Organization Of Campaigns Research Articles

Determinants of Low Coverage of the Free Surgical Care Programme for Trachomatous Trichiasis in Rural Guinea in 2022.

This study aimed to describe the experiences of healthcare personnel and patients in the organization of free surgical campaigns and care for trachomatous trichiasis in the health district of Siguiri in Guinea, including challenges experienced in providing surgical care. This was an explanatory qualitative study conducted in 2022 in the health district of Siguiri. A total of 20 participants were interviewed including patients (n = 7; 35%), community health workers (n = 4; 20%), health services managers, and healthcare providers (n = 8; 40%). Two main data collection technics were used: documentary review and in-depth individual interviews. All interviews were transcribed and manually coded using an Excel extraction spreadsheet. Data were analysed using inductive and deductive approaches. The results showed several organizational, structural, and community challenges that underlined the low surgical coverage of trachomatous trichiasis in the health district of Siguiri. Organizational challenges included the low involvement of local actors in planning activities, the limited timeframe of the campaigns, and the lack of logistics for activities supervision and patients' transportation to surgery sites. Structural challenges included the inadequacy of health centres to provide surgical services, poor health infrastructures, and sanitation conditions in some areas. Individual challenges included remoteness of surgical sites and costs associated with services provision including medicines. Community challenges included fear of surgery and the coincidence of the campaigns with agricultural and mining activities. The results of the study call on the national neglected tropical disease program and its partners to adopt and promote micro-planning of trachomatous trichiasis surgical activities, with the effective participation of local stakeholders in endemic health districts. They should also envision integrating the management of surgical treatment including costs associated with care (transportation, food, rehabilitation support for patients who have undergone surgery) and complications of surgical procedures for an expansion of the trachomatous trichiasis free surgical care coverage in endemic health districts in Guinea.

Understanding Racism and the Role of Identity Politics in Anti-Racism Movements in America

The matter of racism is a complex issue concerning various humanities problems such as inequality in human rights, unfair treatment and unequal access to material resources. This dilemma has existed in various multicultural communities, for example America, where racial diversity is directly proportional to racist crime, which is among the highest in the world. According to The FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program, the number of hate crimes with racial or ethnic-related motivation accounts for 60 percent of incidents occured in 2020 in Ameria. The fight against racial injustice is a challenging battle that demands long-term involvement and systematic change, starting from both the advocates and the community. Therefore, strategic goals and methods are essential to providing effective campaigns against racial discrimination. In this case, advocates and leaders must be aware of the challenges that lead to the ineffectiveness of current anti-racism movements and increase the quality of those advocating campaigns. Using qualitative methods, this research study seeks to answer that problem through the investigation of the origin and definition of racism with the aim of further understanding the issue and defining the cause of ethnic inequality. Moreover, analysis of different types of racism and colour-blind theories is also provided, which helps determine the outcome and long-term strategy for improved campaign organization. Combating against racism is a complex process that can only be influential if campaign leaders, politicians and activists come up with a productive and sustainable strategy that can oversee the ultimate goal of promoting race equality.

In the Name of My Father: The Personalization of Government in Nigerian Politics, 1999-2023

The study examines the implications of the roles of class, godfatherism, and personalization of government for Nigeria’s political development and nation-building. The research method employed was the qualitative analytical method which involved content analysis of relevant documentary data on the subject. The approach adopted was also thematic. The research findings indicate that because of the “unending” transition to civil rule, most politicians avoided the transition because they are not certain if the military will hand over power to civilian, and they lacked the money to compete with the political entrepreneurs. These gave room for political entrepreneurs or ‘money bags’ to dominate the transition programme. The principle of party supremacy shortly lost its meaning as campaign organizations took over from party secretariats. And the party’s manifesto or programme lost its meaning to the personal ‘greed’ or ambitions of the political entrepreneurs, who also positioned their children to power through various means, including inheritance of political legacies, strategic alliances, and leveraging financial resources. The attitude of these godfathers impacted negatively on good governance. It also reduces the legitimacy of government and voids the electoral value of the citizens.

Upaya Kampanye Save The Children dalam Menangani Masalah Pernikahan Anak di Bangladesh Tahun 2020-2023

The issue of child marriage is a socio-economic problem that has existed for a long time in Bangladesh. Due to factors such as the economic crisis and prolonged school closures, the number of child marriage cases in Bangladesh has increased during the pandemic. The existing legal framework also cannot slow down the child marriage rates in Bangladesh. So this research tries to explain the efforts of Save The Childrenas an international non-governmental organization in dealing with the problem of child marriage in Bangladesh. This research explains how the Save The Childrencampaign is trying to deal with the problem of child marriage in Bangladesh in 2020-2023. The theory explained in this research is Brown's theory of international organizational campaign efforts. The research method uses qualitative data analysis techniques with descriptive research type. Primary data collection techniques from interviews with Rahamat Ullah from Save The Childrenin Bangladesh regarding the research topic. Research findings show that the Save The Childrencampaign's efforts to address the problem of child marriage are realized in the form of online campaigns via social media and offline campaigns. Apart from that, Save The Childrenalso emphasizes children's participation in campaign efforts to address child marriage in Bangladesh.

From distress to anger to shame: Gender violence, empowerment, and emotional states in Ecuador

AbstractChanging discourses and laws related to women's rights and intimate partner violence (IPV) in rural Ecuador have profoundly reshaped how local women experience and respond to violence. Women once understood violence as one strand of social suffering embedded in everyday rural life, and they resisted and managed this violence through various collective idioms of distress. Over the last two decades, however, state and non‐governmental organization (NGO) campaigns have isolated gender violence as a discrete phenomenon, emphasizing the “wrongness” of IPV, the validity of righteous anger, and the importance of a legal response to secure the separation of “liberated” women. In this article, I draw on 20 years of fieldwork to discuss how emotional responses to gender violence have shifted in tandem with changing state and transnational discourses and policies in the coastal region of Las Colinas. A deep disjuncture between neoliberal discourses of feminist empowerment and the material reality of rural women's life options leaves many women experiencing new forms of shame when they are unable to turn anger into liberation and escape gender violence in their families and communities. Focusing on the emotional states that states create reveals how political‐economic and discursive shifts are mediated through emotions and collective idioms.

Strategic choices and electoral gains: unpacking constituency campaign effectiveness in Germany's mixed-member electoral system

ABSTRACT Election campaigns are a critical component of democratic competition, and existing literature has extensively discussed the rise in personalization and localization in recent campaigns. However, the extent to which campaign strategies influence electoral success remains controversial. Therefore, our study examined the impact of candidate – and constituency-centred campaigns on nominal and party-list votes in mixed-member electoral systems and investigated which strategies were most effective on election day. Our analysis draws on representative national candidate surveys for German federal elections in 2009, 2013, and 2017. Our findings indicate that personalized campaign communication significantly affects electoral success, with greater emphasis on the candidate than the party, resulting in increased nominal votes. Our results also suggest that parties benefit from personalized campaigns as they increase party-list votes as well. However, neither localized campaign issues nor candidate-centred campaign organization pay off in electoral terms. Furthermore, candidates’ party affiliation significantly influences electoral success, demonstrating the continued relevance of parties to campaign dynamics and electoral outcomes.

Bringing the campaign closer to the voters: Facebook in partisan-managed campaigning in France

Abstract During presidential campaigns, party members often operate Facebook pages or groups concurrently with the official communications of their respective political parties. However, there is limited evidence regarding the true motivations of these partisans, and how their efforts supplement the online strategies of the parties. Our study is based on interviews conducted with party members who ran Facebook pages to support a candidate during the 2022 French presidential campaign. It sheds light on how they managed their Facebook pages, often autonomously, to serve as supplementary tools to their grassroots tactics and ultimately to bring the campaign closer to the voters. This finding highlights the emergence of a hybrid model of online campaign organization, the partisan-managed campaigning model, which challenges both the traditional top-down model, in which the campaign is managed by the central party, and the more recent citizen-initiated campaign model.

An Analysis of Approaches to Reduction of HIV Stigma across the World through educational interventions: A Scoping Review.

To determinate the educational interventions for reducing the stigma caused by HIV worldwide. This scoping review study analyzed all papers published from early 2000 to the end of 2022 by searching all the scientific databases, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane, Embase and CINHAL. The quality assessment of the papers was done using the ROBIS tool checklist. 31papers were admitted to the scoping review process. Stigma reduction intervention was founded on three parts: Society, health and therapeutic services providers, and the patients who had HIV and their families. The interventions included education on the reduction of fear, and shame, observation of protective standards, conducting tests and treatment at the above levels, as well as the support provided by the society, policymakers, religious leaders and families of patients in economic, psychological and cultural terms, together with the establishment of social centres and organization of campaigns. The stigma associated with HIV is a significant obstacle before treatment, life expectancy and living quality of patients. Therefore, the stigma associated with this disease can be reduced, and the living quality of patients can be raised using approaches such as education of healthcare service providers and afflicted people, as well as economic, social, cultural, and psychological support.

Solid Organ Transplantation in Kazakhstan: A Review on Current Situation and Challenges

Transplantation is one of the important strategic directions of medicine in Kazakhstan, which has been intensively developing in recent years. Noteworthy progress is observed in the implementation of advanced transplantation technologies aligned with global standards within scientific institutions and regional clinics across the country. However, there are certain problems in this field associated with the shortage of organs, transplantation for individuals in advanced disease stages, the growing need for re-transplantation, and adverse effects associated with immunosuppressive therapy. In this review, we aim to summarize the current situation of solid organ transplantation in Kazakhstan and the challenges hindering transplantation in the country. A literature search encompassing the Cochrane Library, Medline, and EMBASE, spanning until December 2023, was conducted. Search was done manually and using the following keywords: transplantation in Kazakhstan, liver transplantation, kidney transplantation, heart transplantation, coordination centers, and immunosuppression. For the effective work of the transplant coordination service and the provision of donors to the population, an integrated approach is needed, including organization of educational campaigns to disseminate information among the population, expanding the network of transplant coordination centers, creating a donation model based on the presumption of consent, and eliminating the free disposal of human organs.

Shadow Politics: Commercial Digital Influencers, “Data,” and Disinformation in India

This article builds on ethnographic research among an emergent group of self-styled political consultants and digital influencers in India to highlight the contours of what is defined here as “shadow politics” and its implications for disinformation research and policy. Shadow politics refers to the dual structure of “official” and “unofficial” streams of campaign organization that can integrate diverse influence actors with the party campaign system. The specificity of this form of political influence management emerges from the growing uptake for digital tools and how commercial consultants anchor “data” to the goal of “narrative building” to favor their political clients, thereby delinking data practices from the moor of political moralities. It sets the stage to draw extreme content as one data type among many to choose from. Through such data practices, a vast substratum of indirectly sanctioned influence operators is linked to the public campaign stream as a “shadow,” with incentive structures to “innovate” upon excitable and inflated content.

Online Doc: Is Social Media Education a Tool for Melanoma Prevention? A Survey-Based Analysis Among Romanian Digitally Active Users.

In the contemporary era, people are extracting medical information from content-sharing means on the Internet, and the most popular virtual platforms authorize users to access knowledge, guidance, and exchange opinions. Doctors have massively joined online communities and developed educational accounts to meet the informational necessities of general users. The aim of the current study is to identify the role of social media in augmenting the awareness of melanoma. For this observational study, questionnaires were disseminated to the general population over eight weeks consecutively, through online channels, represented by Facebook (Meta Platforms, Inc.,Menlo Park, California, United States) and Instagram (Meta Platforms, Inc.,Menlo Park, California, United States), to extract qualitative data related to the relationship between social media, the epidemiological variables, and melanoma-associated/sun protection behaviors. The inclusion criteria comprised constant Facebook and Instagram users, aged between 18-65. The study included 221 individuals, primarily aged 26 to 35 (47.1%), mostly females (77.82%). Urban dwellers (>200,000 inhabitants) constituted the majority (71.94%), contrasting with a small rural representation (3.61%). Nearly half actively followed medical educational content online (44.79%), while 12.66% avoided online medical advice. Sun-protective habits were prevalent, with 80.99% using SPF (sun protection factor), 54.29% wearing UV-filter (ultraviolet-filter) sunglasses, and 53.84% avoiding sun exposure between 10 AM and 4 PM. Respondents rated sun-protective measures, with the highest average for avoiding sun exposure during peak hours being 7.3 on a scale of 1 to 10. Dermatological advice from social media influenced behaviors, such as SPF use (50.67%) and sun exposure avoidance (45.7%). Dermatological check-ups were infrequent, with 49.32% sporadically visiting a dermatologist. Dermoscopic evaluations were rare (36.66%), with 27.14% using it preventively. Personal and family history of dysplastic nevi and melanoma were low. This study provides insights into the dermatological behaviors and education of individuals engaging with social media medical content. The results suggestthat constant users of social media harbor a receptive attitude towarddermatological advice provided on specific platforms, hencecreating an ideal environment for further dissemination and organization of online skin cancer awareness campaigns.

The baseline for micro- and mesoplastic pollution in open Baltic Sea and Gulf of Riga beach

Microplastic pollution has become widespread, occurring even in areas with low anthropogenic impacts, small human populations, and low tourism intensity. Marine beach sand represents the interface between inland and marine environments and acts like a fingerprint of all the processes happening within the onshore catchment and in the sea, driven by marine hydrodynamic processes. An extensive dataset is required from different coastal ecosystems to understand microplastic pollution. Here, we set the baseline for micro- and mesoplastic pollution distribution in 24 beaches along the Latvian coastline (Northern Europe, Baltic states), filling the existing knowledge gap and contributing to the global understanding of microplastic particles presence, transport, and the processes governing its dynamics. We also highlight citizen science as a fundamental tool to support data collection and raise awareness about microplastic pollution, as samples were collected by up to 250 volunteers during organized campaigns. To improve the understanding of the driving forces responsible for plastic pollution distribution along beaches, we analyzed sand granulometry, sample location, hydrodynamic variables (waves and currents), and tourism/leisure intensity. Our results demonstrate that the semi-closed Gulf of Riga beach environment contains fewer micro- and mesoplastic particles (0.10 particles/kg dry sand) compared to the open Baltic Sea (0.16 particles/kg dry sand). For microplastic size fraction particularly, a separate cluster can be distinguished showing a higher microplastic concentration and greater presence of fibers associated with coarser beach sand in the open Baltic Sea and eastern part of the Gulf of Riga. Recreational activity was not observed to have any statistically significant effect on microplastic distribution. We have concluded that hydrodynamics is an important factor for microplastics distribution and accumulation, but the impacts are of local scale, and results vary significantly among existing studies.

Knowledge, Attitudes, Intentions and Vaccine Hesitancy among Postpartum Mothers in a Region from the Northwest of Romania.

This study aims to identify the presence of vaccine hesitancy and the factors that could have determined it in a group of mothers in the postpartum period, with an evaluation of both the level of knowledge and information, as well as the attitudes, perceptions, intentions and sources of information about vaccination. The study was based on a survey-Vaccine Hesitancy Identification Survey-applied in two maternity wards from Bihor County and structured into six subscales (34 items). Based on the answers to the key questions ("Which of the following statements best describes your plans for vaccinating your child?"-item 1 of subscale 4; "Overall, how hesitant do you consider yourself to be about vaccinating your child?"-item 4 of subscale 4), we identified two groups: the group of mothers without hesitant behavior (non-hesitant), called the group pro vaccine (GPV), and the group of mothers with hesitant behavior, called the group non vaccine (GNV). Vaccine hesitancy was identified in our study in 47.28% of the participants (191 of the 404 mothers included). Most of them come from an urban environment (57.59%), have university and post-secondary education (58.64%) and are prim parous (58.64%). The behavior of participants from GNV is influenced by a low level of knowledge and information regarding vaccination and by concerns related to adverse reactions, new vaccines and the number of vaccines administered. Also, this group is characterized by an increased perception of the risks related to vaccination, while the perception of the risks associated with the disease is low. For all subscales, important differences were registered between the two groups in favor of GPV, a group characterized by positive attitudes and perceptions and a better level of knowledge compared to GNV. This study aims to represent a starting point for the organization and running of information campaigns regarding vaccination at the level of Bihor County, especially in areas with low vaccination coverage, where this behavior is identified.

Business power, right-wing populism, and noisy politics: lessons from Brexit and Swiss referendums

This article contributes to debates on business power, noisy politics, and right-wing populism. The populist right weakens strategies of quiet politics, which many suggest has led to a steep decline of business power. I challenge this view and argue that a combination of innovative strategies and ample financial resources allow business associations to exercise power in this environment. Drawing on new empirical evidence, the article makes three central contributions. First, I suggest that the failure of Remain business advocacy in the 2016 Brexit referendum resulted from the constraints of administrative legislation (the PPERA), weaknesses in campaigning strategies, and the CBI leadership’s decision to not register as a campaign organization. Second, while my regression analysis provides some support for Culpepper’s quiet politics argument, the Swiss business federation Economiesuisse has won 90% of the referendum campaigns it has led, including many referendums with high issue salience against right-wing populists. Third, Economiesuisse shows that business strategies of ‘loud voice’ can be successful. With money and innovative public-facing campaigning strategies, business organizations can win in noisy environments and against right-wing populists.

Defending “Canadian Energy”: Connective Leadership and Extractive Populism on Canadian Facebook

ABSTRACT This paper provides a content and discourse analysis of the Facebook activity of pro-fossil fuel advocates in Canada, including industry-funded and independent groups. It explores how the fossil fuel industry and its allies have reacted to growing public demand for climate action by adopting a “subsidised public strategy,” in which elites provide stakeholders with resources to participate in an organized campaign. We argue that pro-oil advocacy groups utilize their Facebook pages to exercise “connective leadership,” in which key social media accounts strategically shape internet-enabled social movements by promoting mobilization opportunities, connecting supporters with diverse content, and reframing that content to communicate a coherent “extractive populist” storyline positioning “Canadian Energy” as a national public good under attack by foreigners and elites. We thereby provide insight into how industry and its allies leverage platform affordances to promote populist politics on Facebook to defend industry in the face of the climate crisis.

The Migration Risk Environment: Challenges to Human Security for Venezuelan Migrant and Refugee Women and Girls Pre- and Post-Migration to Colombia

The Venezuelan crisis has unleashed multiple forms of sociopolitical violence against its population and created a context of unmet needs, insecurity, and human rights violations. Outward migration caused by this situation has been linked to health emergencies in neighboring countries. Venezuelan migrant and refugee women and girls (VMRWG) are among the most affected. We conducted a cross-sectional qualitative and Participatory Action Research (PAR) project to characterize the risk environments for VMRWG across migration phases, analyzing pre-departure, transit, border crossing, and resettlement risk factors for health and security through semi-structured interviews ( n = 30) and human cartographies ( n = 16). We found cross border risk and protective factors that inform cross-border health initiatives, migration policies, and human rights efforts for both the migrant and host communities. Findings and Recommendations Migratory trajectories of VMRWG from Venezuela to Colombia represent a risk environment for women and girls, connecting cross-border contexts through armed actors’ control, culturally reinforced gender roles and limited social and economic resources. Long-term sustainable migratory policies that are culturally sensitive and include a gender-approach to health should operationalize how gender roles are intimately connected to HIV risk and mental health disparities through reinforced structural factors. Such policies must address these structural factors. The public health system needs to incorporate and align with programmatic efforts implemented by international platforms (United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), AID4AIDS, and Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) also known as Doctors Without Borders) targeting screening for infectious diseases (including HIV and mental health disparities) in border crossings and borderlands. Sustainable policies to bridge gaps between services and populations and to decrease growing HIV cases depends on these strategies. Policies and programs of local governments (city and municipality level) addressing mental health disparities need to be expanded through peer leaders and civil society networks of care to guarantee wellbeing and quality of life after resettlement. International efforts and collaborations should capitalize on the re-opening of the border to establish inter-sectoral collaborations with Venezuelan NGOs and civil society organizations on both sides of the border to address gender-based violence, follow-up of cases, and access to services in sending and receiving communities. In order to broach gaps and tackle access barriers in resettlement communities in Colombia, services must be provided in peripheric territories and neighborhoods where some vulnerable migrants resettle. These services must rely on health sector-community collaborations. Public health sector efforts should be integrated and coordinated with family and child services on a local and national level Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar (ICBF), gender working groups, shelters, and citywide supported initiatives like the House of Women) to provide and promote access to social resources (education, jobs, and housing) for migrant women. Health promotion strategies are necessary to decrease infectious diseases and violence-related trauma among migrants across borders. These strategies can include outreach through peer leaders, civil society organization campaigns, and HIV mobile testing and counselling. These services should be delivered in a culturally sensitive manner, capitalizing on in-place cross-border networks of support. In Colombia, sustainable efforts in policy and programs have been made to provide Venezuelans with access to health care and social services with the help of inter-sectoral working groups, national laws, and border commissions. However, there is an urgent need to expand the humanitarian response and the health sector coverage to gender-based violence impacting infectious disease risk and mental health trauma in host communities. Connecting pre- and post-migration contexts in South-to-South migration is paramount. Tackling these issues can improve the protection of human rights and resettlement conditions in host communities.

СТАРТАПИ В ДИСТАНЦІЙНОМУ НАВЧАННІ: СУЧАСНИЙ СВІТОВИЙ ДОСВІД

The article considers the factors influencing the active development of online education in the world. The analysis of the world market of educational technologies was carried out. Emphasis is placed on the significant and constantly growing interest in EdTech startups on a global scale. The authors listed the countries and regions in which investments in the education sector, various innovations in this field are the most significant. Global world trends that are used in the field of education and give positive results are analyzed, namely: mobile and corporate education, gamification, VR/AR, artificial intelligence. The EdTech markets of the world's leading countries have been studied in terms of the amount of investment in educational technologies. The domestic market of education, which is at the stage of formation and development, but has made significant gains in the development of educational technology startups, has been studied. The need to determine the priority of the education sector at the state level is substantiated, which will allow attracting internal and external financial resources for the support and development of EdTech startups, creating favorable conditions for the economic growth of the country. Definitions of a startup existing in the scientific literature are highlighted and given: as a campaign or temporary organization created to find a repeatable and scalable business model; as a process of entering the market of a newly created enterprise with an innovative project; as a newly created campaign, which sometimes has not yet acquired the status of a legal entity, is at the stage of development and builds its business either on the basis of new innovative ideas or on the basis of newly invented technologies; as an independent organization whose age is less than five years and whose activities are aimed at creating, improving and expanding a scalable, innovative, technological product with high and rapid growth. Thus, the purpose of this article is to study directions and perspectives in the development of online education and to study the world experience of implementing distance learning with the aim of its implementation in the realities of the Ukrainian present. t has been proven that online education is a powerful accumulator of innovative educational technologies capable of effectively solving many current problems and challenges facing the education industry in Ukraine.

Internet memes and the mobilization of a “One-China” cyber nationalist campaign: the case of the 2016 Diba Expedition to Taiwan

ABSTRACT This study examines the 2016 Diba Expedition to Facebook, a mass collective organized campaign directed at independence-leaning Taiwanese individuals and institutions, as an example of cyber nationalism through a highly organized meme war between anti- and pro-Taiwan independence users on Facebook. Drawing upon a social semiotic multimodal discourse analysis of the nationalist campaign, this study examines the ways Diba members deployed multimodal elements of political propaganda and popular culture in the preparation and mobilization of the campaign as well as the playful memetic interaction between the two camps on the battlefield. The analysis and discussion underscore the playful and carnivalesque ecology of Chinese social media that users deployed in the 2016 expedition while also demonstrating the dilemma of undertaking a Chinese nationalism campaign beyond the Great Firewall, where those based in the Mainland needed to overcome the state's regulations of online security to defend the motherland. This study contributes to the growing research on cyber nationalism in China and adds a further dimension to the study of Chinese social media.

An exploration of biosimilar TNF-alpha inhibitors uptake determinants in hospital environments in Italy, Portugal, and Spain.

The availability of biosimilar medicines in Southern European markets has allowed purchasing biologics at a lower cost for healthcare systems. However, the capacity to seize this cost-reduction opportunity in the long run depends on fostering a sustainable competitive environment for all the market players involved. Diverse policies and information campaigns have been launched in Italy, Portugal and Spain to support uptake of "best-value" biologics (BVB). Despite these measures, the utilization of lower-cost biologics in certain regions is low, especially when it comes to the treatment of chronic conditions. We aim to identify biosimilar uptake determinants in hospital environments in Italy, Portugal and Spain, using the class of TNF-alpha inhibitors as an example. This is a mixed-methods study based on (1) the quantitative analysis of regional uptake data for TNF-alpha inhibitor biosimilars and (2) the qualitative processing of semi-structured interviews capturing experts' views on uptake determinants for biosimilars. The organization of multi-stakeholder information campaigns supporting TNF-alpha inhibitor biosimilars use in Italy, Portugal and Spain has resulted in an increased familiarity of healthcare professionals and patients with the prescription/use of these products. However, barriers persist that impede high biosimilars uptake, especially in chronic patient populations eligible for a switch. These are: (1) the late publication of position statements on biosimilars interchangeability by regulatory health authorities; (2) the vague positioning of (national/regional) health authorities on best switching practices (including multiple biosimilar-to-biosimilar switches); (3) the existence of policy frameworks that do not necessarily support the initiation of switching protocols; (4) the establishment of sometimes inefficient purchasing procedures that limit biosimilars potential to compete for market shares. Diverse approaches taken regionally to address these barriers have contributed to heterogeneous TNF-alpha inhibitor biosimilars uptake across Southern Europe. Our research signaled the limited reach of biosimilar policies implemented locally, if not supported by a national policy framework. This study highlights the need for the coordinated implementation of policy measures fostering biosimilars use at the regional and national level in Italy, Portugal and Spain. These measures should account for the particularities of off-patent biologic and biosimilar markets and should jointly address supply- and demand-side challenges.

Taberistan Bölgesinin Fetih Sürecinde Karşılaşılan Zorluklara Dair Bir İnceleme

The Islamic conquests, which started under the leadership of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), have been continued throughout history with the efforts of the Companions and other Muslims later on. The military campaigns carried out by the Islamic army could result in conquest as well as defeats. Internal and external factors had a decisive position in obtaining these results. As a result of the conquests that continued from the time of the Rashidun Caliphate, many regions and cities came under the rule of Islam in a short time. One exception was the Taberistan region on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea. The region, which has a harsh and difficult geography surrounded by steep mountains, was ruled by local dynasties during the Sassanid period. The existence of many dynasties, with the convenience of the topography, also allowed the region to act independently from the political point of view. Gavbare was the most important of these dynasties and continued to exist in the region after the fall of the Sassanids. Due to its topography and political structure, the region had been a shelter for those who belonged to opposition movements during the Sassanid period. This geopolitical situation of the region continued in the post-Islamic period. Although each geography, where the wars of conquest were carried out, had its own advantages and disadvantages, Tabaristan, in the conquest movements of the Muslims, was one of the regions where the furthest difficulties were experienced due to its both topography and human nature. The fact that the region could not be fully conquered for a long time and the problems experienced in this process require the subject to be examined from a different perspective. For this purpose, in the first part of the study, information about the naming and geography of the Taberistan region takes place. In the second part, the military campaigns to the region were handled chronologically. In the third part, the problems experienced during the conquest process were evaluated that lasted for about two centuries. Geographic conditions and climate were the most important factors that the Islamic conquests could not be permanent in the region. The rainy climate and the muddy terrain resulting from it, that Muslims were unaccustomed to, and the montainous terrain were the main promlems. In addition to the difficulty of the geographical conditions, Muslims who were foreign to the region, suffered serious defeats by falling in various war traps. Another reason for the failure was the negative consequences of some decisions taken by the Muslim commanders. The fact that the people of the region had a warlike character was one of the reasons for their long struggle with the Muslims. Long-term conflicts, which also had devastating consequences for Muslims, resulted in agreements made at various times. Despite the agreements made, it is seen that the people of Taberistan break the agreements whenever they find the opportunity. Additionaly, local administrators organized the people of the region and led various rebellions. Failure to comply with the agreements and the rebellions caused military campaigns over the region. The organization of these military campaigns were not easy, the distance of the region and the problems experienced in the settlement of Muslims to the region created problems in terms of logistics. When the conflicts between the Muslims were added over all the problems, the seizure of the region by the Muslims spread over a long period of time. These problems identified in the study aimed to look at the Islamic conquests from different perspectives and to present an example of analysis at the regional level.