Organizational Forms Research Articles

Evolution of Cellular Organization Along the First Branches of the Tree of Life.

Current evidence suggests that some form of cellular organization arose well before the time of the last universal common ancestor (LUCA). Standard phylogenetic analyses have shown that several protein families associated with membrane translocation, membrane transport, and membrane bioenergetics were very likely present in the proteome of the LUCA. Despite these cellular systems emerging prior to the LUCA, extant archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes have significant differences in cellular infrastructure and the molecular functions that support it, leading some researchers to argue that true cellularity did not evolve until after the LUCA. Here, we use recently reconstructed minimal proteomes of the LUCA as well as the last archaeal common ancestor (LACA) and the last bacterial common ancestor (LBCA) to characterize the evolution of cellular systems along the first branches of the tree of life. We find that a broad set of functions associated with cellular organization were already present by the time of the LUCA. The functional repertoires of the LACA and LBCA related to cellular organization nearly doubled along each branch following the divergence of the LUCA. These evolutionary trends created the foundation for similarities and differences in cellular organization between the taxonomic domains that are still observed today.

Technology of formation of professional subjectivity of the future teacher

The article considers the issues of forming the professional subjectivity of future teachers. The article presents an analysis of the literature on the studied issues related to the subjectivity of the student (works by A.V. Beloshitsky, E.N. Volkova, A.V. Gvozdeva, M.V. Isakov, A.D. Kariev, L.G. Maidokina, etc.). Taking into account the specifics of the conditions of vocational pedagogical education, the author’s definition of the professional subjectivity of the future teacher was proposed, which is considered as a complex integrative personality quality that allows the future teacher to make an independent professional choice, plan, organize and evaluate his activities and the activities of students. The article examines the technological aspects of the formation of professional subjectivity of students-teachers. The theoretical and empirical substantiation of the technology of formation of professional subjectivity of future teachers in the process of mastering the content of pedagogical disciplines was presented. The issues of development of pedagogical technologies reflected in the works of V.P. Bespalko, M.V. Klarin, G.K. Selevko, V.A. Slastenin and others were considered. The article describes the components of the developed technology: the conceptual part (philosophical ideas of the subject and the subjectivity of personality, concepts of formation of professional subjectivity of a future specialist, etc.), the substantive part (goals of technology implementation and the content of education), the procedural part (a set of stages, organizational forms and teaching methods used educational technologies). The article also describes the implementation of the stages of technology for the formation of professional subjectivity of future teachers in the process of mastering the content of pedagogical disciplines by students (preparatory, activity, reflexive). The results of the implementation of technology for the formation of professional subjectivity of future teachers in experimental work are presented.

Editorial: Intensive modes of teaching, past, present, and future

A recent overview and brief history of intensive modes of learning and teaching in higher education is presented, with implications for the design, application, impact, governance, and regulation of intensive mode teaching and learning. Previously limited to particular levels of study, or locations in the academic year, intensive modes as new forms of system-wide curriculum and organisation challenge the isomorphism of traditional, symmetrised organisations, while also being able to expand or complement conventional higher education. However, in whole-of-institution intensive mode settings, the importance of systematic awareness and application in adopting and sustaining intensive modes is highlighted, including the need to consider various process variables and pedagogic factors that may impact student learning. Prior research into correlations between these process dimension variables and learning gains offers some insights into the high-impact educational practices that are most likely to improve the quality of student learning outcomes − whether in intensive mode or otherwise. Systemic change requires careful planning, faculty development, and evolving assessment methodologies to ensure the success of intensive mode teaching and learning. Further research in areas such as change management, economics, graduate capabilities, pedagogies, wellness, equity, lifelong learning, and institutional responses would build a more robust evidence base for intensive modes of learning and teaching.

Сучасні тенденції розвитку людського капіталу в глобальному середовищі.

The world’s development currently reflects the influence of globalization processes affecting the world economy, international relations, and human development. Therefore, it is relevant to study changes in human development under the impact of the growing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world. The objective of this article is to determine the impact of global processes on human development, as reflected by the global HDI. The novelty of the article is that it reveals trends in the development of human capital in a global environment under the influence of transnationalization processes, rising international migration, and the growth of global cities. The research relies on the methods of system analysis, scientific generalizations and comparisons, as well as economic and statistical analysis. The article postulates that multinational companies, which have spread in the process of globalization, contributed to the creation of millions of jobs throughout the world, stimulated the demand for highly qualified specialists and the rapid growth of all types of education, and promoted the introduction of new forms of production organization and control enhancing production culture and management. This caused the growth of employees’ incomes, boosted demand for consumer goods, thus stimulating a significant expansion of the range of supplied goods and services, the growth of national production and domestic market, and, finally, enhancing living standards and HDI indicators of the host countries. The rising importance of global demographic trends embraces a noticeable growth of the Earth’s population, which is uneven by country and region, the growth in the percentage of elderly people, especially in the developed countries. An important trend is the growth of international migration resulting from the liberalization of international relations, the development of communications, access to better education, the growth of well-being and expanding opportunities for education and self-realization abroad. The number of international migrants is growing faster than the global population, and this trend is likely to continue in the future. Urbanization and the growth of global cities have a significant impact on human development due to their high rates of employment, highly skilled labor, high professional and cultural level of workers, and high incomes. Such cities have become centers accumulating creative and intellectual capitals. The article exposes that investments in education, welfare, and health care in many countries had a positive long-term (over 30 consecutive years) effect on the growing values of the Human Development Index, as well as the global HDI, although the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted it in 2020. Meanwhile, HDI changes occur differently in different country groups, with OECD countries permanently holding the leading positions. The research adds new qualitative knowledge about human capital, trends in its development in the new conditions of globalization, which strengthens traditional views and enriches alternative approaches to the formation of conceptual understanding of human capital.

Representasi Budaya dan Profil Pelajar Pancasila di Buku Pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia Kelas VII

This study aims to (1) describe the representation of culture in Indonesian textbooks grade VII, (2) describe the representation of Pancasila student profile in Indonesian textbooks grade VII. This research is a qualitative research and uses case study method with content analysis approach. The data source of this research is the seventh grade Indonesian textbook. The sampling technique was done by purposive sampling. Data collection was done by document analysis. The data validity test technique used was data source triangulation. The results of this study are, in the seventh grade Indonesian textbooks, cultural representations are found to be described through Koentjaraningrat's cultural elements in the form of language, technological systems, livelihood systems, social organization, knowledge systems, religious systems, and arts. Second, in the seventh grade Indonesian textbook, there is a representation of the Pancasila student profile which is divided into six dimensions, namely faith, fear of God Almighty; and noble character; global diversity; mutual cooperation; independent; critical reasoning; and creative. In the discussion, the six dimensions are then further divided based on the existing key elements

ИГРА КАК ФОРМА ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ РЕЧЕВОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ В ПРОЦЕССЕ ОВЛАДЕНИЯ РУССКИМ КАК ИНОСТРАННЫМ ЯЗЫКОМ

The form of Organization of the Game in Speech Activity in the Process of Mastering Non-Native (Russian) Language Summary The article focuses on the role of game in teaching Russian as a foreign language. Emphasis is placed on didactic functions of the game during the formation of the communicative competence. The relevance of the research is determined by the change in the educational paradigm and the increasing interest in the game forms of practical training. The role of the game in the light of new educational tasks is analyzed. The role of the game in the development of students' communication skills is shown. The article concludes that the usage of the game gives a positively affection on the learning process and its results. Key words: game method, communicative games, interactivity, modern teaching methods, Russian as a foreign language

Geophysics elucidate long-term socio-ecological dynamics of foraging, pastoralism, and mixed subsistence strategies on SW Madagascar

The environmental impacts of human societies are generally assumed to correlate with factors such as population size, whether they are industrialized, and the intensity of their landscape modifications (e.g., agriculture, urban development). As a result, small-scale communities with subsistence economies are often not the focus of long-term studies of environmental impact. However, comparing human-environment dynamics and their lasting ecological legacies across societies of different scales and forms of organization and production is important for understanding landscape change at regional to global scales. On Madagascar, ecological and cultural diversity, coupled with climatic variability, provide an important case study to examine the role of smaller-scale socioeconomic practices (e.g., fishing, foraging, and herding) on long-term ecological stability. Here, we use multispectral satellite imagery to compare long-term ecological impacts of different human livelihood strategies in SW Madagascar. Our results indicate that the nature of human-environmental dynamics between different socioeconomic communities are similar. Although some activities leave more subtle traces than others, geophysics highlight similar signatures across a landscape inhabited by communities practicing a range of subsistence strategies. Our results further demonstrate how Indigenous land stewardship is integrated into the very fabric of ecological systems in SW Madagascar with implications for conservation and sustainability.

Polyarchy and societas: an extended continuum of discrete structural alternatives

Abstract Horizontal, multilateral and polycentric forms of governance, albeit important in reality, represent a challenge for the now dominant use of the ‘market and hierarchy’ continuum of structural alternatives. This paper proposes a broader characterisation of both poles of the continuum of governance forms that would enhance the understanding of both intra- and inter-organisational governance. One side of the continuum would encompass examples of ‘societas’, for example, legal entities (among which firms) unifying property rights and deliberately coordinating actions through a wide set of voice-based mechanisms, including non-hierarchical ones. The other side of the continuum would encompass ‘polyarchies’, that is, forms of decentralised coordination among nodes deciding autonomously, but not necessarily linked by transactions of goods and services coordinated by prices, such as market exchanges. This paper uses several cases from the agri-food sector to show that many ‘strange’ unclassified forms can be described, explained and assessed as hybrids between polyarchy and societas. The final section of the paper proposes some refinements in the independent variables to be used in the comparative assessment of organisation forms and new propositions that can be derived for future research.

Co-construction: A key to preventing mental health injuries in occupational settings

Co-construction: A key to preventing mental health injuries in occupational settings Dr Mélanie Dufour-Poirier from the Université de Montréal and Dr Jean-Paul Dautel from the Université du Québec en Outaouais outline a new approach to preventing workplace mental health injuries and improving wellbeing. In Canada, it is estimated that mental health-related costs total approximately $50bn annually. In the province of Quebec, close to one out of two workers has experienced psychological distress since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Amongst its pathogens are the porosity of working time, isolation, competition among colleagues, and the demand for short-term profitability. New - more stressful - forms of work organization, including telework, have emerged, bringing with them excessive workloads, increases in the pace of work, growing job flexibility, precarious contract employment, and job insecurity. These issues have put workplace mental health back at the centre of the debate in Quebec. More generally, the crisis has called for a rethinking of management methods for better upstream protection of mental health, ideally through a collective and participatory approach that involves all the actors in a working community rather than one that aims at protecting against and treating such mental health injuries on the level of the individual, as is the current tendency. It is an issue of the utmost importance for unions, a subject we discussed in a recent article (Open Access Government, April 2024).

From De-Tribalisation to Re-tribalisation: Conflict and Organisation Models in Discussing the Structural Transformation of Kurdish Tribes

The concept of tribe has a long history in Kurdish society, signifying a common origin through blood and place ties, corresponding to a strong collective identity and having socio-political implications. This form of social organisation, which emphasises tradition, locality and hierarchy, was expected to disappear with the modernisation movements. However, neither political actors nor modernity have been able to achieve de-tribalisation. On the contrary, the tribe has managed to reproduce itself in all processes, structures and formations. So what are the basic dynamics that make this adaptation possible? This article argues that the main dynamics that have sustained the tribal structure, and thus prevented de-tribalisation, are tribal-specific organisational models and inter-tribal conflicts, especially in accordance with the segmentary lineage system. Elections, capitalist relations, non-governmental organisations, etc. are considered in this article as intermediaries that keep these dynamics alive. Drawing on the theoretical knowledge and perspectives of anthropology and political science, the article concludes that micro-political issues such as conflict and conflict resolution strengthen the spirit of togetherness, ensure unity of action and thus make re-tribalisation possible.

Platforms and trust as two columns of sharing economy

In the past two decades, economic models based on platform-based sharing, driven by the IT revolution, have caused a fundamental shift in traditional business practice, global capitalism, and societal values. The platform, along with all its features, has taken over the role of the organizational form since they have brought together strangers with under-utilized capacities and belongings, with those who need them without looking for ownership. The entire economic ecosystem - marketing techniques, business practices, supply chains, and consumption habits - has undergone a significant transformation. Consumer behavior is changing rapidly, and consumers are looking for appropriate and efficient access to goods and services through the Internet, without the financial, emotional, and logistical burdens of ownership. The radius of trust which was initially confined to family, friends, and local communities; now encompasses strangers who do not speak a common language and who are in different countries. Trust driven by Digital Identity (DI) and Trust and Reputation Information (TRI) have enabled what was considered unbelievable or even impossible some years ago. Further expansion and deepening of trust, based on new technologies combined with the international legal framework, has the potential to rewrite modern capitalism and societal values. This paper introduces the role of platforms in the evolution of the sharing economy, the role of trust in promoting such platforms, and the role of well-designed platforms in fostering and nurturing trust which is essential for promoting and sustaining sharing economy models.

Governing public sector use of external management consultancy—beyond client procurement and consultant professionalization

IMPACT Efforts to improve the governance of external management consulting have a mixed record. Attention has focused on either procurement (and insourcing) and/or raising standards through professionalization. The persistence of critiques and public scandals suggests that more is needed from the industry, policy-makers, clients/purchasers and other stakeholders. In this article, the authors highlight how systemic problems with consulting arise from the nature of its reward and value systems and the resulting lack of openness of consultants and their clients—none of which have been adequately addressed through traditional governance mechanisms. The authors explain why these neglected areas need attention. This can be done, in part, by drawing on new trends and classic dilemmas. Is the rise of purpose-led or alternative organizational forms, as well as moves to facilitate transparency and the speaking of ‘truth to power’, improving the governance and outcomes of external management consultancy?

Governing public sector use of external management consultancy—beyond client procurement and consultant professionalization

IMPACT Efforts to improve the governance of external management consulting have a mixed record. Attention has focused on either procurement (and insourcing) and/or raising standards through professionalization. The persistence of critiques and public scandals suggests that more is needed from the industry, policy-makers, clients/purchasers and other stakeholders. In this article, the authors highlight how systemic problems with consulting arise from the nature of its reward and value systems and the resulting lack of openness of consultants and their clients—none of which have been adequately addressed through traditional governance mechanisms. The authors explain why these neglected areas need attention. This can be done, in part, by drawing on new trends and classic dilemmas. Is the rise of purpose-led or alternative organizational forms, as well as moves to facilitate transparency and the speaking of ‘truth to power’, improving the governance and outcomes of external management consultancy?

The Rise of Pass-Throughs: an Empirical Investigation

Abstract Almost half of all private employment in the United States is within businesses that do not pay corporate income tax. Instead, business income passes through to the owners’ individual income taxes. This pass-through share of employment has more than tripled since the early 1980s. Using comprehensive, confidential administrative data, this paper highlights five core findings underlying this growth: (1) the rise in pass-throughs is pervasive across industries and states; (2) the pass-through share converges unconditionally across both; (3) entrants’ organisational choices drive 60% of the rise; (4) shifts in firm and organisational dynamics following the 1986 Tax Reform Act show continued effects through the 2000s; (5) organisational forms exhibit high persistence with little lifecycle variation. Our study implies that tax or regulatory policy changes might take decades to manifest fully.

The implementation of Public-Private Partnership in China: A sustainable pathway?

The organizational forms of infrastructure in China are divided into two categories, the traditional Public Procurement Model (PUB) model and Public-Private Partnership(PPP) model. The main difference is the separation or binding of the construction and operation phases. A systematic understanding is needed of how Chinese local governments choose between these two models. In this paper, we take public capital congestion and local government objectives as the entry point to study the effects of both on PPP choice. Firstly, by constructing an endogenous economic growth model under the PPP model, and comparing it with the model under the PUB model, this paper initially explains how the rise in public capital congestion affects the choice of the PPP by growth-oriented local governments. Then the data from prefecture-level cities from 2009-2018 are utilized to conduct empirical tests. We find that urban economic growth pressures have a positive effect on the choice of PPP when the congestion of public capital increases. Furthermore, the implementation of PPP is indeed conducive to economic performance, and its core mechanism is to provide more infrastructure (like roads) rather than tax competition. The PPP model is more sustainable. We are the first to employ both modeling approach and the empirical research to address the implementation of Public-Private Partnership in China. And we have systematically analyzed the conditions and results of PPP selection by local governments. It formulates the Chinese PPP theory.

ТРАДИЦИОННАЯ ЭСТЕТИКА И ФИЛОСОФИЯ «НОВОЙ МУЗЫКИ» КИТАЯ

The present study analyses the correlation between traditional aesthetics and the philosophy of China's "new music". The author provides a brief characterisation of national ideas of philosophy and aesthetics, special attention among which is paid to the concepts of "philosophy", "wisdom", "knowledge", "heaven", "earth", "man" and "unity". Their manifestation was found in the compositions, musical techniques, and performances of Tian Jianping, Zhou Wenzhong, and Qiu Xiaosong, who drew not only on philosophical and aesthetic national ideas but also on the contents of the Book of Changes. As a result, it is found that philosophical and aesthetic thinking has a broad influence on national composers, as many of them are now adhering to the principle of "returning to the roots". These outstanding composers have demonstrated the contemporary transformation of national philosophy and aesthetics through their unique musical language and creative methods. Their works are not only a tribute to tradition, but also a glimpse into the future, reflecting the ways of modernising and internationalising folk music by absorbing the essence of world music through the heart. In doing so, the manifestation of certain themes of Chinese aesthetics is presented in an organisational form based on their relationship with central philosophical concepts. We must realise that these themes are not only a means of artistic expression, but also a bridge between past and future, East and West. In today's multicultural world, Chinese "new music" not only carries the mission of inheriting the cultural heritage of the millennium, but also meets the challenge of innovation and development in the new era. By analysing the relationship between traditional aesthetics and philosophy of Chinese "new music", this study reveals an important fact: folk music innovation is not a rootless tree, but rooted in deep cultural soil, drawing on the nourishing environment of history and philosophy.

Международные тренды цифровизации валютно-финансовых отношений: от глобализации к децентрализации

The need for the use of new, digital forms of organization of monetary and financial settlements with foreign partners, as well as the formation of a national system of secure payments. The article presents the result of analysis of motivations of introduction of digital currencies of central banks (positive and negative moments of the considered process). The article gives an overview of existing international payment systems, including the Russian one, and identifies advantages and disadvantages. The main tendencies of the cryptocurrency market as a possible mechanism of formation of decentralized finance are considered.

FURTHER LIGHT on LANCASTER’S LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS

This article builds on the foundations provided by the History of Parliament Trust, utilising previously unconsidered documents from the papers of the Dukes of Hamilton to chart and analyse the conduct of parliamentary elections in later eighteenth-century Lancaster. It shows that these elections were more contentious than previously thought; the full range of political issues at play in these elections, and the engagement of the freemen electorate with these; and forms of electoral management and organisation in use that were not known in the borough until now. It places these new insights in the context of Lancaster’s electoral politics through the long eighteenth-century, and draws out developments in this period that played an important role in the borough’s nineteenth-century elections.

Analysis of staffing of the regional health system by dental surgeons in 2019–2021

BACKGROUND: Providing qualified personnel to medical organizations is one of the priorities of the development of the health system. Improvement of staffing of dentists is relevant, as it enables increased availability and quality of dental care. Accessibility and quality of medical care involves the availability of the required number of medical personnel and level of their qualifications, achieved through the licensing of medical activities and certification and accreditation of medical personnel. AIM: To analyze the staffing of dental surgeons in medical organizations subordinate to the Ministry of Health of the Krasnodar Territory. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included dental surgeons of state medical organizations of the Krasnodar Territory in 2019–2021. The present study uses statistical data of reporting forms of medical organizations of Krasnodar Krai «Information about medical organization» (N 30) for the studied period. Statistical processing of the material was performed using the Microsoft Office software package applying analytical, logical, and statistical methods of research. RESULTS: Analysis of the staffing of dental surgeons in medical organizations of the Krasnodar Territory for 2019–2021 showed an increase in established posts in general for organizations and providing medical assistance in ambulatory conditions, a decrease in established posts in the hospital and occupied posts in general by organizations, as in outpatient conditions, and in stationary. Moreover, a decrease was noted in the number of individuals employed as primary workers in general positions in the medical organizations of the province and in outpatient and inpatient medical care and in the number of individuals employed as primary employees, having the highest category and simultaneously increasing with the first and second categories. Further, the study found a decrease in the number of persons in the main occupations with professional certification, an increase in the number of persons with accreditation certificates, and a decrease in the number of physical persons and of employed dental surgeons in medical organizations of the Krasnodar Territory, owing to the reduction in both outpatient and inpatient conditions. CONCLUSION: Analysis of staffing of the regional healthcare system by dental surgeons for 2019–2021 was conducted.

Recognizing, evaluating, and selecting new ideas: the problematic journey of novelty

ABSTRACT The journey of novelty – from the moment it arises to the time it takes hold – is often a difficult one. Life outside the mainstream is harsh, and social objects (e.g. ideas, products, technologies, or organisational forms) that lie off the beaten path tend to be overlooked. In this special issue, we bring together research which deepens our understanding of how novelty and new ideas get recognised, evaluated, and selected. The different articles and essays in this special issue not only shed fresh light on the underlying mechanisms that govern how the new surfaces, takes root, and propagates but also push our scholarly thinking in new and exciting research directions.