Organic Trace Minerals Research Articles

Effects of Trace Mineral Source on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Activity, and Meat Quality of Pigs Fed an Oxidized Soy Oil Supplemented Diet.

This study investigates the effects of oil quality and trace mineral source on the growth performance, antioxidant activity, and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 180 crossbred pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Large White [64.4 ± 1.95]) were randomly allocated five dietary treatments based on body weight (BW) and sex in a 30 d trial. Pigs were fed five diets: (i) fresh soy oil + inorganic trace minerals (ITMs) + inorganic selenium (FISI), (ii) oxidized soy oil + ITMs + inorganic selenium (OISI), (iii) fresh soy oil + ITMs + selenium yeast (FISY), (iv) oxidized soy oil + ITMs + selenium yeast (OISY), and (v) oxidized soy oil + organic trace minerals (OTMs) + selenium yeast (OOSY). Each dietary treatment included six replicates and six pigs per replicate (three barrows and three gilts). Feeding OISI resulted in lower average daily gain (ADG) and dressing percentage (p < 0.05). The OOSY group had a higher dressing percentage and activities of serum CAT and GSH-Px in growing-finishing pigs (p < 0.05). In addition, the relative abundance of Campylobacterota in the colonic digesta varied with the quality of soy oil and source of trace minerals (p < 0.05), but no significant differences in short-chain fatty acid concentrations were observed among all dietary groups. In conclusion, adding oxidized soy oil to the diet negatively impacted the ADG and dressing percentage of growing-finishing pigs, and replacing ITMs with OTMs and SY alleviated these negative impacts. A combination of OTMs and SY can support antioxidant capacity to mitigate the negative impacts of oxidized oil on the growth performance and dressing percentage of growing-finishing pigs.

Organic Trace Minerals Enhance the Gut Health of British Shorthair Cats by Regulating the Structure of Intestinal Microbiota.

Trace minerals are essential for biological processes, including enzyme function, immune response, and hormone synthesis. The study assessed the effects of different dietary trace minerals on the gut health, microbiota composition, and immune function of cats. Eighteen adult British Shorthair cats were divided into three groups receiving inorganic trace minerals (ITM), a 50/50 mix of inorganic and organic trace minerals (ITM + OTM), or organic trace minerals (OTM) for 28 days. The OTM showed enhanced immune capacities, reduced intestinal barrier function, and lower inflammation condition. The OTM altered gut microbiota diversity, with a lower Simpson index and higher Shannon index (p < 0.05). Specifically, the abundance of Bacteroidota, Lachnospiraceae, and Prevotella in the OTM group were higher than the ITM group (p < 0.05). Metabolomic analysis identified 504 differential metabolites between the OTM and ITM groups (p < 0.05, VIP-pred-OPLS-DA > 1), affecting pathways related to steroid hormone biosynthesis and glycerophospholipid metabolism (p < 0.05, VIP-pred-OPLS-DA > 2). Additionally, there was a significant correlation between intestinal microbiota and differential metabolites. To conclude, dietary OTM can modulate the gut metabolite and microbiota composition, enhance immune and intestinal barrier function, and mitigate inflammation in cats, highlighting the benefit of using OTM in feline diet to promote the intestinal and overall health.

PSVI-20 Supplementing cows with an organic trace mineral drench at CIDR placement improved artificial insemination pregnancy rates

PSVI-20 Supplementing cows with an organic trace mineral drench at CIDR placement improved artificial insemination pregnancy rates

Effect of organic and nano trace minerals at reduced levels in layer diets on egg quality characteristics and its trace mineral content

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of organic and nano trace minerals (copper, zinc, manganese and iron) at reduced levels in layer diets on various egg quality characteristics and its trace mineral content. 240 Hy- Line W80 layer birds of 29 weeks old were randomly distributed to five treatment groups with four replicates having twelve birds each. Basal diet was supplemented with inorganic trace minerals to meet 100 per cent requirement to form control diet or with organic trace minerals at 75 and 50% of requirement or with nano trace minerals at 50 and 25% of requirement to form four test diets. Each diet was offered to four replicate groups for 84 days which was conveniently divided into three phases of 28 days each. Egg quality parameters, viz. egg weight, egg shape index, albumen index, yolk index, yolk color score, Haugh unit score, egg shell weight, albumen weight and yolk weight among the treatment groups were not affected by source and level of trace minerals. However, egg shell thickness was significantly higher in 25% nano trace mineral group on 28th day. The trace minerals (Zn and Fe) in the yolk were significantly lower at reduced trace mineral levels (50% organic or nano and 25% nano form) when compared to 100% (inorganic) and 75% levels (organic form). It was concluded that the substitution of inorganic trace minerals with organic or nano trace minerals at reduced levels (50 or 25%, respectively) in layer diets does not affect the egg quality parameters, but reduces Zn and Fe content in egg yolk.

The effects of coated inorganic trace minerals on the growth performance, mineral retention, and intestinal health comparing with inorganic and organic trace minerals for juvenile American eels (Anguilla rostrata)

This study was conducted to compare the effects of coated inorganic trace minerals (CITM) with those of inorganic and organic trace minerals on the growth performance, mineral retention in the whole-body, and intestinal health of juvenile American eels (Anguilla rostrata). Eels were randomly divided into the inorganic trace minerals (ITM) group, organic trace minerals (OTM) group, coated inorganic trace minerals I (CITM I) group, and coated inorganic trace minerals II (CITM II) group, respectively. The supplementation level of trace minerals in the CITM II group was 50 % of those in the CITM I group. Eels were fed experimental diets for ten weeks. Compared with the ITM group, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, protein efficiency, and feed efficiency of those in the CITM I and CITM II groups were increased. Eels in the CITM I group exhibited higher retention rates of calcium, phosphorus, and zinc in whole body than those in the ITM and OTM groups. CITM I group displayed the increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, immunoglobulin M, and D-lactic acid compared to the ITE group. Compared with the ITM and OTM groups, CITM I and CITM II groups showed enhanced intestinal histology and activities of intestinal amylase, lipase, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), coupled with an increase of GSH content. Proteome analysis demonstrated that, compared to the ITE group, CITM I group displayed enhanced intestinal protein abundance associated with vitamin digestion and absorption, fat digestion and absorption, cysteine and methionine metabolism, and amino acid biosynthesis. In conclusion, CITM is more beneficial for the growth performance, mineral retention in the whole-body, and intestinal health of juvenile American eels compared to ITM and OTM sources. Our findings provide valuable insights into the application of the coated trace minerals sources in the diets for American eels and potentially for other fish species.

Beneficial effects of advanced chelate technology-based 7-minerals in aflatoxin-B1 challenged broilers: toxin residue reduction, serum biochemical improvement and modulation of the mRNA expression of NF-kB and Nrf2, and genes within their pathways.

Organic trace minerals (TM) offer superior nutritional benefits because of their stable structure, making their addition to broiler diets potentially beneficial during challenging periods such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination. The present study evaluated the impacts of different replacement levels of inorganic TM (ITM) with advanced chelate technology-based TM (ACTM) on the growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant indicators, and some inflammatory and immune parameters of broilers fed diets contaminated with AFB1. A 42-day experiment involved randomly assigning 1-day-old broiler chickens (n = 480) to one of five dietary treatments, each with six replicates. The treatments were as follows: (1) NC: basal diet without AFB1 and recommended ITM levels; (2) PC: basal diet with 0.5 mg kg-1 AFB1 and recommended ITM levels; (3) TB: PC diet +1 g kg-1 toxin binder; (4) ACTM50: replacement of ITM with 50% ACTM in the PC diet; and (5) ACTM100: replacement of ITM with 100% ACTM in the PC diet. Compared with PC treatment, ACTM100 treatment resulted in increased (P < 0.05) body weight gain, serum zinc and glutathione concentrations, immunoglobulin Y level, antioxidant enzyme activities, and hepatic gene expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, glutathione peroxidase-1, superoxide dismutase-1 and transforming growth factor beta 1. The ACTM100 group also exhibited decreased AFB1 residue in the liver and kidney, serum alanine transaminase activity and malondialdehyde concentration, and hepatic gene expression levels of nuclear factor-kappa B and interferon-gamma (P < 0.05). These values were comparable to those recorded in the TB and NC treatments. In conclusion, completely replacing ITM with ACTM can benefit the metabolism and mitigate AFB1-induced immunotoxicity and oxidative damage in chickens by altering the mRNA expression of nuclear factor-kappa B and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and some genes downstream their signaling pathways. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Evaluating the Impact of an Organic Trace Mineral mix on the Redox Homeostasis, Immunity, and Performance of Sows and their Offspring.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of trace mineral supplementation in sows during gestation and lactation on the performance and health status of sows and their offspring. Sows (n = 30; Landrace × Yorkshire; avg parity = 3.9) were randomly allocated into two dietary treatments. Sows received a basal diet supplemented with 12mg/kg Cu, 30mg/kg Fe, 90mg/kg Zn, 70mg/kg Mn, 0.30mg/kg Se, and 1.5 mg/kg I from an inorganic trace mineral source (ITM) or a blend of hydroxychloride and organic trace mineral source (HOTM) from day 1 of gestation until the end of the lactation period at day 21. Compared to the ITM, the HOTM supplementation increased (P < 0.05) both litter birth weight and individual piglet birth weight. Although not statistically significant, HOTM tended to increase (P = 0.069) the level of lactose in colostrum. HOTM increased (P < 0.05) the concentration of Mn and Se in the colostrum, milk, and serum of sows and/or piglets. Notably, the Zn concentration in the serum of sows was higher in sows supplemented with ITM compared to HOTM. Moreover, HOTM increased (P < 0.05) the activities of GPX and SOD in gestating sows and piglets, as well as increased (P < 0.05) cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10) in the serum of sows. The immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) also increased in sows and/or piglets at certain experimental time points. In conclusion, HOTM supplementation positively affected piglet development and improved the health status of sows and piglets potentially by regulating redox homeostasis and immunity.

Influence of mineral source and inclusion levels of iron, copper, and zinc on the oxidative stability of extruded cat food

This study aimed to compare inorganic sources (sulfates) and chelated organic sources (proteinates) of minerals on the oxidative stability and shelf-life of extruded cat food. Five complete foods were formulated, including a negative control without supplementation of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), or zinc (Zn). The other formulations were obtained by supplementing the negative control formulation with these microminerals in organic or inorganic form at one (1x) or two (2x) times the FEDIAF (2021) requirement level for adult cats. The effects of supplementation on oxidative stability and shelf-life were determined before and after extrusion and during the 365-day storage period. The levels of fatty acids and synthetic antioxidants (BHA and BHT) were significantly lower after extrusion (P < 0.05). While inorganic and organic mineral sources did not differ, the negative control retained higher levels of fatty acids and synthetic antioxidants compared to mineral sources and levels. After extrusion, saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were reduced by 22.82% ± 1.8%, 22.91% ± 1.9%, and 19.32% ± 2.5%, respectively, with no mineral source and level effects. The Concentrations of synthetic antioxidants were significantly lower after extrusion, with a retention of 49.72% in the negative control and 35.09% ± 1.23% in the other treatments. Storage studies showed that fatty acids declined over time without significant treatment differences (P > 0.05). As expected, the most evident change was that of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Synthetic antioxidant levels also lowered during storage, with significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05). The highest losses were observed in formulations supplemented with inorganic sources. These differences affected peroxide value, which was influenced by both supplementation level and source. At the end of 365 days of shelf life, the peroxide value in foods supplemented with inorganic minerals was 92.3% (1×) and 49.7% (2×) greater than in foods with the same level of organic minerals. The negative control formulation had the lowest peroxide value among all treatments. From this data, we can conclude that the source of the microelements Fe, Cu, and Zn does not influence the oxidative stability of cat food during the extrusion process; however, the inorganic sources (e.g., sulfates) favor the oxidation during storage, which may be attenuated using less reactive, organic trace mineral sources, such as proteinates.

Identifying Dietary Timing of Organic Trace Minerals to Reduce the Incidence of Osteomyelitis Lameness in Broiler Chickens Using the Aerosol Transmission Model.

Our prior research demonstrated a 20% to 25% reduction in bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) lameness in broilers with organic Zn, Mn, and Cu (Availa® ZMC) supplementation. Expanding on this, we investigated the optimal timing for Availa® ZMC feeding to mitigate BCO lameness and reduce feed additive costs in the poultry industry. In this study, we compared the application of 0.15% Availa® ZMC for 56 days, the first 28 days, and the last 28 days. The experimental design was a randomized block design involving 1560 one-day-old chicks distributed across two wire-floor pens as BCO source infection and four treatment groups with six replicates. The source of BCO infection exhibited a cumulative lameness incidence of 83%, whereas the negative control group showed a 77% cumulative incidence of lameness (p = 0.125). Administering 0.15% of Availa® ZMC during the initial 28 d resulted in a 41.3% reduction in BCO incidence, significantly different from the supplementation during the last 28 d (p < 0.05). However, this reduction did not differ substantially (p > 0.05) from the 56d application period. Hence, administering 0.15% Availa® ZMC during the first four weeks emerges as the optimal timing protocol, providing a defense against lameness comparable to the continuous supplementation throughout the complete production duration. Implementing this feeding approach reduces the cost of feed additive, promotes the health of skeletal bones, and effectively protects against BCO lameness in broilers, offering a valuable consideration for producers seeking optimal outcomes in the poultry industry.

Effects of Low-Dose Organic Trace Minerals Supplementation on the Mineral Excretion and Physiological Mineral Status in Small Ruminants

This study investigated the effects of replacing inorganic trace mineral (ITM) supplementations of Mn, Zn and Cu by iso or lower doses of organic TM (OTM) on mineral status and mineral excretion of sheep. Following a Latin square design, nine castrated rams were divided to three experimental treatments: supplementation either with ITM (INORG) or OTM (ORG) following the recommended levels, and OTM at a reduced dosage (ORGLow). After an adaptation period, samples of feces, urine and blood were collected for 12 days in metabolic stalls. Serum mineral content showed differences only for Cu, which was significantly higher (p&lt;0.01) with ORGLow when compared to INORG and ORG (0.79, 0.74 and 0.69 mg/kg, respectively). Total daily feces mineral excretions were downregulated with ORGLow compared to the INORG or ORG: 77.2, 89.2 and 91.6mg/day; 38.8, 56.0 and 57.0 mg/day; 5.70, 8.15 and 7.06 mg/day for Mn, Zn and Cu, respectively. The results of this study suggest that supplementing sheep with a low dosage of OTM significantly reduces mineral excretion without a negative effect on the physiological mineral status of the animals. Further long-term studies are necessary to assess the mineral mobilization from body storages during supplementation with low dosages of OTM.

Effects of organic trace minerals chelated with oligosaccharides on growth performance, blood parameters, slaughter performance and meat quality in sheep.

The present study assessed the effects of oligosaccharide-chelated organic trace minerals (OTM) on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, blood parameters, slaughter performance, and meat quality indexes of mutton sheep. A total of 60 East Ujumuqin × small-tailed Han crossbred mutton sheep were assigned to two groups (10 duplicates per group) by body weight (26.12 ± 3.22 kg) according to a completely randomized design. Compared to the CON group, the results of the OTM group showed: (1) no significant changes in the initial body weight, final body weight, dry matter intake, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio (p > 0.05); (2) the activities of trypsin, lipase, and amylase in the jejunum were significantly increased (p < 0.05); (3) serum total protein, albumin, and globulin of the blood were significantly increased (p < 0.05), and the growth factor interleukin IL-10 was significantly higher (p < 0.05), while IL-2, IL-6, and γ-interferon were significantly lower (p < 0.05). Immunoglobulins A, M, and G were significantly higher (p < 0.05); (4) the live weight before slaughter, carcass weights, dressing percentage, eye muscle areas, and GR values did not differ significantly (p > 0.05); (5) shear force of mutton was significantly lower (p < 0.05), while the pH45min, pH24h, drip loss, and cooking loss did not show a significant difference (p > 0.05). The content of crude protein was significantly higher (p < 0.05), while the ether extract content was significantly reduced (p < 0.05), but no significant difference was detected between moisture and ash content; (6) the total amino acids, essential amino acids, semi-essential amino acids, and umami amino acids were significantly increased (p < 0.05). Although umami amino acids were not significant, the total volume increased (p > 0.05). Among these, the essential amino acids, threonine, valine, leucine, lysine in essential amino acids and arginine were significantly increased (p < 0.05). Also, non-essential amino acids, glycine, serine, proline, tyrosine, cysteine, and aspartic acid, were significantly higher (p < 0.05). The content of alanine, aspartate, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, and tyrosine in umami amino acids was significantly higher (p < 0.05).

Assessing the impact of Spirulina platensis and organic trace minerals on the incidence of bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis lameness in broilers using an aerosol transmission model

Assessing the impact of Spirulina platensis and organic trace minerals on the incidence of bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis lameness in broilers using an aerosol transmission model

Effects of monensin only, monensin and virginiamycin combination, or monensin and a blend of organic trace minerals and yeast on meat quality of crossbred bulls finished in feedlot individual pens and fed with high-grain diets

This study assessed carcass characteristics and meat quality of bulls finished in individual pens and fed with different diets. A completely randomized design determined how to feed 24 crossbred bulls (European × Nellore) with four diets over 84 days: CONT) without additives; MONE) inclusion of 30 mg of monensin/kg DM; MO + VI) inclusion of 30 mg of monensin + 30 mg of virginiamycin/kg DM; and MO+AD) inclusion of 30 mg of monensin/kg DM + 1.57 g of a blend of organic trace minerals, live yeast, beta-glucan, and mannans per kg DM (Advantage-Confinamento). MO+VI resulted in lower pH (P &lt; 0.05) and lighter meat (P &lt; 0.05) compared with other treatments. Cooking loss was less (P &lt; 0.05) with MO+AD at 14 days of aging time. At 14 days, Warner-Bratzler shear force was higher for meat from bulls fed with CONT and MONE diets and slower (P &lt; 0.05) for meat from bulls fed with MO+VI and MO+AD diets. In conclusion, including monensin combined with virginiamycin and monensin combined with a blend of organic trace minerals and yeast in the diets of bulls finished in individual pens can improve the color, Warner-Bratzler shear force of meat, and lower cooking losses.

Influence of pre-weaning trace mineral exposure on subsequent performance and trace mineral status of beef calves during finishing

Objectives of these experiments were to 1) evaluate the accu­mulation of Co, Cu, Mn and Zn in liver tissue during the fin­ishing period of calves with or without previous mineral sup­plement exposure; and 2) evaluate the performance of calves provided either organic or inorganic sources of Co, Cu, Mn and Zn. One-hundred twenty steers of unknown mineral history, and 48 steers of known mineral history prior to weaning were comin­gled in experiment 1. Steers were allocated to pens and assigned to receive either an inorganic or organic trace minerals. For experiment 2, 83 steers with or without exposure to mineral supplements during gestation and the subsequent lactation, were utilized in a 181-d finishing experiment. ADG tended to be greater (P = 0.09) during the first 53 days on feed in calves provided organic trace minerals. Calves with trace mineral access prior to weaning were heavier at the time of feedlot arrival (P = 0.06), but not at slaughter (P = 0.37). Pro­viding access to mineral supplements to cow-calf pairs dur­ing grazing increased (P &lt; 0.01) Cu and Co, but did not affect (P ≥ 0.29) Zn or Mn concentrations at feedlot arrival. Liver Cu status improved during backgrounding in steers fed the or­ganic trace minerals. For calves of known mineral history, providing access to mineral sup­plements during grazing, prior to weaning, had no impacts on subsequent gain or intake during growing and finishing. Providing organic forms of trace minerals tended to improve growth early in the feeding period.&#x0D;

Effects of reduced levels of organic trace minerals in proteinate forms and selenium yeast in the mineral mix on lactation performance, milk fatty acid composition, nutrient digestibility, and antioxidant status in dairy goats.

The objective was to evaluate the effects of replacing inorganic trace minerals (ITM) with reduced levels of organic trace minerals (OTM) in proteinate forms and selenium yeast (Se-yeast) in the mineral premix of prepartal and lactating dairy goats on lactation performance, milk fatty acid (FA) composition, nutrient digestibility, and antioxidant status. Xinong Saanen dairy goats (n = 40) were blocked by parity and body weight, and randomly assigned to either ITM or OTM treatments from 4wk prepartum to 8 mo of lactation. Both groups received the same basal diet except for the trace mineral supplement. The ITM supplement included Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn as sulfates, and Se as selenite to meet the recommendations. The OTM supplement included Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn as proteinates at 50% of ITM supplement levels, and Se as Se-yeast at 100% of ITM supplement level. Sampling and measurements were performed in the first, second, fourth, and eighth month of lactation. Data were summarized by month and treatment, and analyzed using the Mixed Model of SPSS with repeated measures. OTM group showed lower milk fat (P = 0.02) and higher milk Se (P = 0.03) with no compromised effects on milk yield and milk protein compared to ITM group. Furthermore, OTM decreased the content of C6:0, C8:0, and C10:0 (P < 0.05) and increased the content of odd- and branched-chain FAs in milk fat due to greater content of C15:0 (P = 0.01) and anteiso C15:0 (P = 0.07). OTM led to greater total tract digestibility of dry matter (P = 0.03), crude protein (P = 0.07), ether extract (P = 0.03), and acid detergent fiber (P = 0.05). OTM goats showed less fecal excretion of Fe (P = 0.01), Cu (P < 0.01), and Zn (P = 0.08) compared to ITM goats. There was a tendency for greater serum GSH-Px activity (P = 0.09) with OTM. Overall, the long-term substitution of reduced levels of OTM for ITM can change milk fat and FA composition while maintaining milk yield, digestibility, and antioxidant status.

Effects of Replacing Inorganic with Organic Glycinates Trace Minerals on Growth Performance, Gut Function, and Minerals Loss of Juvenile Nile Tilapia

This study aimed to investigate the effects of replacing inorganic trace minerals (ITM) with organic trace minerals (OTM) on growth performance, body composition, gut histomorphometry, digestive enzyme activity, apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC), and mineral balance in juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish (n = 432; 2.5 ± 0.5 g) were randomly distributed into four groups with four replicates each (27 fish per replicate). A control diet (gross 15.2 MJ gross energy kg−1; 367.3 g crude protein kg−1) was elaborated to meet the dietary requirements of zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) using ITM in the sulfate form (ITM100). From the control diet, three diets were elaborated using OTM to supply 100% (OTM100), 75% (OTM75), and 50% (OTM50) of Zn, Mn, and Cu ITM of the control diet, respectively, supplied in the glycinate form. Fish were hand‐fed six times daily for 8 weeks. Growth performance was not changed by dietary treatments. Fish fed on the diet OTM50 showed higher whole‐body and vertebrae ash contents and higher whole‐body calcium (Ca), Zn, and iron (Fe) retention than those fed on the control diet. The activity of digestive enzymes and the ADC of energy and nutrients, including Zn, Mn, and Cu, were similar in fish fed on diets OTM50 and ITM100. A reduction in Zn (−39.8%), Mn (−11.1%), and Cu (−14.0%) loss was observed in fish fed on the diet OTM50 than in fish fed diet ITM100. The dietary treatments did not affect the gut histomorphometry. In conclusion, the inclusion of OTM in Nile tilapia’s diets represents a promising strategy to reduce 50% of ITM sources by utilizing Zn, Mn, and Cu OTM as glycinates without detrimental effects on growth performance, nutrient utilization, and gut function. These results additionally reinforce the environmental benefits of using OTM for precise mineral nutrition in aquaculture.

Organic Trace Minerals Improved the Productive and Reproductive Performance of Friesian Cows Better Than Inorganic Minerals

Organic Trace Minerals Improved the Productive and Reproductive Performance of Friesian Cows Better Than Inorganic Minerals

Effects of Maternal Supplementation with Organic Trace Minerals including Zinc, Manganese, Copper, and Cobalt during the Late and Post-Partum Periods on the Health and Immune Status of Japanese Black Calves

In this study, we evaluated the effects of supplementation of the maternal diet with organic trace minerals including Zn (zinc), Mn (manganese), Cu (copper), and Co (cobalt) on the health and immune status of beef calves. We examined 19 pregnant cows, which were divided into a group of 9 cows fed a basal diet (control) and 10 cows fed a diet with organic trace minerals (treated). Cows were fed for a period of 45 days before the predicted calving date until 45 days after calving. The number of treatments needed for respiratory and digestive diseases within 14 days of birth was significantly lower in the treated group (p &lt; 0.05) than the control group. In addition, the concentration of serum zinc in the treated group on day 1 was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) than that in the control group. The numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the treated group on days 30 and 60 were significantly increased (p &lt; 0.01) compared with those in the control group, as was the number of γδ T cells on days 1 and 30 (p &lt; 0.05). The number of IgM+ cells in the treated group on days 30 and 60 was significantly increased (p &lt; 0.01) compared with that in the control group, as was the number of MHC class II+ cells on day 60 (p &lt; 0.01). The number of NK cells in the treated group on day 60 was also significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05) compared with that in the control group. The expression levels of mRNAs encoding interlukin-2 (IL-2), interlukin-4 (IL-4), interlukin-12 (IL-12), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the treated group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p &lt; 0.05) on days 1 and 60. The results indicate that maternal supplementation with trace minerals is a promising approach for producing highly disease-resistant calves and enhancing calf immunity.

PSVIII-A-1 Effect of Source of Trace Mineral and Bismuth Subsalicylate on Growth, Ruminal H2s, and Trace Mineral Status of Growing Heifers

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of providing inorganic, chelated, and inorganic plus injectable trace mineral supplementation strategies with or without the inclusion of bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) on dry matter intake (DMI), water intake, ruminal hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentration, and trace mineral status of growing beef heifers provided high sulfate (5,055 ± 228 mg/L) water. This study consisted of an 84-d feeding period with a 2×2 + 1 factorial treatment arrangement conducted using 2 blocks. Beef heifers (n = 15/block; 367 ± 33 kg BW) in each block were stratified according to their initial liver copper concentration. Mineral treatments included inorganic [added CuSO4 (7.76 mg/kg), ZnSO4 (22.92 mg/kg), MnSO4 (15.28 mg/kg)], chelated (100% of the Cu-methionine (7.68 mg/kg ), Zn-methionine (22.89 mg/kg), and Mn-methionine (15.27 mg/kg), and injectable trace mineral (15 mg/mL Cu, 10 mg/mL Mn, 60 mg/mL Zn) provided in combination with the inorganic mineral treatment. The BSS treatments were 0.0 (CON) or 0.2% (BSS) on a DM basis. Feed and water intake (weekly), ruminal H2S concentration (d 42 and 84), and liver (pre-study, d 42 and 84) and serum trace mineral concentrations (d 1, 28, 56, and 84) were evaluated. Initial liver trace mineral concentration was used as a covariate. Dry matter intake tended to be greater (mineral × BSS, P = 0.05) for heifers provided chelated minerals and fed CON, compared with BSS, and tended to be less for heifers fed inorganic and CON than BSS. Heifers fed chelated minerals drank 6.1 L/d more (P &amp;lt; 0.05) water than those provided inorganic minerals. Injectable trace-mineral provision did not affect DMI or water intake. Ruminal H2S was not affected by mineral type or BSS (P ≥ 0.33). The inclusion of BSS reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.01) liver Cu concentration from 60.5 to 31.3 ppm. Heifers provided the injectable minerals had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) liver Cu concentration than the inorganic without BSS treatment. Serum copper was not affected by BSS or mineral treatment (P ≥ 0.44). The liver concentration of Se was reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.01) by the inclusion of BSS. The serum Se concentration was not affected by mineral type, BSS, time, or any two- or three-way interactions (P ≥ 0.24). Bismuth subsalicylate did not affect ruminal H2S, and negatively affected liver Cu concentration. The use of organic trace mineral supplementation strategies did not affect the trace mineral status of beef heifers drinking high sulfate water, but use of an injectable trace mineral supplement increased liver Cu.

395 Maternal Supplementation with Different Sources of Trace Minerals and Its Effects on the Offspring

Abstract This experiment evaluated the effects of supplementing three sources of trace minerals to late-gestating beef cows and its impact on offspring productivity. Seventy-two pregnant cows were sorted by BW and BCS in three treatments at Red Bluff Ranch (Norris, MT). Seventy-two non-lactating, pregnant Angus cows [initial body weight (BW) = 637 ± 13 kg; body condition score (BCS) = 5.5 ± 0.07; and age = 6.1 ± 0.57; exposed to AI = 54 and Bull = 18] were selected and assigned to this experiment at the end of their second trimester of gestation. Before beginning treatment application (d-10), cows were ranked by BW and BCS and allocated (d 0) to 1,000 acres pasture. At this time, cows were assigned to receive supplements containing 1 of 3 treatments: 1) Cu, Mn, and Zn sulfate trace mineral source (INR; n = 24), 2) Cu, Mn, and Zn organic trace mineral source (ORG; n = 24), and 3) Cu, Mn, and Zn hydroxychloride trace mineral source (HXD; n= 24). Cows were fed individually three times a week, Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Cow full BW and BCS were recorded before the beginning of the experiment (d -11 and -10). On d -10 and at birth, liver biopsies were performed in all cows and calves via needle biopsy. After calving, cow-calf pairs were assigned to the general herd management, including inorganic mineral supplementation. Calves were weaned at 6 months of age and backgrounded for 85 d. No differences were detected (P ≥ 0.17) among HDX, INR, and ORG cows for initial liver concentrations of trace minerals. At calving, no differences were observed (P ≥ 0.25) in liver concentrations of Se, Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.81) in calf birth BW, crow to rump, and hearth girth measurements between treatments. No treatment effect was observed (P ≥ 0.35) on the liver concentration of calves born to cows receiving treatment. At weaning, no treatment differences were detected (P ≥ 0.25) weaning BW and ADG from birth to weaning. Supplementing different sources of trace minerals to beef cows during the last trimester of gestation yielded similar cow-calf productive responses until weaning and backgrounding program.