Organization For Security And Cooperation In Europe Research Articles

Effectiveness of the Decision-Making Process in International Security Organizations in the Context of International Crises

The relevance of the chosen topic is determined by the aggravation of interstate conflicts at the regional and interregional levels. In these conditions, the issue of the effectiveness of decision-making mechanisms and procedures in the activities of the United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) becomes relevant. The aim of the article is to carry out a comparative analysis of the decision-making process in the activities of international security organisations, such as the UN, NATO, and the OSCE, and determine their effectiveness in the context of aggravation of interstate conflicts at the regional and interregional level. Using the methodology of content analysis, descriptive, comparative methods and analysis of legal acts. The procedure for the development and adoption was analysed, and the effectiveness of the adoption and implementation of UN, NATO, and OSCE decisions was considered. Further research prospects may be the study of the mechanisms of such limitations.

History of Kazakhstan Republic and OSCE Relations (1991-2010)

Relevance\Purpose. This research article covers the history of relations between the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the Republic of Kazakhstan since the early 1990s, the nomination of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the OSCE chairmanship in 2009, and its work during the leadership of this organization and raise of the important issues among the countries of the world, such as peace, security, humanitarian and technical assistance, and joint defense against global threats in 2010.Methodology. Valuable data from the archives of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Archives of the Foundation of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Archives of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation were used by the authors for the preparation of research papers on this topic.Results. The works of domestic and foreign researchers, the history of relations between Kazakhstan and the OSCE, and thier significance are defined in the article. Main achievement was the Astana Declaration, entitled �On the Way to Security Community�, which carries a heavy political burden. It first established the concept of �Euro-Atlantic and Eurasian Security Community� said).Conclusions. From now on, the OSCE, along with the Helsinki and Paris Declarations and other founding documents, will make mandatory references to the Astana Declaration�.

The Role and Influence of International Organizations in Shaping and Maintaining International Legal Order and Global General and Financial Security

Objective: This article delves into the functions and distinctive features of major international organizations, with a primary focus on the United Nations (UN), European Union (EU), Council of Europe (CoE), Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and World Trade Organization (WTO). It provides a clear definition of international organizations as voluntary associations among states with specific objectives while examining the factors contributing to their formation.
  
 Methods: The study employs a range of research methods, including a comprehensive analysis of existing literature, statistical comparisons to elucidate key concepts like "legal order," "international legal order," "international security," and "global security." It employs a historical perspective to trace the evolution of international organizations and utilizes generalization and diagnostic methods to offer practical recommendations and conclusions.
  
 Results: Global security concerns encompass various domains such as public health, environmental sustainability, energy security, and more. This article underscores the distinction between "international security" and "global security," emphasizing the latter's more encompassing scope. Furthermore, it highlights the central role played by the United Nations (UN) in preserving global peace, nurturing friendly relations among nations, promoting international cooperation, and serving as a platform for harmonizing diverse national actions.
  
 Conclusions: International organizations, most notably the UN, assume a pivotal role in upholding the international legal order and safeguarding global security against the backdrop of dynamically evolving challenges and threats.

When an International Organization Fails to Legitimate: The Decline of the OSCE

Abstract Various international organizations have recently faced legitimacy crises, but many have demonstrated resilience and relegitimated their rule. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) is an exception. It is clearly an organization in decline and is on the brink of irrelevance. The closure of its Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine in April 2022 in the wake of the Russian attack is only the latest manifestation of the organization’s long-term legitimacy crisis. Based on the case of the OSCE, this article contributes to the study of legitimacy crises to better understand when such crises can lead to decline. Drawing on twenty interviews with senior officials, the analysis suggests that the OSCE’s failure to (re)legitimate has two interrelated causes: (1) the organization’s institutional weaknesses and impeded leadership have prevented OSCE actors from engaging in effective legitimation practices, and (2) the heterogeneous and largely zero-sum preferences of the OSCE participating states have made them unwilling audiences for (re)legitimation practices. In doing so, the article contributes to our comprehension of the consequences of legitimacy crises.

A European Military Balance Organization and Dynamic Conventional Arms Control

The Russo-Ukraine War has capped the decay of conventional arms control (CAC) agreements and security institutions designed and evolved in large part to prevent this type of conflict. At its root is the rivalry between Russia and NATO, and Russian concerns over the military balance. The Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty was the cornerstone agreement to stabilize the military balance, but the treaty and other security institutions such as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) failed to adapt to NATO expansion. This article explores the role of various organizations in Europe in CAC and proposes a unique approach to future CAC agreements, dynamic CAC, implemented by a dedicated organization called the European Military Balance Organization (EMBO) which would continuously assess the military balance between NATO and Russia.

РОЛЬ МІЖНАРОДНОЇ СПІВПРАЦІ ДЕРЖАВНИХ ОРГАНІВ У СФЕРІ ЗНИЖЕННЯ ТА УПРАВЛІННЯ РІВНЕМ КОРУПЦІЇ В УКРАЇНІ

In the current conditions of development of market mechanisms for regulating the domestic economy, the issue of the impact of negative factors is more relevant than ever. In addition to Russia's military aggression, the introduction of martial law, and a significant number of forced restrictions on the activities of individuals and legal entities, the negative impact is also exerted by factors related to corruption, illegal enrichment, raiding, concealment of income or part thereof, money laundering, terrorist financing, etc. This situation necessitates the development of measures to reduce corruption, as well as the establishment of ongoing cooperation with international organizations to combat corruption. The purpose of the article is to determine the directions of international cooperation in the field of preventing manifestations of corruption in Ukraine, to study the effectiveness of such cooperation as one of the directions for reducing the level of corruption and the shadow economy, taking into account national and international anti-corruption programs, international experience in combating the legalization of income, money laundering or concealment of profits. The theoretical and practical basis of the study was the research of domestic scholars in the field of international cooperation in the field of combating corruption, legalization of the economy, analytical reports and data of the National Agency for the Prevention of Corruption and the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine, indicators and benefits of cooperation between international organizations. Strategically important countries for Ukraine in recent years have become: Latvia, Germany, Poland, Montenegro, Moldova, and Lithuania. The most active organizations in terms of cooperation are: Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FAFT); Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units; Council of Europe (Council of Europe Committee on the Evaluation of Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorist Financing Measures (MONEYVAL)); European Union; United Nations; World Bank; NATO; Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE); Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD); other international organizations in the field of financial monitoring. The most important areas of cooperation between domestic and international organizations in the field of combating corruption are: the creation of joint projects to combat money laundering and terrorist financing in Ukraine, the development of programs to combat money laundering and concealment of income, joint operations to expose terrorist financing schemes, the war in Ukraine, etc.

Implementation by the OSCE participating States of their human dimension commitments

Introduction. On the 29th Annual Session of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Parliamentary Assembly the delegates of the OSCE participating States issued Birmingham Declaration and, as part of it, the Resolution “On the Importance of the Human Dimension in the Context of Current Threats tothe Security in the OSCE Area Stemming from the Russian Aggression Against Ukraine”, where by they underlined “the importance of OSCE commitments, in particular those undertaken within the Human Dimension, that constitute firm political declarations of the participating States to fulfil, respect and promote human rights and fundamental freedoms ”and urged the participating States to implement those commitments. The aim of the article is to examine the main characteristics of the human dimension commitments and current approaches to their implementation. Results. This article provides a summary of the key characteristics of the OSCE human dimension commitments, focusing on their sources (CSCE and OSCE documents), process of adoption, nature of commitments, absence of sanctions for noncompliance, and lack of systematic verification of their implementation. The articlerefers to a precedent-setting suspension of the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from the CSCE/OSCE “in view of clear, gross and uncorrected violations of CSCE commitments” in response to the growing crisis in Balkans. With reference to the unprovoked Russian aggression against Ukraine, and noting the OSCE’s position that, unlike the Council of Europe or other international organizations, the Organization does not have an effective mechanism for suspension or exclusion of its participating State for gross violation of the OSCE commitments and principles, the article highlights a need to review and transform current procedures and improve mechanisms to ensure implementation of the human dimension commitments. Conclusions. Although the OSCE human dimension commitments have beenre-affirmed by the participating States on numerous occasions, the challenge that is being faced by the OSCE, and which has become even more evident throughout 2022,one example of which may be the blocking of the Human Dimension Implementation Meeting by Russia and Belarus, is that the divergence between the participating States around the implementation of the OSCE human dimension commitments will onlyincrease. This will call for the development of new approaches to eliminate such divergence. The article concludes with a view that it is necessary to reassess the main institutional foundations of the OSCE’s work with the aim to increase effectiveness of the monitoring and verification of the implementation of the human dimension commitments, particularly as concerns respect for human rights. Key words: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE),Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, CSCE, human dimension,human rights, Helsinki Final Act 1975, OSCE Parliamentary Assembly, principles of international law, principle of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

The Role of OSCE and EU Cooperation in Resolving the Russia-Ukraine Conflict

The ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine has had significant consequences not only for the two states but also for the international community. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the European Union (EU) have played crucial roles in resolving the conflict, with their cooperation being essential for creating a peaceful and stable outcome. This paper aims to analyze the role of OSCE and EU cooperation in resolving the Russia-Ukraine conflict and identify the challenges and areas for improvement in their coordination based on a qualitative approach. The OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine (SMM) and the European Union Satellite Centre (SatCen) were particularly instrumental in providing unbiased monitoring and reporting of violations of the ceasefire agreement. Despite the challenges faced in coordinating their efforts, this paper presents that SMM and SatCen have proven to be valuable tools in promoting peace, security, and respect for human rights in the conflict-affected region. Thus, through this paper scholars could use it as a reference to start to study more the SatCen relevance and SMM role, to explain relations between EU and OSCE through their influential tools. The OSCE and EU have been actively engaged in conflict resolution efforts, with a focus on diplomatic and economic sanctions against Russia. In reviewing the OSCE’s cooperation with the EU, this paper suggests that they need to find other ways to minimize their limitations. The lack of political will and agreement among member states has weakened the effectiveness of the OSCE, while the EU's sanctions policy has been questioned as a means of resolving the conflict. The paper suggests that the OSCE should focus on strengthening its capacity for conflict prevention, management, and resolution as well as monitoring and reporting on violations of human rights. The EU should increase economic assistance to Ukraine and find other ways to cooperate with the OSCE to address human rights concerns and support a peaceful resolution to the conflict. Ultimately, the paper argues that a comprehensive and inclusive approach is needed to effectively address the conflict and promote sustainable peace and stability in the region.

The OSCE and climate security: diplomatic practice in a changing geopolitical context

Abstract This article analyses the role of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) in the field of climate security. In 2021, the OSCE unanimously adopted a ministerial decision on climate change despite rising geopolitical tensions between Russia and the US. Why and how was this possible? The article answers these questions, drawing on a unique set of qualitative data collected from interviews with diplomats and officials conducted during Sweden's OSCE chairpersonship. The analytical framework draws on the concept of communities of practice to analyse how Swedish and like-minded diplomats built on the OSCE's approach to security to informally expand the domain of knowledge on climate-related security risks in the organization. The article suggests that the current political impasse in the OSCE does not necessarily mean that initiatives advanced by groups of like-minded states, in collaboration with the OSCE secretariat, need to be paralyzed. The findings reveal important features of multilateral diplomacy on climate security as well as how the OSCE works in practice.

Peran Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) pada Konflik Transnistria

This paper attempts to explain what efforts have been made by the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) to deal with the conflicts that occurred in Transnistria. OSCE is an intergovernmental cooperation organization in the field of defense and security. Transnistria is a region in Moldova. The history of this conflict occurred at a time of weakening influence until the collapse of the power of the Soviet Union. Which after Moldova's independence there was a group that declared independence from Moldova and made the name of a new country with the name Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic or Transnistria. One of the triggers for this conflict is linguistic and cultural differences, where most Moldovan people are close to Romania while Transnistria is close to Slavic. This conflict caused many casualties, as well as ethnic and national sentiments from various groups. For this reason, OSCE, as the organization's defense and security organization, helps this conflict by carrying out several functions such as the Information function, regulatory function, and operational function.
 Keywords — OSCE, Conflict, Moldova, Transnistria

EU and OSCE Cooperation in the Russia-Ukraine Conflict: Impacts and Limitations

The ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, which began in 2014, has been a major challenge to regional and international security. In response, the European Union (EU) and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) have been actively involved in efforts to promote peace, stability, and security in the region. In light of the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, this paper examines the relationship between the European Union (EU) and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). The EU and OSCE have been actively engaged in conflict resolution efforts, with a focus on diplomatic and economic sanctions against Russia. However, the intricate political and military dynamics at play as well as the wider geopolitical tensions between Russia and the West have limited the efficacy of these efforts. This paper aims to examine the impacts and limitations of EU and OSCE cooperation in addressing the conflict between Russia and Ukraine. The research question that follows this paper is on how has the relationship between the EU and OSCE been impacted by the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and what are the challenges and opportunities facing these organizations in their efforts to promote peace and stability in the region? Ultimately, the paper argues that a comprehensive and inclusive approach is needed to effectively address the conflict and promote sustainable peace and stability in the region.

EU and OSCE Cooperation in the Russia-Ukraine Conflict: Impacts and Limitations

The ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, which began in 2014, has been a major challenge to regional and international security. In response, the European Union (EU) and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) have been actively involved in efforts to promote peace, stability, and security in the region. In light of the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, this paper examines the relationship between the European Union (EU) and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). The EU and OSCE have been actively engaged in conflict resolution efforts, with a focus on diplomatic and economic sanctions against Russia. However, the intricate political and military dynamics at play as well as the wider geopolitical tensions between Russia and the West have limited the efficacy of these efforts. This paper aims to examine the impacts and limitations of EU and OSCE cooperation in addressing the conflict between Russia and Ukraine. The research question that follows this paper is on how has the relationship between the EU and OSCE been impacted by the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and what are the challenges and opportunities facing these organizations in their efforts to promote peace and stability in the region? Ultimately, the paper argues that a comprehensive and inclusive approach is needed to effectively address the conflict and promote sustainable peace and stability in the region.

Legitimacy of the OSCE in light of the Russia-Ukraine War

The present work with the classic examples on the surface of regularity evidently illustrates a dangerous situation of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in the light of the 2022-23 Russia-Ukraine war. Serious questions concerning the legitimacy of the OSCE in the 21st century have been raised by the 2008 Russia-Georgia war when Russia used military force outside its borders for the first time after the collapse of the Soviet Union against another OSCE participating state. In 2022-23, a large-scale confrontation between the two participating states in the half-century history of the OSCE is taking place which makes the future of the OSCE obscure. The conclusions drawn as a result of the research are based upon the review of the latest research works on the basis of the well-known European research centers. The scientific quest of the problem reveals that after the end of the Russia-Ukraine war the OSCE will serve as one of the main platforms for Western-Eastern negotiations which, in turn, would preserve the organization's legitimacy.

Cartel of Silence: How the European Union Undermines the Work of its Human Rights Defenders in the OSCE

Abstract In the face of a rapid decline of rule of law standards in a number of EU Member States, this article examines whether the Helsinki process of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), which was instrumental in strengthening the political commitments to human rights and their defenders during the Cold War and thereafter, can still deliver for defenders in the EU today. It discusses issues related to the concern of the OSCE’s fading relevance in its human dimension and the role EU Member States (EUMS) play in its decline. In reviewing the EU’s diplomatic practice within the OSCE, this article suggests that in its quest for unity, the EU has grown into a cartel of silence, effectively weakening the OSCE’s foundational logic of peer review as it is unwilling to deal with problems in a forum that was created for this very purpose. The article then recommends a number of ways in which OSCE’s institutions and political bodies could develop their working methods to take advantage of particularly EU civil society expertise while also being open to their calls for OSCE action.

Improving policing in a multicultural society in the Republic of Latvia: theoretical legal aspects

On analysing the Latvian regulatory framework governing the work of the state police in a multicultural society and the practice of its application, the author proposes a number of improvements, mostly concerning the internal regulatory framework of the state police. With respect to the practice of applying the legal framework, the author proposes to follow the recommendations of the European Union institutions and the best practices of the Member States in this area, with emphasis on the Recommendations on Policing in Multi-Ethnic Societies developed by the High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM) of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). In the author’s opinion, this article will become a useful source of information for both state police officers and other law enforcement officers performing their duties in a multicultural society and will facilitate their interaction with representatives of national minorities and other social groups.

Współpraca regionalna a bezpieczeństwo militarne Polski

Each state, through participation in international relations, constantly strives to ensure and then maintain an appropriate level of security. Functioning in the environment of other countries, it must pursue many interests, thanks to which it guarantees its survival, but at the same time ensures comprehensive development. The security of citizens of each state depends on many factors, including geopolitical and military conditions. One of the most important factors guaranteeing both the stability of the state’s constitutional order and the protection of its democratic values is political security. Ensuring it requires maintaining state structures in constant readiness in order to take up challenges, reduce threats and take advantage of opportunities in the political aspect. Closely related to this factor is military security, which concerns the relations between the state and the international environment, in which the military factor plays an important role. This requires maintaining the state’s own military capacity as optimal as possible and participating in adequate military alliances to prevent threats. The security of Poland and the region is usually perceived in the context of our participation in the most important international organizations, such as: the United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union (EU), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). However regional initiatives are equally important. The aim of the article is to analyze selected regional initiatives and their impact on ensuring Poland’s military security.

Between EU candidacy and independent diplomacy: third country alignment with EU positions at the OSCE

ABSTRACT This article considers differentiated cooperation between European Union (EU) member states and third countries in diplomatic statements at the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Using a novel dataset on interventions in OSCE Permanent Council meetings, it analyzes when and why third countries align with the EU's positions. The observed alignment patterns underline the complexity of third country motivations to form part of the EU's diplomatic alliances, such as their institutional proximity to the organization, or their own involvement in regional conflicts. In so doing the article explores the limits of differentiated diplomatic cooperation with the EU in multilateral security organizations. It also points to the constraints the EU faces when trying to establish itself as a relevant player in European and international security through diplomatic acceptance and amplification of its own views by others.

İRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER ÇEVRESEL BARIŞ İNŞASI İÇİN BİRLEŞMİŞ Mİ? BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER ÇEVRE PROGRAMININ DEĞERLENDİRMESİ: AFGANİSTAN VAKASI

Since the end of the Cold War, studies regarding the linkages between environment, security and conflict have been increased. Parallel to this growth, the impacts of environmental problems (such as scarcity, resource curse, etc.) have begun to be seen as critical and imperative in peacebuilding processes. Within this framework, environmental peacebuilding appeared as an emerging approach that has its roots in the works of Ken Conca and Geoffrey Dabelko in 2002.In 2013, Environmental Peacebuilding Association (EnPAx) was established as a knowledge platform including the community of practice for this particular field. Besides, many international organizations such as the European Union, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the United Nations (UN) Agencies are increasingly adopted an environmental peacebuilding approach. In particular, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) carries out practices in this context.Within this framework, this paper will critically evaluate UNEP’s assessment program in Afghanistan through the lens of environmental peacebuilding. First, the concept of environmental peacebuilding will briefly be explained. Subsequently, UNEP’s initiative of ‘’Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment in Afghanistan’’ will be used as a case model for environmental peacebuilding.

CHANGING BALANCES IN SOUTH CAUCASUS AFTER 44 DAYS WAR, KEY AZERBAIJAN AND KEY ZENGEZUR

The 44-Day War was a groundbreaking war that radically changed the existing practices and balances in the South Caucasus. After the collapse of the USSR on December 26th, 1991, Armenia unjustly occupied Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding areas of Lachin, Gubatli, Zangilan, Cebrayil, Fizuli, Agdam and Kelbajar with the support of Moscow. During these occupations, thousands of Azerbaijani Turkish women were brutally murdered, along with their children. As a result of this occupation by Armenia in violation of the rules of international law, Azerbaijan lost 20% of its territory. After that date, until the 44-Day War began, Armenia continued to violate the borders it had carried out unjustly and to make provocations that had the potential to start a total war. Finally, President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev, in his speech at the United Nations (UN) General Assembly on September 25th, 2020, stated that a counter-attack would be launched within the boundaries of the right to self-defense. He also announced that this operation would be carried out in order to realize Azerbaijan’s vision of ending Armenia’s unjust occupation in the region. This honorable war, launched against a long-standing injustice, is the UN Security Council affirming that Armenia is an occupier and that the occupied territories belong to Azerbaijan, and at the same time calling on the Armenians to end the occupation; It is compatible with the four UN Decision “822, 853, 874, 884”. The war started against the Armenian occupation elements on September 27th, 2020, ended with the absolute victory of Azerbaijan on November 10th, 2020. According to the basic principles of international law; attacks to change the borders by using force are not allowed under any circumstances, and the use of force to protect the attacked country and people is considered within the boundaries of the “right to self-defense”. Hence the 44 Day War; Since it complies with the rules of International Law, the UN, the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), it does not have a legal problem. The changing world after the Cold War and the 2008 global economic crisis; It has brought up the changing security perceptions and the ongoing global and regional conflicts, changing balances, new alliances and new potential regional power actors. Considering these developments that took place after the millennium, we can say that Azerbaijan is an important “keyhole” country, especially in the Caucasus region, and by looking at its geographical location that provides an opening from Europe to Asia, and the key to the lock is Zangezur. In this study, especially after the 44-Day War, the changing balances and opportunities in the South Caucasus will be examined. In this context, the importance of the Azerbaijan and Zangezur corridor, which we describe as the key country that was the absolute winner of the 44-Day War, will be discussed.

Advancing Gender Equality Without Forfeiting Religious Autonomy: Squaring the Circle?

This paper aims to understand the reasons why religious freedom and gender equality often appear to be competing values. The clash is observable in OSCE (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) countries, which are home to a variety of cultural and religious traditions. No progress toward greater social peace and harmony can be made as long as there are groups who feel under threat because of their sexual or religious identities. If human rights must be understood as a system of interrelated rights and not rights in opposition, then a proper balance between the two aspects should be sought. While legal means may well be necessary, they are probably not the most effective way to bridge the gap in this real—or at least apparent—dilemma.