Accumulation Of Organochlorine Pesticides Research Articles

Occurrences, Possible Sources, and Risk Impacts of Organochlorine Pesticides in Soil of Changchun Central Urban Area, Northeast China

Eighteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soil samples from the Changchun central urban area, Northeast China were analyzed using accelerated solvent extraction combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (ASE-GC/MS) for the purpose of elucidating their contamination status, distribution characteristics, influencing factors, and feasible dangers in this city region. The complete concentrations of OCPs ranged from 15.63 to 92.79 ng/g, with a geomean of 36.46 ng/g. Hexachlorocyclohexane(HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichoroethane (DDTs), and chlordanes were the most dominant OCPs, with γ-HCH and p,p′-DDT being the predominant isomers. Higher concentrations of OCPs often centered to the northeast and southwest of the Changchun metropolis, and these artificial influences contributed to the destiny of OCPs in the soils. The residues of OCPs were derived from the historic utility of the technological DDT, dicofol, and lindane. A Pearson’s correlation evaluation indicated that TOC was once a key factor controlling OCP accumulation. The ecological risk evaluation based on the soil quality guidelines (SQGs) advises that the presence of DDTs, lindane, and heptachlor may additionally pose a poisonous ecological danger to soil organisms. The contrast outcomes of the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) confirmed that the highest cancer risk of OCPs to the posed populace was once low, whilst some unique areas with excessive OCP residues ought to be given attention. The research results provide basic information for evaluating the extent of OCP pollution in the soil of major cities in Northeast China and can help authorities establish environmental protection regulations and soil remediation techniques.

Enrichment, bioaccumulation and human health assessment of organochlorine pesticides in sediments and edible fish of a plateau lake.

The organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are with features of persistence, high toxicity, bioaccumulation and adverse impact on ecosystems and human beings. Although OCPs pollutions have been observed in the plateau lakes, comprehensive understandings in the distribution characteristics and human health risks of OCPs in these valuable but fragile ecosystems are limited. We here investigated the distribution, bioaccumulation process and health risks of OCPs in the Jianhu lake, a representative plateau lake in China. The endrin ketone, endrin aldehyde and heptachlor were the most dominant species in surface and columnar sediments. Their total contents ranged between 0 ~ 1.92 × 103ng·g-1. The distribution of OCPs in sediment cores combined with chronology information indicated that the fast accumulation of OCPs happened during the last decades. Combining the distribution features of OCPs in different sources with mixing model results of carbon isotope (δ13C), farming area was identified as the main source (46%), and the OCPs were transported to lake by inflow-rivers (37%). The enrichment of OCPs in sediments caused considerable bioaccumulation of OCPs in local fish (∑OCPs 0-3199.93ng·g-1, dw) with the bio-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) ranging from ND to 9.41. Moreover, growing time was another key factor governing the accumulation in specific species (Carassius auratus and Cyprinus carpio). Eventually, the carcinogenic risk index (CRI) and exposure risk index (ERI) of the endrin category and aldrin exceeded the reference value, indicating relatively high health risks through consumption of fish. Overall, this study systematically illustrated the bioaccumulation process and health risks of OCPs in the typical plateau lake, providing theoretical support for the better protection of this kind of lakes.

Environmental organic contaminant body burdens and GC-MS based untargeted metabolomics in mediterranean mussels from Port Phillip Bay, Australia☆

Mussels were collected from four coastal sites around Port Phillip Bay, Australia in Mar and Apr 2021). Body burdens of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured and the possible sources of toxicants discussed. In addition, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based untargeted metabolomics analysis was performed using the mantle tissues of mussels. Correlations between the results of contaminant body burdens and metabolic variations were investigated. The results demonstrated that high accumulations of low-molecular-weight PAHs were found in mussels. High body burdens of PCBs and OCPs were only found at mussels from the site close to the river mouth. Some of the metabolic pathways were correlated with the accumulation of PAHs. No correlations were found between PCB and OCP accumulations and metabolic abundances. According to the food and environmental standards of the European Union (EU), the PAH, PCB, and OCP accumulation in mussels in this study are a serious food safety concern.

Biomonitoring of organochlorine pesticides and cancer survival: a population-based study.

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that even at very low levels can cause cancer by increasing the activity of tumor cells and suppressing the immune system. There is also little information on OCPs and survival after diagnosis. The aim of this study was to monitor the concentration of OCPs in the blood serum of cancer patients and its relationship with their socio-demographic characteristics and ultimately that impact on survival time and hazard ratio (HR). This cross-sectional study included 89 diagnosed patients with cancer in Isfahan, Iran. 12 types of OCPs were measured in serum by gas chromatography (7GC) with an electron capture detector and equipped with mass spectrometer (MS). Also, participants' questionnaire was completed to collect information. T-test, ANOVA, and Chi-square tests were used to evaluate the association between serum levels of OCPs and quantitative and qualitative information of patients. Survival analysis was also examined based on Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test, and Cox model. The mean of total OCPs in patients' serum was calculated to be 1.82 ± 1.36μg/L. Concentration of 2,4' DDE had a significant relationship with body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) (P < 0.05). In addition, gender revealed a significant correlation in estimating survival time (P < 0.05). Non-exposure to OCPs showed a positive effect on increasing the life expectancy of patients. Lindane and endosulfan increased the risk of death by 16% and 37%, respectively, with insignificant P value (P > 0.05). The findings of the present study showed adverse effects of OCPs on patients' survival time and increased mortality of HR. Moreover, as the first research conducted in the study area, it is suggested management of environmental, individual and social factors that could be influenced the biological accumulation of OCPs in humans and cause health promotion.

Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in carnivorous waterbird and fish species from Lake Hawassa, Ethiopia

Agricultural, vector-control and industrial activities around Lake Hawassa pose a risk of organochlorine contamination of the lake biota. To assess organochlorine contamination, we measured levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in 3 species of carnivorous waterbird and 3 species of fish. A total of 50 samples of fish and bird species sampled from Lake Hawassa in 2019. We investigated factors influencing accumulation of OCPs and PCBs. Reproductive risk associated with tissue levels of 4,4’-dichloro-diphenyl-dichloro-ethylene (p,p’-DDE) is also estimated. Results show that dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) is the dominant contaminant found in both bird and fish species. p,p’-DDE is the dominant DDT metabolite in both bird and fish species. Geometric mean of p,p’-DDE varied from 49.8–375.3 and 2.2–7.7 ng g−1 ww in birds and fish, respectively. Average p,p’-DDE level in birds is 33.3 times higher than in fish. p,p’-DDE constitutes 93.4–95.2% of total DDTs in bird species. Degree of exposure, chemical stability, and resistance to environmental and biological degradation could explain higher levels of p,p’-DDE both in bird and fish species. There is significant variation in p,p’-DDE levels among bird and fish species owing to differences in feeding habits, foraging habitat, and lipid content. An increase in DDT levels with increasing size is observed in both bird and fish species. A significant positive association between log-transformed p,p’-DDE, and stable nitrogen isotope ratio (δ15N) values is found. There is no reproductive health risk in bird species as a result of the current levels of p,p’-DDE.Article HighlightsDDT is the dominant contaminant found in both bird and fish speciesThere is interspecies variation in accumulation of p,p’-DDE among fish and bird speciesp,p’-DDE is biomagnified through food chain involving both bird and fish species

Levels of organochlorine pesticides in five species of fish from Lake Ziway, Ethiopia

The Ethiopian Rift Valley (ERV) lakes region is an agricultural area in Ethiopia with intense year-round irrigated framing where widespread legal and illegal pesticide use was documented. The aim of the study is to assess tissue concentration of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in fillets of fives species of fish from Lake Ziway, an ERV lake. The influence of trophic position and fish size on accumulation of OCPs was investigated. Sample preparation for the analysis of OCPs was done following the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) method and OCPs were analyzed using gas chromatography and compound specification was made using mass spectrometry. Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs) were dominant among investigated OCPs. 4,4’-dichloro-diphenyl-dichloro-ethylene (p,p’-DDE) was the predominant DDT metabolite constituting about 99.2% of total DDTs. Historic DDT input was suggested as the source of current DDT contamination dominated by p,p’-DDE. Geometric mean value of p,p’-DDE varied from 1.07 to 3.64 ng g–1ww. Species variation in accumulation of p,p’-DDE was found that could result from differences in trophic level, lipid content, age, specific habitat, and feeding habit. Carassius carassius occupying a higher trophic position and with relative high lipid content had the highest p,p’-DDE levels. Positive associations between log-transformed p,p’-DDE, and total length were found for C. carassius and Cyprinus carpio. p,p’-DDE was biomagnified through the local food web. Generally, the levels of DDT in the present study are lower than levels reported from lake Ziway in earlier studies. The present findings may contribute contemporary OCP contamination data in investigated fish species.

Bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba): Profile, influencing factors, and mechanisms

Accumulation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), a keystone species in the Southern Ocean, is potentially harmful to the Antarctic ecosystem and human health. In the current study, we collected E. superba specimens (including muscle and carapace tissues) from Bransfield Strait in northern Antarctic Peninsula and South Georgia to analyze the profile, influencing factors and mechanisms of OCPs bioaccumulation in them. Results indicated that the biological traits (δ13C, δ15N and lipid contents) of krill were significantly affected by habitat. There may exist growth dilution of OCPs in Antarctic krill and no fresh OCPs input in Antarctica, except for endosulfan I. Based on lipid-normalized concentrations, no significant differences were observed between the two regions at most sampling sites. However, OCP levels showed tissue and sex dependence. Boosted regression trees (BRTs) and partial least squares structural equation models (PLS-SEMs) were built to better investigate the main factors affecting the bioaccumulation of OCPs. Lipid content, negatively correlated with OCP levels, was the main factor. In vitro silicon modeling indicated that CYP3A4 metabolism capacity in krill contributed to the OCP residues except for endosulfan I. The results of this study expand current knowledge of OCPs in Antarctic marine biota, as well as their influencing factors and potential mechanisms.

Organochlorine pesticides in immature scalloped hammerheads Sphyrna lewini from the western coast of the Gulf of California, Mexico: Bioaccumulation patterns and human exposure

Despite the intensive use of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the proximity of the Gulf of California, there is no information regarding their levels in predatory shark species, which could be exposed to relatively high concentrations. In this area, neonates and juveniles of the critically endangered scalloped hammerhead Sphyrna lewini are caught for consumption, so the examination of the accumulation of OCPs is necessary for future conservation, as well as to assess the exposure to humans. Levels and accumulation patterns of 29 OCPs were analyzed in the liver and muscle of 20 immature scalloped hammerheads. Twenty-three compounds were detected in liver and 17 OCPs were found in muscle. In the latter tissue, only p,p′-DDE presented concentrations above the detection limit in all samples (0.59 ± 0.21 ng/g w.w.), while in the liver, DDTs were also the main group of pesticides (215 ± 317 ng/g w.w.), followed by ∑Chlordanes > ∑Chlorobenzenes > Mirex > HCBD > Others. One of the two analyzed neonates presented high concentrations of OCPs in the liver (1830 ng/g w.w.), attributed to a bioamplification process. No differences in accumulation of OCPs were found between juveniles of both sexes, where an increase in the concentration of various compounds related with size and age was observed. Additionally, juveniles under 2 years of age may undergo a growth dilution process. Our results suggest that the consumption of this species does not imply risks to human health (chronic or carcinogenic effects) associated with OCPs. Likewise, we recommend further monitoring due to the possible recent inputs of some OCPs (e.g. dicofol, median of ratio o, p′-DDT/p, p′-DDT = 0.7) into the environment.

Analysis of persistent organochlorine pesticides in shellfish and their risk assessment from aquafarms in Taiwan

In Taiwan, freshwater clams (Corbicula fluminea) and hard clams (Meretrix lusoria) are the most frequently raised shellfish in land-based pond aquaculture, but research on the accumulation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in these shellfish is limited. We detected the levels of 14 OCPs in 62 shellfish from Taiwanese aquafarms by performing gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. OCP residues were detected in 4.84% of the samples including readings of 0.04 mg/kg chlordane (in a freshwater clam), 0.03 mg/g p,p′-DDE (in a freshwater clam), and 0.02 mg/g p,p′-DDE (in a hard clam). However, the associated estimated daily intake values were less than the acceptable daily intake levels of chlordane and p,p′-DDE Therefore, the consumption of these shellfish presents no immediate health risks. Our findings contribute to food safety and serve as a reference for OCP screenings for aquatic shellfish.

Persistent organic pollutants and chlorpyrifos in the cockfish Callorhinchus callorynchus (Holocephali: Callorhynchidae) from Argentine coastal waters: Influence of sex and maturity

Organic contaminants are of great environmental concern due to their negative impacts on coastal ecosystems, especially on highly vulnerable species as chondrichthyans. Accumulation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and chlorpyrifos was assessed in muscle, gonads, and liver of the cockfish Callorhinchus callorynchus for both sexes and maturity stages. This species has a wide distribution in South Atlantic Ocean and it is an important resource for coastal Argentine fisheries. Pollutants were quantified by gas chromatography with electron capture detector and the distribution pattern found in C. callorynchus was the following: (∑OCPs+chlorpyrifos) > ∑PCBs>∑PBDEs. Endosulfan was predominant among OCP groups, penta-CBs and hexaCBs among PCBs and BDE 47, 66, 99, and 100 in PBDE group. The highest levels were found in liver followed by muscle and gonads. The highest percentage of lipids was also observed in the liver. Moreover, the concentrations of ∑OCPs and ∑PCBs in C. callorynchus liver varied with maturity stage, and ∑OCPs also with sexes. Females presented higher values than males, and mature individuals showed higher concentrations than immature ones, according with biological parameters such as age, sex, maturity stage, metabolic and redistribution processes and habitat use influence. These results indicate that C. callorynchus reflects a historical and recent contamination in their tissues, and therefore, especially females, becomes as a good biomonitor of these pollutants in the marine environment. To our knowledge, this work represents one of the few investigations on the occurrence of POPs and chlorpyrifos in chondrichtyans from South Atlantic Ocean; therefore more research is mandatory for an adequate management and conservation of existing fisheries and aquatic resources.

Temporal and spatial variations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and phthalates affecting the quality of water and sediment from Loskop Dam, South Africa

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and phthalates are amongst the most emphasized man-made environmental contaminants, due to their prevalence, persistence and potential to induce adverse effects in organisms. In addition to prevailing industrial and domestic activities, their presence in the environment is exacerbated by leaching from associated materials, run-off and emissions. The Loskop Dam in the Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, is located on the Olifants River, which flows through a hub of industrial and agricultural activities. Research aimed at monitoring the levels of OCPs and phthalate contamination in South Africa, particularly in the Olifants catchment, has been limited and is restricted to short-term monitoring. In this study, the spatial and temporal variations of 21 OCPs and 7 phthalates in water and sediments from Loskop Dam were evaluated over a 3-year period (2015–2017). Annual average OCP levels ranged from 0.013±0.006 to 0.36±0.13 μg/L in water and from below the limit of detection to 2.4±1.2 µg/kg in sediments. Phthalates were present at average concentrations ranging from 0.023±0.041 to 2.1±1.5 μg/L and 20±0.63 to 55±6.9 µg/kg in water and sediments, respectively. The levels of OCPs and phthalates were greatest in autumn, attributed to higher input sources and concentration effects due to lower water levels. Phthalates were present at greater quantities at the inlet, while OCP accumulation was observed at the upper reaches of the dam. This may be an indication of the differences in input sources and translocation of these compounds, related to the topography of the dam and variability in water flow rates. These findings are important in highlighting the environmental and health concerns that may arise in the Olifants catchment area. After considering the outcomes of this study, we propose the implementation of regular and stringent monitoring strategies, which include surveys of OCPs and phthalates for Loskop Dam and similar water systems globally.

Organochlorine pesticide accumulation in fish and catchment sediments of Lake St Lucia: Risks for Africa’s largest estuary

Although use of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) has been banned or severely limited on a global basis, concerning concentrations continue to be reported in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world. These habitats often support high levels of unique biodiversity and vulnerable communities that depend on the environment for their survival. We investigated threats associated with OCP contamination at Lake St Lucia, a global hotspot for biodiversity and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in South Africa. Lake St Lucia is sustained largely by surface runoff from catchment areas where significant quantities of OCPs have historically been used in agriculture and where DDT continues to be used for disease control. Sediments (n = 40) collected from the two largest fluvial inputs to Lake St Lucia showed that these rivers represent important sources of contaminants, with ∑OCP concentrations ranging between 74 and 510 ng g−1. Measured HCH, dieldrin, ∑DDT and ∑chlor concentrations exceeded NOAA sediment toxicity guidelines in the majority of samples analysed. Bioaccumulation was assessed by examining residue concentrations in muscle tissues from two abundant fish species from Lake St Lucia. OCPs were detected in all samples analysed, with total concentrations ranging 860–5000 ng g−1 lw and 390–3200 ng g−1 lw for Oreochromis mossambicus (n = 17) and Clarias gariepinus (n = 41), respectively. A health risk assessment indicated potential dietary risk associated with exposure to aldrin, dieldrin and heptachlor, although the cumulative effect of OCPs on human health, ecosystem biodiversity and long-term ecotourism sustainability remains unknown.

Occurrence and partition of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in water, sediment, and organisms from the eastern sea area of Shandong Peninsula, Yellow Sea, China

To evaluate the occurrence and partition of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), water, sediment, and organisms were sampled from the eastern sea area of Shandong Peninsula (Yellow Sea, China) across all four seasons in 2016. There were three OCP hotspots in the sediment, mainly caused by the transportation of lindane and dicofol from adjacent Swan Lake and Guhe River. Waterborne OCP levels were highest in winter and lowest in spring, without vertical variability, suggesting that the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass was governing the spatio-temporal distribution of OCPs in seawater. There was substantial accumulation of HCHs and DDTs in organisms via sediment, as indicated by the relatively low fraction of sedimental fugacity, high bio-sediment accumulation factor, and a positive linear correlation between logΣHCHs and trophic level. This is the first study that has focused on the accumulation of OCPs in entire sediment-seawater-organism system involving multi-phyla of species.

Food safety of bivalves from the South Vietnam: organochlorine compounds and heavy metals as risk factors for human health

The aim of the work is to study the accumulation of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and heavy metals in the soft tissues of commercial bivalves from continental reservoirs of the south Vietnam and to assess health risks for population.&#x0D; Materials and methods. Four genera of bivalves from the Mekong Delta Corbicula sp., Geloina sp., Ensidens sp., Scabies sp. were studied. Organic pollutants were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, heavy metals by atomic absorption in flame and flameless atomizers. Health risks were assessed by determining the hazard quotient (HQ) and the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR).&#x0D; Results. To minimize the risk of poisoning when consuming Corbicula sp., Geloina sp., Ensidens sp. and Scabies sp. maximum consumption levels should be 83, 15, 1 and 6 pcs/day, respectively. The risk of developing cancer can be increased with the consumption of Corbicula sp. Ensidens sp. and Geloina sp. in an amount of 212 pcs/day.&#x0D; Conclusion. The maximum consumption levels of four bivalves genera were determined, at which there is no health risks for the population of South Vietnam. All risks are associated with -HCH, PCBs, Mn and Fe. Safety assessment of local food (in particular, not traditional for tourists) is an urgent task to ensure the safety of life and health of Russian citizens abroad.

Trophic transfer of pollutants within two intertidal rocky shore ecosystems in different biogeographic regions of South Africa

Tsitsikamma and Sheffield Beach are two relatively pristine sites along the South African east coast representing warm temperate and subtropical biogeographic rocky shore intertidal ecosystems, respectively. Stable isotopes (δ15N and δ13C), metals and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in 38 intertidal components to study biomagnification or biodilution of metals and OCPs in these marine food webs. Comparison of the four species common to both sites revealed that the highest Al, Fe and OCP concentrations were measured in intertidal organisms from Sheffield Beach and was attributed to diffuse input into the nearshore marine environment sources via estuaries and groundwater. All other metals were higher in intertidal organisms from Tsitsikamma and were attributed to the metal-rich phytoplankton blooms during upwelling events. There was no correlation between metal and OCP accumulation and dietary source (δ13C) or trophic level (δ15N). The application of trophic magnification factors (TMFs) using a relatively short benthic food chain indicated biomagnification for As, Cd, Cu, Se and Zn and biodilution of OCPs at both sites. Since these food chains represent only a small portion of the intertidal ecosystems we found limited evidence of biomagnification or biodilution of metals and OCPs across species. This was attributed to different dietary sources in the same food web and similar trophic levels being occupied by the same species in different food chains. We found that food web composition rather than temperature-based biogeographical distribution influenced trophic transfer of metals and OCPs.

The occurrence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in riverine sediments of hilly region of southern China: Implications for sources and transport processes

Rivers serve as important water resources for socio-economic development as well as the sink of anthropogenic pollutants—especially pesticides, thus being responsible for the riverine transport and distribution of such chemicals. Therefore, the spatial-temporal distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was investigated based on their content in major rivers located in the hilly region of southern China. The research objective was to identify this region's riverine transport of OCPs and their potential affecting factors. Higher concentrations of OCPs were detected in the wet season (52.0 ± 46.5 ng/g dw) than in the dry season (24.9 ± 26.5 ng/g dw). Wet-season OCP input from tributaries was associated with increased water runoff and sediment discharge. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) were the major OCP contributors, accounting for 30.4% ± 20.4% and 24.3% ± 10.9% of the total OCPs, respectively. These results corresponded well with the historical production and application of OCPs in China. The spatial differences among rivers and basins were ascribed to the regional usages in history, while the transport of OCPs in rivers was along the water flow direction and related to suspended substances. Moreover, black carbon (BC) played a crucial role on retention and accumulation of OCPs in sediments. Ecological risk assessments based on sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) suggested that γ-HCH, p,p′-DDE, and p,p′-DDD posed high ecological risks, especially in the lower reaches of rivers. Additionally, the human health risk assessment revealed negligible carcinogenic risk associated with OCP contamination.

ORGANIC CHLORINE COMPOUNDS IN BREAST MILK OF WOMEN IN THE SOUTH OF THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST

National programs for monitoring chloro-organk compounds (С0С) in the human body have been introduced in different countries. In Russia, this monitoring began at the end of the 20th century. In the Russian Far East, only preliminary data on the accumulation of chloro-organk compounds in the human body have been published so far warranting further research. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the accumulation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in breast milk of women in the South of the Russian Far East and the compare the findings with the data from 2017. Methods. Breast milk was collected in health institutions in the region (Primorsky Krai). The age of the women ranged from 20 to 49 years. The concentrations of OCPs and PCBs in breast milk samples werestudied by gas chromatography mass-spectrometry. Results. The content of ГОС (EHCHs + EDDTs + EPCBs) in the samples ranged from 23 to 878 ng / g lipids. The concentration ranges of OCPs (EHCHs + EDDTs) and PCBs were 2.8-291 and 3.2-720 ng / g lipids, respectively. Conclusions. The total OCP content in the samples taken in 2018 year was greater than the corresponding data from 2017 (p = 0.035) in all age groups of women. HCH concentrations in 2018 significantly exceed those in 2017 (p = 0.016 and p = 0.008 - according to different evaluation criteria). DDT and its metabolites were below the detection limit in 50 % of samples. The total concentration of PCBs in 2018 was lower than in 2017.

Хлорорганические соединения в камбалах рода Hippoglossoides Gottsche, 1835 из дальневосточных морей России

Хлорорганические пестициды (ХОП) и полихлорированные бифенилы (ПХБ) относятся к группе стойких органических загрязняющих веществ (СОЗ) и являются глобальными суперэкотоксикантами. Рыба и морепродукты — важный источник полноценного белка и полиненасыщенных жирных кислот, особенно для жителей приморских районов. До 90 % всех поллютантов поступают в организм человека с пищей. Конечным депо СОЗ в окружающей среде являются морские экосистемы, а следовательно, эти вещества могут накапливаться в различных объектах морского промысла. В работе представлены сведения о концентрациях ХОП [изомеры ГХЦГ (α-, β-, γ-), ДДТ и его метаболиты (ДДД и ДДЕ)] и ПХБ в мышцах камбал рода Hippoglossoides Gottsche, 1835, обитающих в дальневосточных морях России (Охотское море, Татарский пролив, Японское море). Липиды экстрагировали из гомогенатов тканей рыб смесью гексана и ацетона с последующим разрушением жировых компонентов концентрированной серной кислотой. ХОП и ПХБ разделяли при помощи колоночной хроматографии полярным и неполярным растворителями. Ксенобиотики количественно определяли методом газовой хромато-масс-спектрометрии. Для оценки качества выбранной методики применяли метод стандартных добавок. Средняя воспроизводимость концентраций аналитов варьировала от 94,6 до 103,7 %, что говорит о надёжности полученных данных и об эффективности использованных методов. Средние концентрации ∑ДДТ, ∑ГХЦГ, ∑ХОП (∑ДДТ + ∑ГХЦГ) и ∑ПХБ конгенеров составили: в образцах, отобранных в восточной части Охотского моря, — (62 ± 89), (50 ± 52), (100 ± 125) и (92 ± 45) нг·г−1 липидов; в южной части Охотского моря — (20 ± 17), (36 ± 37), (54 ± 41) и (99 ± 43) нг·г−1 липидов; в Японском море — (40 ± 29), (62 ± 36), (102 ± 50) и (1616 ± 1177) нг·г−1 липидов соответственно. В образцах из Татарского пролива средние уровни ∑ГХЦГ, ∑ХОП и ∑ПХБ составили (221 ± 182), (224 ± 180) и (455 ± 317) нг·г−1 липидов соответственно. ДДТ обнаружен в трёх исследованных образцах. В восточной части Охотского моря в камбалах зарегистрированы наибольшие концентрации ДДТ и умеренные — ГХЦГ, что может быть связано с расположением на полуострове Камчатка «могильника» ядохимикатов и пестицидов, в котором захоронены ХОП. Поступление ПХБ в воды южной части Охотского моря может объясняться как активным судоходством, так и наличием стоков с мусорных полигонов, несущих остаточные количества ПХБ в экосистему. Южная часть Охотского моря — самый чистый из исследованных районов, характеризующийся наименьшим содержанием ДДТ, ГХЦГ и ПХБ в организмах. В камбалах из залива Невельского (Татарский пролив) ДДТ практически отсутствовал. В то же время в них выявлен самый высокий уровень содержания ГХЦГ, представленного только β-изомером, что говорит о длительной циркуляции токсиканта в экосистеме. Согласно постановлению Правительства Сахалинской области, на территории о-ва Сахалин есть полигоны размещения пришедших в негодность или запрещённых пестицидов, хранение которых (на момент вступления постановления в силу) осуществлялось с нарушениями, способными привести к серьёзному загрязнению окружающей среды. Скорее всего, источником загрязнения Татарского пролива стали именно они. Другим источником загрязнения ГХЦГ могут быть течения, выносящие воды Японского моря через пролив Невельского в Охотское море. Высокие уровни ПХБ в водах залива могут быть связаны с активным судоходством и, возможно, с влиянием свалок бытовых отходов на о-ве Сахалин. Камбалы из Японского моря характеризуются наибольшим загрязнением СОЗ. Поступление ХОП в акваторию моря может быть связано с поверхностными смывами, речными стоками, утечками из хранилищ запрещённых к применению пестицидов и атмосферным переносом из стран Азии, где до сих пор разрешено применение некоторых ХОП. Найденные уровни ПХБ на порядок величин превышают таковые в камбалах из Охотского моря и Татарского пролива, что может быть объяснено активным судоходством в водах Японского моря, влиянием действующих нефтеналивного и угольного портов в г. Находке, а также местным загрязнением прибрежной полосы (так называемых диких пляжей). Таким образом, исследована аккумуляция хлорорганических пестицидов (ГХЦГ и ДДТ) и полихлорированных бифенилов в мышцах камбал из дальневосточных морей России. При существующем глобальном фоне СОЗ, сформировавшемся на планете, уровни этих соединений в камбалах южной части Охотского моря могут быть приняты как фоновые. Наибольшему антропогенному прессу подвержено Японское море, где концентрации ПХБ значительно превышают таковые как в дальневосточных морях России, так и в сравниваемых регионах мира в целом.

Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticides Residues in Tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus)

The current study aimed to determine organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) residues in muscle tissues of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with different weights collected randomly from different localities at Cairo and Giza markets by Gas Chromatoghraphy. The total mean values of DDT, DDD, DDE, Endrin, Dieldrin, Endosulfan, γ-chlordane, δ-BHC, Hepatochlor epoxide, Methoxychlor and Hepatochlor residues in the examined samples of tilapia were 16.82 ± 4.7, 44.80 ± 4.65, 8.34 ± 1.42, 26.54 ± 3.13, 10.91 ± 2.72, 6.20 ± 1.17, 21.32 ± 3.44, 16.17 ± 3.07, 5.33 ± 10.67 , 1.24 ± 0.31 and 1.28 ± 0.31 ng/g, respectively. Accumulation of organochlorine pesticides in fish tissues was related to rate of pollution, lipid content, feeding behavior, rate, size and age. There were significant differences between organochlorine pesticides residues and different weights of tilapia. Most of the examined samples were within the maximum permissible limits of pesticides residues according to US-FDA (2008) and Codex Alimentarius Commission (1996) and should not pose a health risk to consumers. The public health hazards of organochlorine pesticides residues were discussed.

Levels and enantiomeric signatures of organochlorine pesticides in Chinese forest soils: Implications for sources and environmental behavior

We investigated the levels and distributions of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in 159 background soil samples collected from 30 forested mountain sites across China. The sum of DDT was the most abundant OCP, with the concentrations of 0.197–207 ng/g and 0.033–122 ng/g in the O-horizon and A-horizon, respectively. High concentrations of OCPs usually occur near agricultural regions or high consumption areas. The spatial distribution was mainly influenced by the emission sources and soil total organic contents (TOC). The chiral compounds were generally nonracemic in the soils and showed preferential degradation of (−) o,p′- dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, (+) trans-chlordane, and (−) cis-chlordane in both the O- and A-horizons. The enantiomeric fraction (EF) distributions of chiral OCPs displayed no differences across the forest sites in the O-horizon or the A-horizon. Comparing the deviation of EFs from racemic (DEVrac = absolute value of 0.500 - EF) with environmental parameters, we found that DEVrac of cis-chlordane demonstrated a strong positive correlation with TOC (p < 0.05) and the C/N ratio (p < 0.01). This relationship suggests that these factors could affect the microbial activity and significantly impact the extent of enantioselective degradation of chiral compounds in the soils. Fresh and historical applications of DDT and historical chlordane and endosulfan uses may be prominent sources of OCP accumulation in Chinese forest soils.