Organism Of Warm-blooded Animals Research Articles

Testing the possibility of using desiccators to study the aerosol effect of liquid deicing material

Introduction. In many countries, there is an additional group of pollutants - deicing materials (DIM) in winter. Salt-containing DIM is one of the factors for increasing the content of PM2.5 and PM10 in the air. The purpose was to determine the possibility of using desiccators to study the aerosol effect of liquid deicing material, identify the chemical composition in the air at spreading liquid DIM in various ways, and establish the calculated doses for conducting a toxicological experiment to study the DIM aerosol effect on the organism of warm-blooded animals. Materials and methods. A model experiment was conducted in airtight containers (desiccators) using a liquid DIM that includes NaCl and CaCl2. All chemical compounds were captured in air pumping from the desiccator into a bubbler tank with bidistilled water and then analyzed using ion chromatography. Results. When comparing the obtained results of main DIM components contained in the air inside desiccators with the maximum permissible concentrations, the excess of Cl- was detected both for the highest single concentration of 0.1 mg/m3 and for the average daily concentration of 0.03 mg/m3. When applying DIM at a dose exceeding ten times the recommended norms for liquid the DIM, an excess level of the maximum permissible concentration for chlorine (but not for sodium and calcium) is observed. Conclusion. The method of DIM studying in desiccators is indicative in terms of the choice of concentrations and studying mechanisms of reagent intake for subsequent DIM research conduction using laboratory animals.

Theory of hibernament ensembles and the possibility of its use to ensure life activity for extremal impacts

The possibility of efficient use of the theory of hibernation ensembles to ensure vital activity in extreme conditions is considered. Hibernation ensembles are strictly selected sets of tools, among which are special combinations of pharmacological preparations and hypostabilizers, respiratory mixtures different in gas composition, controlled hypothermia, etc., which, when coordinated, cause the formation of a special state of the body, referred to as «hypobiosis and cryobiosis» or artificial hibernation. The data of experimental studies on changes in the body’s resistance to the extreme effects of gamma radiation, to acute hypobaric hypoxia and to flight overloads under conditions of artificially induced hibernation are generalized to determine the possibility of using the theory of hibernation ensembles while ensuring vital activity under extreme influences. It is shown that under the influence of vegetotropic agents against the background of hypothermia, the metabolic processes slow down significantly and the organism of warm-blooded animals begins to acquire ambient temperature. The condition that occurs in this case is accompanied by an increase in the body’s resistance to extreme factors, such as acute hypobaric hypoxia, deep hypothermia, exposure to ionizing radiation, toxic lesions, massive blood loss, pain shock, etc. This area of research is of particular relevance for the development of methods for long-term life support person in extreme conditions, with severe injuries and in the provision of medical care in conditions of mass admission victims, since it provides a reserve of time necessary for organizing the safe transportation of victims to the places of specialized and high-tech medical care, that is, actually providing medical care at a later date.

The biological action of solid solutions (on the example of cadmium-mercury-tellurium alloy)

Solid solutions are widely used in various industries. Experimental studies have been conducted to study the biological effects of warm-blooded animals (rat, mouse) solid solution based on cadmium (7%) mercury (52%) and tellurium (41%) (CMT). The purpose of the study: To investigate the biological effect of the solid solution (CMT) on the body of experimental animals. Material and methods. On the models of acute and subchronic exposure, the biological effect of CMT on the organism of warm-blooded animals (rats, mice) was evaluated. Studies have been carried out to establish toxicometry parameters (acute toxicity, the threshold for acute inhalation and intragastric effects, cumulative properties). In subchronic experiments, local and general toxic effects were investigated. The work used biochemical, physiological, toxicological, pathomorphological, statistical research methods. Results. According to acute experiments, the investigated substance belongs to the 4th hazard class (low-hazard compound). The threshold of acute inhalation action for rats is 46.20 mg/m3, and the intragastric effect for rats is 5000 mg/kg. CMT has moderate cumulation (Kcum = 4.79), does not irritate the skin. The compound was found to have a general toxic effect, which is based on functional disorders of the nervous system, liver, and kidneys. Discussion. The results of the study indicate that solid CMT solution has a polytropic effect on the warm-blooded organism. Conclusion. With prolonged exposure, the CMT aerosol can harm the body of workers, it is necessary to provide general preventive measures that prevent the aerosol of solid solutions from entering the body: automation, mechanization, sealing of production, adequate ventilation of production rooms, the use of personal protective equipment, the passage of mandatory periodic medical examinations by workers, and monitoring the concentration of CMT in the air of the working area should be carried out according to the MPC - 1.0 mg / m3 (mercury vapor).

THE SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE TOXICITY

Biological rhythms are genetically fixed as a universal form of adaptation to cyclically changing environmental factors. Many organs including the liver and body systems function in an oscillatory mode. Its central role in the process of detoxification may determine the variability of toxic effects in the metabolism of xenobiotics. The including of chronobiological patterns in the procedures of toxicological and hygienic studies will allow more accurate assessing of the properties of tested substances. The aim of the study was to identify variations in the seasonal chrono-reactivity of warm-blooded animals to the hepatotoxic effects of carbon tetrachloride. In studies there were used Wistar rats, divided into experimental (CCl4-induced toxic hepatitis) and control groups in the winter, spring, summer, and autumn. Standard laboratory diagnostic methods studied key indices characterizing the functional activity of the liver and the antioxidant status of the organism (direct and total bilirubin, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, ALAT, ASAT, hydroperoxide, malonic dialdehyde, catalase in the liver tissues). According to the results of the conducted research, seasonal biorhythms have a modulating effect on the organism of warm-blooded animals, and the amplitude of the detected fluctuations was observed to be wider in terms of modeled pathology. The calculation of the variation values of numerical indices shows fluctuations to take place in the range of 10-60% in control group, and within the range of 60-300% in the pathology. The most labile index was catalase. Since the mechanism of carbon tetrachloride toxicity is mediated through the initiation of lipid peroxidation, this may explain the observed phenomena of seasonal chronoreactivity. Thus, taking into account the modulating role of biorhythms in protocols for toxicity testing can optimize the currently used procedures of human health risk assessment.

Investigations into the distribution of neohistamine methylsulfate in the organism of the warm blooded animals following its intragastric administration

The objective - of the present study was to elucidate the specific features of the distribution of neohistamine methylsulfate (proserin) in the organism of the omnivorous warm blooded animals following its intragastric administration. The analytical methods included TLC, HPLC, and UV-spectrophotometry. Neohistamine methylsulfate was administered intrgastrically to the male Wistar rats at a dose equivalent to the triple LD50 dose. The substance of interest was extracted by acetone from the biological matrices of the dead animals and purified by sequential treatment with the relevant solvents and chromatography in a thin layer of the reverse-phase sorbent (C14-C15 bonded phase model) with the elution in the buffer solution (pH 1.98) - acetone (8:2) system. The compound of interest was identified based on the Rf values (obtained by TLC), retention time (in HPLC), and the spectral characteristics. The quantitative determination of the analyte in the biomatrices was performed with the use of UV spectrophotometry. The analytical methods were validated based on the criteria for linearity, selectivity, correctness, and precision as well as detection threshold and results of quantitation. The largest amount of the study compound were determined in the heart (365.2±33.94 mcg/g), spleen (288.6±24.97 mcg/g), kidney (127.6±9.33 mcg/g), and the gastric walls (124.6±12.17 mcg/g) of the experimental animals.

The peculiar features of the distribution of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl- (1-hydroxycyclopentyl) (phenyl) acetate in the organism of warm-blooded animals after its intravenous administration

The objective of the present study was to elucidate the dynamics of the distribution of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl-(1-hydroxycyclopentyl)(phenyl) acetate in the organism of warm-blooded animals (rats) after its intravenous administration to the animals. The identification and the quantitative determination of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl-(1-hydroxycyclopentyl)(phenyl) acetate present in the organs and blood of the warm-blooded animals were carried out with the use of chromatography in a thin layer of silica gel, chromogenic reaction for the synthesis of the acinitro salt, UV spectrophotometry, and gas chromatography mass-spectrometry (GCh-MS). The quantitation was performed on days 5, 20, 150, and 360 minutes after the intravenous administration of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl-(1-hydroxycyclopentyl)(phenyl) acetate to the rats. The maximum amounts of cyclopentolate were found in the spleen, brain, lungs, and heart of the experimental animals.

The specific features of the distribution of 2,6-di-tret-buthyl-4-methlhydroxybenzole in the organism of the warm-blooded animals

We have studied the specific features of the distribution of 2,6-di-tret-buthyl-4-methlhydroxybenzole in the organism of the omnivorous warm-blooded animals (rats) following the intragastric administration of the three-fold lethal dose of the poisonous substance. 2,6-di-tret-buthyl-4-methlhydroxybenzole was isolated from the blood and various organs of the animals by means of acetone extraction. It was further purified on the 40/100 mcm L silicagel column with the use of hexane/acetone for elution. TLC, GC-MS, and UV-spectrophotometry were employed to identify and quantify the material of interest. It was shown that 2,6-di-tret-buthyl-4-methlhydroxybenzole undergoes modification in the internal organs and blood of the poisoned animals. In was present in the highest amounts (100 mg/g) in the stomach and small intestine contents (787.78±52.31 and 18.31±3.47 respectively), spleen (12.46±1.02), and kidneys (8.48±0.61).

Formation of Modern Concepts on the Mechanism of Plague Enzooty

Considered are main hypotheses that explain plague natural focality. The modern advances in the investigation of plague microbe genetic structure and its biofilms are demonstrated to play determinative role in interpretation of plague enzooty mechanism. Possible role of the nematodes in the transfer of plague microbe biofilms to the flea larvae is discussed. Considered is epizootiological significance of plague microbe trans-larval transfer for implementation of its vertical transmission from the soil biotope to the organism of warm-blooded animals. Analysis of flea larvae obtained in locations where plague persists, for the presence of plague agent, seems to be a promising approach as it can detect the readiness of the parasitic system of the natural focus for emergence and development of the epizooty.

The enzymatic degradation of DDT. 5. Direct transformation of DDD (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane) into an aldehyde

The chemical-preparative preparation of the aldehyde (DDHO) is possible by using of saponification. Its enzymatic formation in the organism of warm-blooded animals has not been described up to now. The identification of the aldehyde after application of DDD to rats was successful, inspite of the inhibition of the HCl-cleaving consecutive reactions, whereby the enzymatic formation of the aldehyde was indicated. A possible reaction mechanism is presented.

The effect of partial extirpation of the pancreas on the development of reciprocal inhibition in warm-blooded animals

The disturbance of the synthesis of acetylcholine in the organism of warm-blooded animals by partial removal of the pancreas with simultaneous ligation of its ducts causes disturbance of the spinal activity. The total level of lability of the nerve centers is decreased, transmission to the pessimal inhibition is more rapid, but simultaneously the development of reciprocal inhibition is altered. It either does not occur at all with the usual conditions of stimulation or shows altered reaction in the form of reestablishment of the reflex, notwithstanding the continuing “inhibitory” stimulation.