Organochlorine Pesticides In Soils Research Articles

Spatial pattern and compositional distribution of organochlorine pesticides in the black soil region of Shenyang

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) prevalent in soils with carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic hazards that are commonly found in soils and remain in the environment even though they have been banned. In order to fill the gap of fewer studies after the ban, soil samples were collected from 308 agricultural fields of cash crops and grain crops in the black soil area of Shenyang City (Liaozhong District, Faku County, Xinmin City and Kangping County) in this study. The aim was to determine, the use and distribution characteristics of OCPs in agricultural soils in the black soil region of Shenyang City. Compositional analysis showed that the detection rate of banned OCPs in agricultural soils was 71.75%, including contaminants such as technical dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), chlordane and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), which were widely distributed in Liaozhong District, Faku County, Xinmin City and Kangping County, with 45.25% of the fields having compounded contamination of OCPs, and several areas were involved in the fresh inputs of contaminants such as technical DDT. Among them, Kangping County and Faku County are more seriously polluted, with 66.29% and 60.71% of OCPs exceeding the standard. Soil OCPs is more serious in cabbage and rice farmland among cash and food crop farmland. Based on Chinese policy on control, prevention and other pesticide management measures, it was concluded that the framework should be strengthened to prevent further illegal use of banned OCPs.

Pentachlorophenol affects doxycycline and tetracycline resistance genes in soil by altering microbial structure

Tetracycline antibiotics play a vital role in animal husbandry, primarily employed to uphold the health of livestock and poultry. Consequently, when manure is reintegrated into farmland, tetracycline antibiotics can persist in the soil. Simultaneously, to ensure optimal crop production, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are frequently applied to farmland. The coexistence of tetracycline antibiotics and OCPs in soil may lead to an increased risk of transmission of tetracycline resistance genes (TRGs). Nevertheless, the precise mechanism underlying the effects of OCPs on tetracycline antibiotics and TRGs remains elusive. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of OCPs on soil tetracycline antibiotics and TRGs using different concentrations of doxycycline (DOX) and pentachlorophenol (PCP). The findings indicate that PCP and DOX mutually impede their degradation in soil. Furthermore, our investigation identifies Sphingomonas and Bacillus as potential pivotal microorganisms influencing the reciprocal inhibition of PCP and DOX. Additionally, it is observed that the concurrent presence of PCP and DOX could impede each other's degradation by elevating soil conductivity. Furthermore, we observed that a high concentration of PCP (10.7 mg/kg) reduced the content of efflux pump tetA, ribosome protective protein tetM, tetQ, and passivating enzyme tetX. In contrast, a low PCP concentration (6.4 mg/kg) only reduced the content of ribosome protective protein tetQ. This suggests that PCP may reduce the relative abundance of TRGs by altering the soil microbial community structure and inhibiting the potential host bacteria of TRGs. These findings have significant implications in understanding the combined pollution of veterinary antibiotics and OCPs. By shedding light on the interactions between these compounds and their impact on microbial communities, this study provides a theoretical basis for developing strategies to manage and mitigate their environmental impact, and may give some information regarding the sustainable use of antibiotics and pesticides to ensure the long-term health and productivity of agricultural systems.

Distribution, Transfer, and Health Risk of Organochlorine Pesticides in Soil and Water of the Huangshui River Basin.

The potential negative impacts of organochlorine pesticides on the environment and human health continue to receive attention. In order to study the spatial distribution characteristics of organochlorine pesticides in the inland alpine region, researchers collected soil and water samples in the Huangshui River Basin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and tested them for organochlorine pesticide residues represented by dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorohexane (HCH). The study identified the sources of OCPs by component analysis. We also constructed the LEVEL III model, applicable to the Huangshui River Basin, and used it to study the migration patterns of OCPs in various environmental media. OCPs were detected at low levels in the study area environment. The results of the OCPs source analysis show that there are both historical residuals and new sources in the region. Residual DDTs may originate from the mixture of technical DDTs and dicofol, and HCHs may originate from lindane or technical HCH. DDTs are mainly stored in soil, the input and output pathways are mainly atmospheric advection input and output, and its transport behavior in the environment is mainly air-soil exchange. Carcinogens in the study area pose little threat to people exposed to contaminated soil and contaminated water, but the cancer risk to children is greater than to adults. This study is helpful to managers of regional pesticide management and control.

Occurrences, Possible Sources, and Risk Impacts of Organochlorine Pesticides in Soil of Changchun Central Urban Area, Northeast China

Eighteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soil samples from the Changchun central urban area, Northeast China were analyzed using accelerated solvent extraction combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (ASE-GC/MS) for the purpose of elucidating their contamination status, distribution characteristics, influencing factors, and feasible dangers in this city region. The complete concentrations of OCPs ranged from 15.63 to 92.79 ng/g, with a geomean of 36.46 ng/g. Hexachlorocyclohexane(HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichoroethane (DDTs), and chlordanes were the most dominant OCPs, with γ-HCH and p,p′-DDT being the predominant isomers. Higher concentrations of OCPs often centered to the northeast and southwest of the Changchun metropolis, and these artificial influences contributed to the destiny of OCPs in the soils. The residues of OCPs were derived from the historic utility of the technological DDT, dicofol, and lindane. A Pearson’s correlation evaluation indicated that TOC was once a key factor controlling OCP accumulation. The ecological risk evaluation based on the soil quality guidelines (SQGs) advises that the presence of DDTs, lindane, and heptachlor may additionally pose a poisonous ecological danger to soil organisms. The contrast outcomes of the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) confirmed that the highest cancer risk of OCPs to the posed populace was once low, whilst some unique areas with excessive OCP residues ought to be given attention. The research results provide basic information for evaluating the extent of OCP pollution in the soil of major cities in Northeast China and can help authorities establish environmental protection regulations and soil remediation techniques.

Establishment of a GC-HRMS-IDMS-based modified QuEChERS approach for rapid, reliable, and simultaneous determination of organochlorine pesticides in soil

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), a class of organic pollutants, are highly toxic and persistent in soil and can have harmful effects on humans, organisms, and agricultural environments when bioaccumulated through the food chain. The existing methods for OCP analysis are complex and time consuming; thus, developing a rapid and reliable method for quantifying and monitoring soil-bound OCPs is essential. This study demonstrates the feasibility of replacing the existing official method for OCP analysis with a modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) method based on GC-HRMS-IDMS. In this modified QuEChERS method, acetonitrile was replaced with ethyl acetate as the extraction solvent. We also assessed the optimal extraction salt (Original, AOAC, and EN) and dispersive solid-phase extraction clean-up sorbent. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) of the modified QuEChERS method for 24 OCPs ranged from 0.02 to 0.24 ng/g and from 0.06 to 0.3 ng/g, respectively. The recovery rates at the LOQ level were 59.6–115.9 % for the Original method, 60.5–112.5 % for the AOAC method, and 59.6–115.9 % for the EN method. Furthermore, soil samples contaminated with endosulfan were analyzed using the three QuEChERS methods to compare their contents and deviation. EN exhibited more accurate results than Original and AOAC. Thus, the sample processing method using QuECHERS can replace the existing method.

Organochlorine Pesticides in Soil–Groundwater–Plant System in a Famous Agricultural Production Area in China: Spatial Distribution, Source Identification and Migration Prediction

Being a famous hometown of vegetables in China, Shouguang City has a long history of vegetable cultivation and is a comprehensive national commodity base for vegetables and fruits. In recent decades, with the expansion of agricultural production, the use of pesticides is increasing. Although organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been banned, there are still some residues in soil, groundwater and other media. The study on the migration of the OCPs in soil and groundwater is of great importance for the maintenance of food security. Using methods of hydrogeological survey, laboratory testing and numerical simulation, the spatial distribution characteristics, sources and pollution degree of OCPs in soil and groundwater were analyzed, and the migration and transformation of OCPs in soil–groundwater was dynamically simulated and predicted. The study showed that there were many kinds of OCPs residual in the soil environment. The hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs) in the topsoil of the study area were mainly due to the use of lindane, and the main source of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs) in soil was the use of DDTs in history. The contents of HCHs, DDTs and hexachlorobenzene in the topsoil of the study area were at a low level, while the content of endosulfan metabolite endosulfan sulfate was comparatively higher. In recent years, the content of organochlorine pesticides in soil has generally decreased. The indexes of OCPs in groundwater can meet the Standards for Drinking Water quality of China. It was predicted that the HCH pollutants would mainly be distributed in Gucheng Street, Shangkou Town, and its south area where the concentration exceeds 3 ng/L exceeds that of 240 km2. DDT pollutants would mainly be distributed in the east and north of Shouguang City, where the concentration beyond 0.6 ng/L exceeds that of 200 km2. Endosulfan sulfate pollutants would mainly be distributed in the Gucheng Street Office, Shangkou Town, and its south area where the concentration exceeds 1.5 ng/L will exceed that of 150 km2. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) pollutants would mainly be distributed in Fengcheng in the west of Shouguang City and Nancha River in the northeast, where the concentration exceeds 0.2 ng/L will exceed that of 200 km2. The study enriched the monitoring data of OCPs in agricultural planting areas and provided reference for source analysis, migration prediction, and pollution prevention of OCPs.

Simulated phytoremediation by root exudates of Sudan grass of soil organochlorine pesticides: impact on the rhizosphere microbial community.

The present work aims to study the efficiency of root exudates of Sudan grass on the degradation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and the consequent impact on the microbial and ecological characteristics of the soil, including population composition, quantity dynamics, and community structure. Pot experiments were carried out to study the effect of root exudates on the degradation of OCPs at initial concentrations ranging from 66.67 to 343.61mg/kg. In addition, the influence of root exudates on the rhizosphere microbial growth and their community structure was studied by monitoring the microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) in the soils. In the range of OCP content (66.67 ~ 343.61mg/kg), the soil-microbial system mediated by root exudates significantly promoted the removal of OCP pollutants. The removal rate of OCPs in the rhizosphere soil (TR2) was as high as 79.32%, 36.86% higher than that in the OCP-contaminated group (TR1) and 60.63% higher than that in the sterilized treatment group (CK). Under the same treatment conditions (pollution level and additive dose), the enhanced removal rate of HCHs, toxaphene, HCB, aldrin, and γ-chlordane by root exudates was much higher than the total amount of OCPs, while the extent of enhanced dissipation of DDTs, mirex, endosulfanI, dieldrin, and heptachlor epoxide was always lower than that in the corresponding soils. During the experiment, the phospholipid fatty acid content of bacteria was dominant, followed by that of fungi, and their variation trend was consistent with the degradation characteristics of OCPs in soil. Root exudates of Sudan grass might change the rhizosphere bacterial and fungal community structure during the process of phytoremediation, leading to enhanced OCP degradation.

Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Organochlorine Pesticides in Agricultural Soil from Xiamen City.

The concentration and distribution of 15 organochlorine pesticides in the soil of Xiamen City were determined. Overall, among the 15 selected target pesticides, 14 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were detected (hexachlorobenzene was not). The range of detected pesticides was undetected-10.04 ng/g, the total detection rate was 35.2%, and the three pollutants with the highest detection rate in all samples were Heptachlor (66.7%), δ-Hexachlorocyclohexane (60.0%), and p, p'-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (58.3%). The degree of pollution in descending order was Tong'an > Xiang'an > Jimei > Haicang. Linear regression analysis of soil properties and OCP concentration distribution revealed that OCPs were positively correlated with water content, dissolved organic carbon, and pH and negatively correlated with cation exchange capacity. The origin of OCPs was evaluated using the relationship between the parent compound and its metabolites, with possible new hexachlorocyclohexane and isomer (HCHs) input. By comparing the risk screening values of ΣHCHs and ΣDDTs in "Soil Environmental Quality Standards", the concentrations in all soil samples were lower than the standard values, which indicated that the OCP residues in Xiamen were very low.

Environmental and biological monitoring of organochlorine pesticides in the city of Salamanca, Mexico.

The former Tekchem Industrial Unit located in the city of Salamanca, Mexico, constitutes an environmental liability in which the presence of high levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) has been reported. In the present study, levels of OCPs were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in 52 soil samples and in 88 blood samples from school-age children in the city of Salamanca. A median concentration of 70.6ng/g (6.93-3299) was obtained for total OCPs in soil, while for the total sum of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) the value was 49.6ng/g (6.93-3276). In children, the median level of the total sum of OCPs was 390ng/g lipid (7.34-14,895), and for the total sum of DDT was 175ng/g lipid (< LOD-14,802). The OCPs that resulted in highest concentrations in soil were DDT and its metabolites, as well as aldrin and heptachlor epoxide, while in blood the highest levels corresponded to 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (4,4'-DDT) and its metabolites, followed by heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide. The spatial distribution of the concentrations of OCPs in soil shows that the facilities of Tekchem may be a significant potential source for the dispersion of these compounds toward the metropolitan area of Salamanca. The results obtained in the present study demonstrate the presence of OCPs in soil and in child population, providing important bases to study the problem from a broader perspective, while reiterating the importance of continuing efforts to generate resolute and precautionary measures with respect to the environmental liability of Tekchem.

A Comprehensive Review of Organochlorine Pesticide Monitoring in Agricultural Soils: The Silent Threat of a Conventional Agricultural Past

Soil constitutes the central environmental compartment that, primarily due to anthropogenic activities, is the recipient of several contaminants. Among these are organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), which are of major concern, even though they were banned decades ago due to their persistence and the health effects they can elicit. In this review, an overview of monitoring studies regarding OCPs in soils published over the last 30 years along with the development of analytical methods and extraction procedures for their determination in soil are presented. The presented synopsis verifies the soil contamination by OCPs during the last several decades. Soil pollution by OCPs should be an essential aspect of the characterization of whole soil quality, considering that a significant percent of soils on a global scale are in the borderline of suitability for cultivation and pertinent activities. The latter, to an extent, is attributed to the presence of organic contaminants, especially those of persistent chemical natures.

Analytical Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides in Soils and Foods

Owing to the widespread use of organochlorine pesticides in the past, significant amounts of them still occur in nature, mainly in the form of byproducts, which, however, often present a greater risk than the primary product used. Danger comes mainly from their ability to accumulate along the food chain and because they can enter the human body in different ways – through inhalation, penetration through the skin, through ingestion, etc. The current study on the content of this group of pesticides and their metabolites in soil and meat samples is an up-to-date development to analyse the potential hazards for environment and people. Eight soil samples and three types of meat foods were tested for the content of organochlorides and their metabolites. The results presented show that although these substances were found in some of the samples, their concentrations were below the regulatory permissible values.

Occurrences and possible sources of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in ice-free area soils in East Antarctica

Antarctica is widely regarded as a sink for persistent organic pollutants (POPs). However, there is a scarcity of data on the occurrence and spatial pattern of POPs in Antarctica, especially in the cold-xeric East Antarctica. Here, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in soils from the Larsemann Hills, the second-largest ice-free area along East Antarctica, were investigated. It is shown that the main OCP contaminants were HCB, p,p’-DDD and δ-HCH (3.7–1522.3 pg g−1, 38.2–2276.6 pg g−1 and < LOD–570 pg g−1, respectively). OCPs in soils were primarily caused by long-distance atmospheric transport, but local sources can be found in areas heavily impacted by local human activities. Among DDTs and HCHs, only p,p’-DDD and δ-HCH were detected, indicating that DDTs and HCHs have aged. For PCBs (14.1–993.4 pg g−1), low-chlorinated PCB congeners were found in soil samples far from the station areas (Zhongshan, Progress II, and Progress I), possibly due to long-range atmospheric transport, while high levels of high-chlorinated PCB were found in the soils inside the station area (Law Base) and close to the main road, possibly associated with local station activities. Among the measured PBDEs (81.8–695.5 pg g−1), BDE-209 was the most frequently observed species, and the low-BDE found in soil samples could be from BDE-209 photodegradation. The majority of samples containing high concentrations of BDE-209 are concentrated in the station areas, implying that its source may be related to local station activities.

Organochlorine Pesticides in Karst Soil: Levels, Distribution, and Source Diagnosis.

Excessive reclamation and improper use of agrochemicals in karst areas leads to serious non-point source pollution, which is of great concern and needs to be controlled, since contaminants can easily pollute groundwater due to the thin patchy soil and developed karst structures. The occurrences of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in karst soil were investigated by analyzing 25 OCPs in the karst soils near the Three Gorges Dam, China. The total concentrations of OCPs ranged 161–43,100 (6410 ± 9620) pg/g, with the most abundant compounds being p,p′-DDT and mirex. The concentration differences between the orchard and vegetable field and between upstream and downstream presented the influences of land-use type and water transport on the OCP spatial distributions. Composition analysis indicated the possible fresh inputs of lindane, technical DDT, aldrin, endrin, mirex, and methoxychlor. Their illegal uses implied an insufficient agrochemical management system in undeveloped karst areas. Principal component analysis with multiple linear regression analysis characterized the dominant sources from current agricultural use and current veterinary use in the study area. OCPs in the soils might not pose significant cancer risk for the residents, but they need to be controlled due to their illegal uses and bioaccumulation effect via the food chain.

Occurrences, Potential Sources and Health Impacts of Organochlorine Pesticides in Soil from Wuhan, Central China.

This study was designed to determine the occurrence, potential sources, human and ecological risks of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soil from Wuhan, central China. The soil samples were collected from twenty-six sites at soil depth of 1-20cm from three land-use types and analyzed for the presence of eight OCPs. The instrumental analysis was carried out using Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD). The obtained result ranged from 0.193 to 135.277ngg-1 with the mean value of 17.337ngg-1 for ΣHCHs and 2.479 to 987.248ngg-1 with the mean value of 80.056ngg-1 for ΣDDTs. The total sum (ΣOCPs) ranged from 5.44 to 994.44ngg-1 with the mean value of 97.39ngg-1. p, p'- DDE was the highest OCP (976ngg-1) detected in the soil followed by p, p'-DDD (287.454ngg-1). Pearson correlation analysis indicated that there was a significant correlation between individual OCPs, while a weak and negative correlation between OCPs and selected soil properties. Isomeric ratio results indicated that DDTs in the soil came from historical (early use of DDTs) and HCHs originated from the use of lindane. Incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) indicated that HCHs can cause very low risk for adults while, low risks for children and DDTs can cause low risk on adults and high risks on children.

Occurrence, Origin, Ecological and Human Health Risks of Organochlorine Pesticides in Soils from Selected Urban, Suburban and Rural Storm Water Reservoirs

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the occurrence characteristics to trace the origin and associated risks of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soils from urban, suburban, and rural stormwater reservoirs. Samples were collected from the topsoil (0–15 cm) and subsoil (15-30 cm), and quantified for Ʃ20OCPs using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after extraction with n-hexane and dichloromethane. The concentrations of ∑20OCPs ranged from 29.3 to 77.9 ng g−1. The average concentration of Σ20OCPs in the catchments and the isomer compositional pattern is in the order of urban > sub-urban > rural and ∑HCHs > ∑Chlordane > ∑Drins > ∑Endosulfan > ∑DDTs respectively. The HI levels for infants’ exposure were seven-fold that of adults' exposure and were > 1. The human exposure risk is in the order of RiskIng > RiskDerm > RiskInh. The RiskIng and RiskDerm in infants’ exposure were higher than in adults’ exposure, while the RiskInh in adult exposure was higher than that of infants' exposure. The total cancer risk was higher than the acceptable total cancer risk value. The ecological risk indicated a significant biological effect in 56% of the samples. The source apportionment showed that Ʃ20OCPs were of historical and fresh inputs from the non-point and direct origin. Standard clean-up and source-directed mitigation actions should be carried out to assuage the associated risks.

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in agricultural soils of Southern Nigeria: spatial distribution, source identification, ecotoxicological and human health risks assessment

The spatial distribution, source identification, ecotoxicological, and human health risks of 20 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in agricultural soils in southern Nigeria were investigated in this study. Soil samples were collected from 18 agricultural soils from 6 different locations. Soil samples were soxhlet extracted using dichloromethane/n-Hexane and purified with florisil and silica gel column. The OCPs were quantified using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The concentrations of the ∑20 OCPs in the soils varied between 5.8 and 395 ng g−1 for all locations and depths. The occurrence profile of OCPs was in the order of ∑Chlordane > ∑HCHs > ∑DDTs > ∑Endosulfan > ∑Endrin > Aldrin > Dieldrin. The TEC-HQ and PEC-HQ values indicated the presence of adverse and frequent ecological effects on biota from OCPs’ exposure in the soils. The HI and TCR values indicated that there were potential non-cancer and cancer risks from the OCPs’ exposure in the soils. The result of PCA and isomeric ratios showed that the OCPs in the soils were from past and fresh usage of OCPs as pesticides in the soils. The government should, therefore, set guidelines to control the use of OCPs in agricultural soils to prevent further contaminations.

Recent Strategies for Environmental Remediation of Organochlorine Pesticides

The amount of organochlorine pesticides in soil and water continues to increase; their presence has surpassed maximum acceptable concentrations. Thus, the development of different removal strategies has stimulated a new research drive in environmental remediation. Different techniques such as adsorption, bioremediation, phytoremediation and ozonation have been explored. These techniques aim at either degrading or removal of the organochlorine pesticides from the environment but have different drawbacks. Heterogeneous photocatalysis is a relatively new technique that has become popular due to its ability to completely degrade different toxic pollutants—instead of transferring them from one medium to another. The process is driven by a renewable energy source, and semiconductor nanomaterials are used to construct the light energy harvesting assemblies due to their rich surface states, large surface areas and different morphologies compared to their corresponding bulk materials. These make it a green alternative that is cost-effective for organochlorine pesticides degradation. This has also opened up new ways to utilize semiconductors and solar energy for environmental remediation. Herein, the focus of this review is on environmental remediation of organochlorine pesticides, the different techniques of their removal from the environment, the advantages and disadvantages of the different techniques and the use of specific semiconductors as photocatalysts.

Comparative study on the pollution status of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and bacterial community diversity and structure between plastic shed and open-field soils from northern China

The pollution status of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and microbial community in plastic shed and open-field soils may be different due to the significant variations in environmental factors between the two cultivation modes. However, the differences remain unclear. We conducted a regional-scale survey to investigate the pollution level, distribution, and sources of 20 OCPs, and to evaluate the soil physicochemical properties and bacterial community in soils from plastic shed and open-field locating the north areas of China. We found that levels of total OCPs in the plastic shed soils were significantly higher than those in the nearby open-field soils. Most of these OCPs were attributed to historical application, except for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) due to the fresh input along with dicofol application. Soil pH (for both cultivation modes) and total organic carbon (TOC) content (only for plastic sheds) were significantly correlated with the total OCP concentrations. Additionally, microbial diversity and richness were generally lower in plastic shed soils than in nearby open-field soils for each region. The bacterial community variation among different regions might be principally determined by the soil type. Soil pH had the greatest impact on the microbial community across all plastic shed and open-field samples. These results provide a better understanding of the environmental impact and ecological risk of OCPs in soils with different cultivation modes.

Distribution and Fate of Persistent Organochlorine Pesticides on the Soil-Forage-Milk Chain in Three Transylvanian Farms

The present work follows the distribution and fate of persistent organochlorine pesticides on the soil-forage-milk chain in three Transylvanian farms. In order to achieve this goal, a new, rapid and affordable analytical method for the quantifications of organochlorine pesticides in milk samples was developed. The tracing of the persistent organochlorine pesticides in soil and milk was performed for each farm separately. On Farm 1, aldrin was identified to be the pesticide traced from soil to milk, while on Farm 2 and Farm 3, delta-benzene hexachloride (δ-BHC) was the dominant pesticide. All of the determined pesticide concentrations for the milk samples were found to be under the maximum residue limits for pesticides (MRLs) established for milk by the European Union (EU).

Concentration, characterization and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in soils from the Corn Belt of northeast China

AbstractOrganic contaminants in agricultural soils are widely reported; however, their accumulation patterns are quite different among regions. This study reports the distribution, accumulation and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) in soils from the Corn Belt of northeast China at a regional scale. Concentrations of PAHs, DDT and HCH were 306‐5300, 6.00–82.0 and 4.07–15.6 ng g−1, respectively. Source analysis suggests PAHs were derived from regional combustion of biomass and coal, except where sites are strongly affected by local sources. The DDT and HCH residues in soils are likely to be derived from previous agricultural applications that have persisted due to slow microbiological degradation under low mean temperatures. Precipitation was only significantly correlated with PAH concentrations, suggesting that precipitation affected PAH but not DDT and HCH distributions at a regional scale. Positive correlations between DDT concentrations and total organic carbon (TOC) contents of soils suggest hydrophobic organic contaminants were associated with organic matter. In contrast, TOC contents were correlated with PAHs in alfisols but not in pedocals. Pedocals contained mainly high molecular weight PAHs, indicating that eluviation affected the accumulation of less hydrophobic organic contaminants. Different correlations between low‐molecular‐weight PAH and HCH concentrations with TOC contents were found in alfisols, suggesting that contaminant structure may also affect the accumulation of less hydrophobic organic contaminants in these soils. Risk analysis suggested that potential ecological risks related to soils in the Corn Belt may lead to reduced maize production and the potential for human health risks in the future.Highlights Few studies focus on regional‐scale factors that affect organic contaminant accumulation in soils. Environmental process affects less hydrophobic organic contaminant distribution at regional scale. Precipitation and eluviation affected accumulation of less hydrophobic contaminants in soils. PAH and OCP residues in the soil of maize fields may pose ecological risks affecting future crop production and human health.