Organochlorine Residues In Water Research Articles

Detection, Treatment and Remediation for Organochlorines

Organochlorine pollutants are a class of compounds formed by combining chlorine atoms with carbon atoms, and common organochlorine pollutants include chloroform and hexachlorocyclohexane. These compounds are persistent and difficult to degrade, so they exist in the environment for a long time. Organochlorine pollutants pose serious hazards to both humans and the environment. As a result, reducing the release of organochlorine pollutants and strengthening monitoring are important measures to protect the environment and human health. Treatment methods for organochlorine pollutants include physical methods such as adsorption and membrane separation, chemical methods such as oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis, and biological treatment methods such as microbial degradation and biosorption. Treatment of organochlorine pollution has great benefits. Treatment of organochlorine pollution can reduce the harm caused by these pollutants to the environment, improve the quality of water and air, and reduce the hazards of human health. This paper will first discuss what organochlorines are, the types of organochlorines, and the hazards of organochlorines, then discuss how to detect organochlorine residues in water, soil, and air, and finally propose specific methods for dealing with organochlorines and remediation programs for organochlorine pollution in water and soil.

Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Residues in Agricultural Crops Cultivated [2020] on/around Abandoned Tin Mine Areas in Jos South LGA, Plateau State, Nigeria

Aims: To investigate the levels and the associated risks of 18 organochlorine residues in water, soil, sediment, and five vegetables cultivated on abandoned mine areas.
 Study Design: Water, sediment, soil (at 0 -10cm, 11 – 20cn, 21 – 30cn) and vegetables samples were collected from the abandoned tin mine agricultural areas. These subsamples were separately combined and mixed so that a portion taken of the composite was representative of each subsample. The representative fractions were then treated for analysis
 Place and Duration of Study: Samples were collected between February and May 2020 from the cultivated abandoned mine areas in Du, Jos - South Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria,
 Methodology Liquid–liquid extractions methods were used for the extraction of pesticide residues from water, sediment, soil and vegetables. The organochlorine residues were determined by GC/MS.
 Results: The physico- chemical properties data obtained for the soils/sediment from abandoned mine sites in Jos South were very heterogeneous, hence, various behaviors of pesticide residues in different soil/sediment matrices. There were no significant differences (P= 0.05) in mean minerals among the various samples. The pesticides residues detected in water were b-endosulfan, p,p-DDD and methoxychlor. The residues recorded in water were above the WHO’s MRL and Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA,) for drinking water. Residues were also detected in sediment and soils samples. The 11 – 20cm subsoil accumulated the highest levels of the pesticide analyzed. The order of the accumulation of the OCP were; y-BHC>DDD>endrin>endrin ketone>a-endosulfan>b-endosulfan and of the sample type was water<surface soil<21-30cm subsoil<sediment<11-20cm subsoil. The results also showed the presence of OCPs in potato, tomato, cabbage, green beans, and green peppers. y-BHC in potato, tomato and green pepper, endrin in tomato, endrin ketone in potato, tomato and green beans and d-BHC in cabbage had EDI higher levels than ADI and so their HQ greater than 1. The health risks indices (HRI) less than 1 in all other OCP residues were obtained for adults and children that would consume the vegetables except for y-BHC and endrin ketone in potato and tomato, d-BHC in cabbage, d- BHC in green pepper and green beans where the HRI is above 1 that poses health risk. There is however no significant difference (P=0.05) among vegetable types. Positive correlation values ( 0.72, 0.83, 0.71, and 0.56) were observed between endrin and lindane, endrin and heptachlor, endrin and DDT respectively.
 Conclusion: The consumption of vegetables that contained y-BHC, d-BHC, endrin and endrin ketone whose EDI and HQ were greater than 1 could pose non-carcinogenic health risks. Adults are likely to have less health risk from consuming these vegetables. The effective monitoring of pesticide residues in food items is required. There is also need to sensitize and educate the general public especially the end-users (farmers) on management practices of pesticides.

Monitoring and remediation of organochlorine residues in water.

This study monitored the presence of organochlorines in drinking water in Kafr-El-Sheikh, Ebshan, Elhamoul, Mehalt Aboali, Fowa, Balteem, and Metobess in the Kafr-El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt, to evaluate the efficiencies of different remediation techniques (advanced oxidation processes [AOPs] and bioremediation) for removing the most frequently detected compound (i.e., lindane) in drinking water. The results showed the presence of several organochlorine residues at all water sampling sites. Lindane was detected with high frequency relative to other detected organochlorines in water. Nano photo-Fenton-like reagent was the most effective treatment for lindane removal in drinking water. Bioremediation of lindane by effective microorganisms removed 100% of the initial concentration of lindane after 23 days of treatment. The study found that there is no remaining toxicity of lindane-contaminated water after remediation on treated rats relative to the control with respect to histopathological changes in the liver and kidneys. Therefore, AOPs, particularly those with nanomaterials and bioremediation, can be regarded as safe and effective remediation technologies for lindane in water.

Heavy Metals and Organochlorine Residues in Water, Sediments, and Fish in Aquatic Ecosystems in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas in Tanzania

Heavy metals and organochlorine residues were determined in water, sediment, fish muscle, and freshwater shrimps from aquatic environments in urban and peri-urban areas in Morogoro, Tanzania. Most of the water samples had heavy metal concentrations below WHO acceptable water quality guidelines. All sediment samples had comparable heavy metal concentrations that suggest natural rather than anthropogenic origin. Hexachlorobenzene, α-hexachlocychlohexane, cis-chlordane, trans-nonachlordane, cis-nonachlordane, pp′-DDE, op′-DDD, pp′-DDD, op′-DDT, and pp′-DDT in hairy river prawn (Macrobrachium rude), African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus), and Wami tilapia (Oreochromis urolepis) were detected at significant concentrations above the methods’ detection limits. The ratio of pp′-DDT to ∑DDTs was 0.4 in O. urolepis and 0.3 in C. gariepinus, which indicated previous rather than current use of DDT. In M. rude, only pp′-DDE was detected and in O. urolepis and C. gariepinus there were higher levels of pp′-DDE than pp′-DDT, which demonstrate uptake of pp′-DDE, rather than pp′-DDT, from the environment. Bioaccumulation of organochlorines and mercury was the highest in C. gariepinus, cadmium in M. rude, and lead in both M. rude and O. urolepis. Maximum detected levels of organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals in M. rude, O. urolepis, and C. gariepinus were below the maximum permissible concentrations recommended by FAO/WHO. It is concluded that, at present, the contribution of anthropogenic sources in pollution of aquatic environments in Morogoro urban and peri-urban areas are low and that the concentrations of heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides in water and fish do not indicate a risk to the consumers.

Organochlorine residues in water from the Mahala water reservoir, Jaipur, India

Residues of p, p′-DDE, p, p′-DDT α-, β-, γ-isomers of HCH, aldrin and heptachlor in water, from four different sites of the Mahala water reservoir were monitored periodically from September 1985 to October 1987. All the samples contained the above residues in varying concentrations. Isomers of HCH predominated and were followed in relative dominance by aldrin, total DDT and heptachlor residues, p, p′-DDE and p, p′-DDD constituted the major fraction of total p, p′-DDT. Monthly total organochlorine residue levels in water ranged between 1·07 and 81·23 μg litre −1 . The variation is attributed to the run-off or subsoil water movement from the catchment area.