos (0.037 ppm) were detected in spotted owlet samples collected from village Barnhara only. The pyrethroid residues cyhalothrin, permethrin, cypermethrin were also found to be absent or below detectable limit in samples collected from different locations. The feeding habits of birds attribute to the level of contamination in predatory birds. Although the level of chlorpyriphos residues excreted out from the body of spotted owlet does not reflect the actual level of exposure to this bird but gives an indication of their being at the risk of exposure in the environment.

The Effect of Soil Submersion and Conditioner Materials on Residual Organophosphate Pesticides in Soil and Shallot Bulbs

Soil health decreases and residual pesticides increase due to the application of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides continuously during the cultivation of crops. The effect of 12 hours or 24 hours soil submersion and chicken litters or zeolite application before planting on residual pesticides in soil and bulbs of shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.) are studied. Samples of soils and bulbs have proceeded after shallot cultivation conducted in Brebes, Indonesia. Then organophosphate residues in the samples are analyzed using gas chromatography in the Laboratory of the Indonesian Agricultural Environment Research Institute, Bogor. The data are compared to the standard of maximum residue levels (MRL) of pesticides in agricultural products. Results show that residual pesticides in treated soils are below the detection limit of the GC equipment, except malathion is detected with values ranging from 0.039-0.050 ppm. However, residual organophosphate pesticides in the bulbs are mainly below the maximum residue levels. The only exception is chlorpyrifos which has a value above the maximum residue levels of pesticides (0.076 ppm). Farmers should be educated in integrated pest management and applying synthetic pesticides as the last option for controlling pests and diseases.

Health Risk Assessment of Organophosphate Residues in Rice and Vegetables in Banggai, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Agriculture is the largest sector in Indonesia, while farmers commonly use pesticides such as organophosphate to protect farmlands from pests and diseases. However, the residues left on plants due to its application lead to various acute and chronic health problems. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the risk quotient (RQ) in populations due to organophosphate exposure in food samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Environmental health risk assessment was carried out involving 160 respondents, while four vegetable samples were tested for pesticide residue using gas chromatography. Furthermore, the characteristics of the respondents were collected using a questionnaire to calculate the intake and RQ. RESULTS: The results showed that the RQ in the population was <1, while the calculation of RQ for individuals showed that a value >1 was 49 respondents, 27 respondents have an RQ of 1.1–1.5, 17 respondents have an RQ of 1.6–2.0, and 11 respondents have an RQ>2. CONCLUSION: Based on the result, the population is not at risk from its exposure to organophosphate residues in vegetables; however, individual exposure needs a profound attention to prevent the risk associated.

A simple paper-based biosensor for on-site visual detection of organophosphate residues

In general, the laboratory method of analyzing pesticides in vegetables is complicated due to the high cost of equipment and chemicals. The process of analyzing pesticide residues generally requires expertise as well as a significant period of time. In this study, a paper-based biosensor was developed for the detection of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, particularly organophosphate pesticides. The paperbased biosensor was constructed based on the Ellman colorimetric assay by immobilizing AChE on cellulose paper with 2% alginate gel, 0.25% glutaraldehyde and the colorimetric reagent 5,5-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) in phosphate buffer (pH 8.0). As a substrate, acetylthiocholine chloride (ATChCl) was used. The results showed that the developed paperbased biosensor has been stable for 2 weeks with a detection limit of 0.03 mM of chlorpyrifos. The paper-based biosensor was applied to detect organophosphate pesticides in vegetables from the farmers’ market, Ratchaburi Province. It was found that the test results of the paper-based biosensor were similar to the commercial GT-test kit. The paper-based biosensor was 10 times faster than the GT-test kit in terms of testing time and the results were easy to identify due to the color-based indicator. As a result, a paper-based biosensor is rapid, portable and easy to use by the general population.

Development of electrochemical sensors for detection of organophosphate pesticides in fruits and vegetables: A review

The use of pesticides for agricultural cultivation may prevent losses due to pest attacks, but excessive and uncontrolled use of pesticides may cause contamination of pesticide residues in the fruits and vegetables. Organophosphate pesticides are highly toxic and their residue in fruits and vegetables may cause neurological disorders in humans. Organophosphate residues may enter the body of animals and humans through oral routes or respiratory systems. Common analytical methods to detect organophosphate require complex sample preparation and sophisticated equipment. Electrochemical detection methods are an alternative in developing organophosphate detection methods in fruits and vegetables. This review provides an overview of the development and performance of electrochemical sensor technology to detect organophosphate residues in fruits and vegetables.

Residu Pestisida Organofosfat Pada Beras dan Perilaku Petani dalam Penggunaan Pestisida di Kabupaten Subang, Jawa Barat

Organophosphate pesticides are widely used in agriculture asthey are the most toxic insecticides against vertebrates and easily biodegradable in nature. The objective of this study was to determine the organophosphate residue in rice from several rice varieties and behaviors of farmers in using pesticides. The study was conducted in Subang Regency, West Java, from May to June 2020 using a gas chromatography analysis method. The rice samples came from three sub-districts of Subang Regency, namely Ciasem, Purwadadi, and Sagalaherang in Subang Regency. The data collection of farmer behavior in the used of pesticides in rice farming were conducted by purposive sampling using questionnaires and interviews. The results showed that the residual contents of the organophosphate active ingredients( diazinon , chlorpyrifos , and fenitrotion ) in Ciherang, Inpari-32 HDB, and IR64 rice varietes were significantly lower than the Maximum Residue Limits (BMR) of each pesticides allowed in agriculture based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 7313: 2008, so it is safe for consumption. The low residue of organophosphate pesticides is related to the behavior of farmers in using pesticides which generally refers to recommendations and most farmers use pesticides according to the concept of integrated pest control, namely the right dose, right time, right type, and right target according to the type of pests and plant diseases.

Mixture of Organophosphates Chronic Exposure and Pancreatic Dysregulations in Two Different Population Samples.

Organophosphates (OP) are a major agrochemical. The application of OP pesticides is expected to increase multifold in the coming decades. The etiology of diabetic diseases is attributed to multiple factors including OP pesticide exposure. The present study investigates pancreatic dysregulation with respect to exocrine enzymes and diabesity in groups of Pakistani and Cameroonian people exposed to a mixture of OP pesticides. Nine hundred and four OP exposed individuals were enrolled for this cross-sectional study after due consent and approval from an ethical review committee. Pesticides' residues were measured by GC-MS spectrometry. Cholinergic enzymes were measured by Elman's method. Serum glucose, insulin, serum amylase, lipase, and triglyceride were measured by spectrophotometry and ELISA; HOMA-IR was determined in OP exposed and non-exposed participants. Stata 15 and R 3.2.0 software were used for statistical analysis of the data. Malathion, chlorpyrifos, and parathion residues were evident in plasma samples. RBC-acetylcholinesterase was significantly depressed in OP exposed groups. In both population samples, investigated pancreatic functions were found to be statistically significantly more dysregulated than non-exposed. OP exposure indicated risk of diabetes and insulin, glycaemia, adiponectin, triglycerides, and TNF-α dysregulations. The study concludes that both OP exposed population groups exhibited a mixture of OP residues and pancreatic dysregulation, although the effect was more pronounced in the Cameroonian population. In addition, serum lipase has a positive correlation with OP exposure and diabetes and may be suggested as an alternate/additional diagnostic marker for diabesity under OP exposure. However, screening of other environmental co-factors with OP for pancreatic dysregulation is suggested.