Complexity Of Organization Research Articles

Enhancing project success through value-creating social interactions: insights from project managers in Iranian governmental organizations

Purpose Despite significant advancements in project processes, tools and systems, overall project success rates have not markedly improved. Recent studies underscore the importance of “value creation” as a key factor in enhancing project outcomes, particularly through the interaction between project managers and employees. However, there remains a critical gap in understanding how project managers can effectively leverage daily social interactions to foster cooperation and create value in complex, temporary and high-pressure environments typical of project-based organizations. This study aims to address this gap by exploring the lived experiences of project managers in governmental project-based organizations, focusing on how they use social interactions as a strategic tool for value creation. Design/methodology/approach Semi-structured interviews were conducted with various groups of project managers using open-ended questions, selected through the snowball sampling method. The collected data were then analyzed qualitatively using grounded theory techniques. Findings The findings indicate that project managers can foster value creation in the minds of employees by employing a range of behavioral strategies in the workplace. The effectiveness of these strategies, however, is influenced by the prevailing social culture within the project implementation site. Originality/value Consequently, understanding and adopting the appropriate behavioral approaches depend on the project’s unique social context. In conclusion, this research sheds light on the most effective parameters for value creation through social interactions in project spaces.

Spatial organization of post-industrial society

The article examines the features of the current stage of urbanization, in particular, the increasing complexity of spatial organization associated with cities overcoming their administrative boundaries, which led to the emergence of agglomerations and urban regions. New urban forms are considered as a result of the formation of a post-industrial society, where the labor market demonstrates greater flexibility than in the industrial one. In addition, the modern transport system makes it possible to easily cover significant distances in a short time and thereby changes the idea of space. Digital technologies have made it possible to transfer a number of interactions (both personal and business) to a remote format, which also contributed to the expansion of urban entities and complicated their management. The author also points out the ambiguous nature of the social consequences of digitalization and algorithmization of urban space. It is noted that smart city technologies, which are positioned as an effective opportunity to counteract uncertainty and manage it, create new vulnerabilities and threats. Special attention is paid to new challenges that modern cities face due to climate change. Thus, the author demonstrates a wide range of social problems relevant to modern urban entities that are becoming in creasingly complex. The article emphasizes that today urban studies is an interdisciplinary field for which sociology is of great importance, allowing us to get an answer to the question of how to improve the quality of life of the population of all spatial forms existing today.

Self-Organized Patterns in Non-Reciprocal Active Droplet Systems.

Non-equilibrium patterns are widespread in nature and often arise from the self-organization of constituents through nonreciprocal chemotactic interactions. In this study, we demonstrate how active oil-in-water droplet mixtures with predator-prey interactions can result in a variety of self-organized patterns. By manipulating physical parameters, the droplet diameter ratio and number ratio, we identify distinct classes of patterns within a binary droplet system, rationalize the pattern formation, and quantify motilities. Experimental results are recapitulated in numerical simulations using a minimal computational model that solely incorporates chemotactic interactions and steric repulsion among the constituents. The time evolution of the patterns is investigated and chemically explained. We also investigate how patterns vary with differing interaction strength by altering surfactant composition. Leveraging insights from the binary droplet system, the framework is extended to a ternary droplet mixture composed of multiple chasing droplet pairs to create chemically directed hierarchical organization. Our findings demonstrate how rationalizable, self-organized patterns can be programmed in a chemically minimal system and provide the basis for exploration of emergent organization and higher order complexity in active colloids.

Self‐Organized Patterns in Non‐Reciprocal Active Droplet Systems

AbstractNon‐equilibrium patterns are widespread in nature and often arise from the self‐organization of constituents through nonreciprocal chemotactic interactions. In this study, we demonstrate how active oil‐in‐water droplet mixtures with predator‐prey interactions can result in a variety of self‐organized patterns. By manipulating physical parameters, the droplet diameter ratio and number ratio, we identify distinct classes of patterns within a binary droplet system, rationalize the pattern formation, and quantify motilities. Experimental results are recapitulated in numerical simulations using a minimal computational model that solely incorporates chemotactic interactions and steric repulsion among the constituents. The time evolution of the patterns is investigated and chemically explained. We also investigate how patterns vary with differing interaction strength by altering surfactant composition. Leveraging insights from the binary droplet system, the framework is extended to a ternary droplet mixture composed of multiple chasing droplet pairs to create chemically directed hierarchical organization. Our findings demonstrate how rationalizable, self‐organized patterns can be programmed in a chemically minimal system and provide the basis for exploration of emergent organization and higher order complexity in active colloids.

LEDGF interacts with the NID domain of MeCP2 and modulates MeCP2 condensates.

Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear protein involved in transcriptional regulation and chromatin remodeling. MeCP2 exists in two isoforms, MeCP2 E1 and E2, which share the same functional domains. Loss-of-function mutations in the MeCP2 gene are the main cause of Rett syndrome (RTT). Previous studies identified a complex formation between MeCP2 and lens epithelium derived growth factor (LEDGF), a transcriptional regulator that exists in two isoforms, LEDGF/p75 and LEDGF/p52. Here, we characterized the molecular and functional interaction between MeCP2 and LEDGF. The NCoR interaction domain (NID) domain in MeCP2 is essential for the direct binding to the PWWP-CR1 region of LEDGF. Introduction of R306C, an RTT mutation in the NID of MeCP2, reduced the interaction with LEDGF. Our data reveal mutual inhibition of MeCP2 and LEDGF multimerization due to overlapping binding sites. Aligning with this observation, LEDGF depletion resulted in larger MeCP2 and DNA foci in NIH3T3 cells, suggesting a role for the MeCP2-LEDGF complex in chromatin organization.

The mysteries of LETM1 pleiotropy

LETM1 is a nuclear-encoded protein located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, playing a critical role in regulating mitochondrial cation and volume homeostasis. However, numerous studies on functional features, molecular interactions, and disease-associated effects of LETM1 revealed that LETM1 is also involved in other metabolic functions including glucose utilization, mitochondrial DNA and ribosome organization, cristae architecture and respiratory complex stability. Undisputedly, osmoregulatory processes are essential for mitochondrial functionality, but the pleiotropic aspects of LETM1 challenges us to understand the core function of LETM1, which still remains elusive. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge and latest developments regarding the activities involving LETM1. We highlight various findings that offer different functional perspectives and ideas on the core function of LETM1. Specifically, we emphasize data supporting LETM1's role as a mitochondrial translational factor, K+/H+ exchanger, or Ca2+/H+ exchanger, along with recent findings on its interaction with ATAD3A and TMBIM5. We also present the severe clinical implications of LETM1 deficiency. Finally, we discuss emerging questions raised by the different views on LETM1, which need to be addressed to guide future research directions and ultimately resolve the function of this essential protein and develop targeted therapeutic strategies.

Improving the healthcare response to migrants landing in Lampedusa through a multimodal strategy.

Abstract Issue Lampedusa island is a crucial Italian entry point for migrants and the only health facility is the outpatient clinic that relies on the helicopter transfer to the mainland for urgencies. When the influx of migrants -and of tourists- increases, the health demand burden rises. Moreover, the plurality of the actors involved in migrants’ reception and assistance makes healthcare organization complex. In 2023, 115.000 arrivals were recorded with an increase of pregnant migrants transferred by helicopter; moreover, the lack of an EMTs-equipped ambulance and coordination gaps between actors were raised. Description of the practice Also paving on law 50/2023, in 2023 INMP and other institutions promoted a multimodal strategy to support healthcare in Lampedusa. A needs assessment grounded on settings and processes field observation and key stakeholders’ structured interviews was designed. Hence, an equipped ambulance service was set in September 2023 and an obstetric triage (ObT) procedure for pregnant migrants was tested. Further, operational protocols for migrants’ health have been drafted and enclosed in a MoU signed between key institutions, and a dedicated Committee monitoring protocol implementation was also set. Results Until now the ambulance has carried out 242 operations, mostly in response to community requests and ObT has led to using helicopter solely for real Ob urgencies. Also, the MoU has improved the coordination between actors, and the monitoring Committee-just settled-has already identified new priorities such as of defining a procedure for pregnant migrants requesting pregnancy termination. Lessons A multimodal strategy based on field assessment, enhancing coordination between actors and rolling-out of shared procedures has improved the effectiveness, efficiency and appropriateness of healthcare in Lampedusa, requiring a slight increase in resources. Remarkably, the healthcare reinforcing results in beneficial also for the general population. Key messages • Massive influx of migrants in Lampedusa has required strengthening health services on the island. • Evidence-based interventions based on needs assessment have improved healthcare for both migrants and the general population.

Sex Differences in Hierarchical and Modular Organization of Functional Brain Networks: Insights from Hierarchical Entropy and Modularity Analysis.

Existing studies have demonstrated significant sex differences in the neural mechanisms of daily life and neuropsychiatric disorders. The hierarchical organization of the functional brain network is a critical feature for assessing these neural mechanisms. But the sex differences in hierarchical organization have not been fully investigated. Here, we explore whether the hierarchical structure of the brain network differs between females and males using resting-state fMRI data. We measure the hierarchical entropy and the maximum modularity of each individual, and identify a significant negative correlation between the complexity of hierarchy and modularity in brain networks. At the mean level, females show higher modularity, whereas males exhibit a more complex hierarchy. At the consensus level, we use a co-classification matrix to perform a detailed investigation of the differences in the hierarchical organization between sexes and observe that the female group and the male group exhibit different interaction patterns of brain regions in the dorsal attention network (DAN) and visual network (VIN). Our findings suggest that the brains of females and males employ different network topologies to carry out brain functions. In addition, the negative correlation between hierarchy and modularity implies a need to balance the complexity in the hierarchical organization of the brain network, which sheds light on future studies of brain functions.

The Organization Man Paradox

Herein we examine the paradox faced by an individual after joining a large or ganization.The paradox is related to the phenomenon of the Organization Man, rst identi ed in the middle of the last century and is addressed herein using a large-scale numerical calculation of the network dynamics modeling the or ganization. This network model reduces to a fractal-order Langevin equation model of the dynamics for a single individual embedded in a complex network. An analytic solution for describing the subtle, yet dramatic, in uence of the organization (complex network) on the decision making behavior of an individ ual member of the organization is obtained. Furthermore, this adoption of the organizational behavior by the individual is the result of the way people interact with one another and is not necessarily a consequence of any overt e¤ort on the part of the organization to in uence individual behavior. In fact it is shown that a top-down approach to controlling individual behavior is unstable, whereas a bottom-up approach is resilient.

Harmonisation outcomes after insourcing services in South African higher education institutions

Orientation: The study was conducted in two higher education institutions that underwent insourcing and harmonisation of conditions of employment for support services.Research purpose: This study aims to determine how harmonisation shapes outcomes among support service labour in selected higher education institutions and to develop a management framework to harmonise conditions of employment following insourcing.Motivation for the study: The study capitalises on organisational complexities in higher education institutions that experienced insourcing of support services employees to address concerns assumed to be premised on historical exclusionary and exploitative employment practices. The study documents the experience and perceptions of institutional stakeholders in creating new knowledge on harmonisation following insourcing.Research approach/design and method: Employing a qualitative approach, 16 interviews were conducted with selected multi-level management and personnel directly involved in a harmonisation.Main findings: The study found tangible and intangible aspects, processes and other psychological perspectives on implementing harmonisation across employment levels. Furthermore, it was found that an efficient and effective harmonisation framework is required. Effective harmonisation for inclusion was viewed as being compromised by factors such as government intervention, and a lack of policy, framework and legislation to guide the process.Practical/managerial implications: Practical recommendations are provided for implementing harmonisation strategies following insourcing across employment levels in South African higher education institutions.Contribution/value-add: The study contributes to novel theory on harmonisation after insourcing and provides a management framework for harmonisation of conditions of employment.

Measuring global urban complexity from the perspective of living structure

As urban critic Jane Jacobs conceived, a city is essentially the problem of organized complexity. What underlies the complexity refers to a structural factor, called living structure, which is defined as a mathematical structure composed of hierarchically organized substructures. Through these substructures, the complexity of cities, or equivalent to the livingness of urban space (L), can be measured by the multiplication the number of cities or substructures (S) and their scaling hierarchy (H), indicating that complexity is about both quantity of cities and how well the city is organized hierarchically. In other words, complexity emerges from a hierarchical structure where there are far more small cities or substructures than large ones across all scales, and cities are more or less similar within each individual hierarchy. In this paper, we conduct comprehensive case studies to investigate urban complexity on a global scale using multisource geospatial data. We develop an efficient approach to recursively identifying all natural cities with their inner hotspots worldwide through connected component analysis. To characterize urban complexity, urban space is initially represented as a hierarchy of recursively defined natural cities, and all the cities are then represented as a network for measuring the degree of complexity or livingness of the urban space. The results show the Earth’s surface is growing more complex from an economic perspective, and the dynamics of urban complexity are more explicit from nighttime light imagery than from population data. We further discuss the implications in city science, aiming to help create and recreate urban environments that are more resilient and livable by fostering organized complexity from the perspective of living structure.

Molecular and genetic mechanisms of sex determination in poplar

The study of molecular and genetic mechanisms of sex determination in poplar is of interest not only in the fundamental aspect, but also in the applied aspect. In landscaping of large settlements, it is advisable to use male individuals of Populus genus due to their hypoallergenicity and increased resistance to environmental pollution, stress conditions and pathogens. However, sex determination in poplars is complicated by the complex genetic structure of the sex-determining region of the genome (SDR). In this review, the emergence, evolution, structure and function of the SDR in the genus Populus are discussed. Current insights into the structure and function of the key regulator of sex selection in poplars, the orthologous ARR16/ARR17 gene, and the possible role of other genes differentially expressed between male and female plants, including microRNAs, in this process are discussed in detail. The great diversity of species and the high complexity of SDR organization justify the need for further study of the molecular mechanisms of sex determination in poplars.

Community organization and network complexity and stability: contrasting strategies of prokaryotic versus eukaryotic microbiomes in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea.

Unraveling the effects of spatial gradients on microbiome assembly and association is a challenging topic that remains understudied in the coastal ecosystem. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of spatial variation on the network complexity and stability of plankton microbiomes in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea. These seas serve as spawning and nursery grounds for economically important fisheries valued at billions of dollars annually. Environmental heterogeneity structures microbial communities into distinct spatial patterns, leading to complex direct/indirect relationships and broader ecological niches of bacterioplankton compared to microeukaryotic communities. Interestingly, salinity gradients positively influenced the richness of rare subgroups of bacterioplankton, while the rare microeukaryotic subgroups showed an opposite trend. Abundant subgroups of prokaryotic/eukaryotic microbiomes exhibited greater environmental niche breadth and lower phylogenetic distance compared to the rare subgroups. Stochastic processes contributed greatly to microbiome dynamics, and deterministic processes governed the bacterioplankton organization with a lower phylogenetic turnover rate. Compared to microeukaryotes, bacterioplankton exhibit higher network modularity, complexity, and robustness and lower fragmentation, and vulnerability. These observations offer vital insights into the anti-interference ability and resistance of plankton microbiomes in response to environmental gradients in terms of organization and survival strategy as well as their adaptability to environmental disturbances.IMPORTANCEAn in-depth understanding of community organization and stability of coastal microbiomes is crucial to determining the sustainability of marine ecosystems, such as the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea. Distinct responses between prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbiomes to spatial heterogeneity were observed in terms of geographical distribution, phylogenetic distance, niche breadth, and community assembly process. Environmental variations are significantly correlated with the dynamics of rare eukaryotic plankton subcommunities compared to prokaryotic plankton subcommunities. Deterministic processes shaped prokaryotic plankton community organization with a lower phylogenic turnover rate. Rare subgroups had noticeably higher phylogenetic distance and lower niche breadth than the corresponding abundant subgroups. Prokaryotic microbiomes had higher molecular network complexity and stability compared to microeukaryotes. Results presented here show how environmental gradients alter both the geographical characteristics of the microbial organization in coastal seas and also their co-occurrence network complexity and stability and thus have critical implications for nutrient and energy cycling.

Proteomic analysis illustrates the potential involvement of motor proteins in cleft palate development

Cleft palate (CP) is a congenital condition characterized by a complex etiology and limited diagnostic and therapeutic options. In this study, we delved into the molecular mechanisms associated with retinoic acid (RA)-induced CP in Kun Ming mice. Proteomic analysis of control and RA-induced CP samples at embryonic day 15.5 revealed 25 upregulated and 19 downregulated proteins. Further analysis identified these differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) as being involved in extracellular matrix organization, actin cytoskeleton, and myosin complex. Moreover, these DEPs were found to be enriched in pathways related to motor protein activity and extracellular matrix-receptor interaction. Protein-protein interaction network analysis identified 10 hub proteins, including motor proteins and ECM-related proteins, which exhibited higher expression levels in CP compared to control tissues. These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying CP and highlight potential targets for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

Spinal V1 inhibitory interneuron clades differ in birthdate, projections to motoneurons, and heterogeneity.

The complexity of spinal interneuron diversity and circuit organization represents a challenge to understand neural control of movement in normal adults as well as during motor development and in disease. Inhibitory interneurons are a core element of these spinal circuits. V1 interneurons comprise the largest group of inhibitory interneurons in the ventral horn, and their organization remains unclear. Here we present a comprehensive examination of V1 subtypes according to neurogenesis, placement in spinal motor circuits, and motoneuron synaptic targeting. V1 diversity increases during evolution from axial-swimming fishes to limb-based mammalian terrestrial locomotion. This increased diversity is reflected in the size and heterogeneity of the Foxp2-V1 clade, a group closely associated with limb motor pools. We show that Foxp2-V1 interneurons establish the densest direct inhibitory input to motoneurons, especially on cell bodies. These findings are particularly significant because recent studies have shown that motor neurodegenerative diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) affect inhibitory V1 synapses on motoneuron cell bodies and Foxp2-V1 interneurons themselves in the earliest stages of pathology.

Keeping up with the decarbonization: Conceptualizing and investigating incumbents’ responses to transition pressures in the post-Paris world

Incumbents are central regime actors who simultaneously adapt to transitions and actively shape them. This study has two objectives: advance the conceptualization around these actors’ behaviors in contemporary transition processes and demonstrate a novel research approach to study this behavior in practice. The focus is on incumbents’ responses to transition-related external pressures. These responses are studied by reviewing related work from organization and management literature, as well as conducting an empirical case study in the aviation sector. The theoretical and empirical insights are combined through flexible pattern matching into a conceptual framework, which simultaneously accommodates a holistic view of different types of responses incumbents use to navigate the complex operating environment, while also supporting particularity that goes beyond strategy talk. For the empirical investigation, this research utilizes incumbent airlines’ transition risk work as a source of information on what external pressures these actors themselves perceive and the responses they operationalize. The empirical case study illustrates how by distinguishing between standard, inconsistent, and unconventional response areas that incumbents take part in, even a snapshot analysis of a contemporary transition phenomenon can reveal what is happening in socio-technical regimes. The analysis also pinpoints how responses have two important characteristics that signify the importance of acknowledging the variety of responses that incumbents have at their disposal: multi-functionality and parallelity. Together, the insights of this paper can support the study and understanding of the complex, heterogeneous, and nuanced behavior of incumbent organizations, and encourage more research efforts on transitions in the making.

Sociocultural code of the health sphere: typology, variability, possibility of impact

Introduction. In the formation of individual approaches to the treatment of diseases, taking into account the characteristics of each patient, the main attention is paid to the characteristics of the human genome and other biomarkers. At the same time, the individual culture of health, the worldview characteristics of patients, as a rule, are not taken into account, which determines the need for further development of the concept of the socio-cultural code of health and determination of the potential for its application. Materials and methods. Critical analysis of domestic and foreign literature, development of a conceptual approach that makes it possible to study the specifics of the attitude of representatives of various social communities to the sphere of health and the possibility of influencing it. Results. The sociocultural code of health is one of the subsystems of the sociocultural code as a whole. The complexity of the social organization makes it possible to single out the levels of the cultural code in accordance with the scale of the social community under consideration: national, ethnic, and corporate socio-cultural code of health. The variability of the socio-cultural code is largely due to the nature of the information space in which social communities are located. The study of indicators of the socio-cultural code by the methods of sociology allows obtaining qualitative and quantitative data characterizing the attitude of society towards the sphere of health. Research limitations. The study is limited by insufficient understanding of the nature of memory and the peculiarities of storing information in it, which limits the possibilities of studying the sociocultural code of the health sector. Conclusion. Taking into account not only predispositions to certain diseases due to the genetic code, but cultural attitudes towards health, prevention and treatment of diseases determined by the socio-cultural code of health, can improve both the quality of treatment and the effectiveness of preventive measures. Emphasis on ethnic, corporate, and occupational cultural characteristics of citizens provides the gain in the effectiveness of educational activities aimed at magnifying the value of health, personal responsibility for it, and raising public awareness about a healthy lifestyle, prevention measures and methods of treatment (as far as possible without resorting to specialists).

Sojourners, Not Settlers: Temporary Labor Migration Since the Nineteenth Century

Systems of labor mobility across borders in which states assign a fixed duration to workers’ sojourn—temporary labor migration schemes (TLMSs)—have enabled employers to recruit workers while claiming to avoid the presumed negative consequences of settlement and integration. While existing explanations of TLMSs focus primarily on structural determinants, this article introduces a cumulative contextual model. It begins with a political-economic analysis of labor migration and addresses its gaps by adding an analysis of the ideological legitimations of TLMSs, as well as a consideration of the complex of rules and organizations that implement and regulate state-managed temporary migration. Building on this approach, I propose a typology of TLMSs according to dominant actors, rules that govern the labor relationship, and the gap between discourse about the goals of TLMSs and outcomes. The analysis has implications for immigration and citizenship regimes, for their assumptions of permanence, and for the nature of work.

Contribution of Coordination Theories to the Determination of Human Factors Associated With Operating Room Perceived Performance.

The efficient and fluid organization of surgical interventions in an operating room (OR) and operating suite (OS) is important as these are among the most expensive units to run in medical-surgical facilities. The complexity of OS organization requires careful coordination, defined here as the directing of individuals' efforts toward achieving common and explicitly recognized goals. There is currently sparse literature on OS coordination, especially in the French context. This study aimed to respond to this gap by reporting on the coordination mechanisms associated with the perceived performance of OS across 4 facilities in an urban setting in France. We used a qualitative comparative case study based on ethnographic methodology to explore 4 facilities (2 teaching, 1 general, and 1 private). Several investigation techniques were used for data collection (semistructured interviews, participant and nonparticipant observations, and informal interviews) in the OR, the OS, the regulation council (dedicated to adapting the necessary resources to specific procedures and patients' health status), and the OS council (dedicated to strategic and operational OS transformations and adaptations, and responsible for finding solutions to organizational problems). Analysis was guided by Okhuysen and Bachky's theoretical framework on coordination and multi-team systems theory. Data were compared across the 4 facilities and triangulated using the different techniques to ensure coherence and accuracy. Overall, 48 interviews with health care providers and hospital managers and 200 hours of direct observations were performed. The OR exhibited a high degree of coordination, whereas improved perception of performance in the OS depended on managerial competency, trust, and authority. Perceived performance in the regulation council and OS council, on the other hand, depended on the identification of formal objectives by all stakeholders and the development of common understanding (developing agreement, direct information sharing, creating common perspective, substitution, bringing groups together, and storing of knowledge). Based on existing literature on multi-team systems (as represented in the OS organization), this study identifies success factors influencing OS coordination. These include the OS manager's leadership skills; the identification of formal system objectives; and professional differentiation between stakeholders (absence/decrease of a sense of belonging to a multi-team system). This differentiation was related to the high degree of specialization within OS teams, each bringing different norms, cultures, and contingencies that induce dissonance in organization and task performance. Interventions targeting these success factors might improve coordination, and thus performance, in the OS.

Computational thinking through the lens of biological evolution learning: enhancing understanding through the levels of biological organization and computational complexity

Research on exploring the relationship between computational thinking and domain specific knowledge gains (i.e. biological evolution) are becoming more common in science education research. The mechanisms behind these relationships are not well understood, particularly between computational practices and biological evolution content knowledge. Increased computational complexity (i.e. simple to complex) may support a greater comprehension of scales or levels of biological organization (i.e. micro to macro) within the context of biological evolution learning. We made use of quantitative methods from qualitative work in the form of coding and relational analysis to identify which biological levels of organization students addressed, how students made connections between these levels and the level of computational complexity displayed during evolution learning with the use of two computational interventions. The aim of this study was not only exploring the biological levels and biological level connections made during the computational thinking interventions, but also analysis of the differences between these two interventions. The results illuminated that use of specific biological levels, biological level connections and differences in computational complexity were distinguishable and there were significant differences between the interventions. These factors may contribute to better understanding of biological evolution knowledge gains.