Organic Matter In River Water Research Articles

Influence of the Thickness of the Seasonally Thawed Layer of Permafrost in the Eastern Siberia Catchments on the Content of Organic Matter in River Waters

In the context of global climate change, a significant increase in the active layer thickness (ALT) of permafrost is expected in the current century. This process has been observed by researchers over the past few decades. If the current climate trend continues, an increase in ALT may have a significant impact on the concentration of organic matter in Arctic river waters. The relationship between the thickness of the seasonally thawed layer of permafrost and the concentration of dissolved organic matter in river waters has been explored using clustering, one-way ANOVA, and cross-tabulation analysis. The data set for analysis included original details on the content of organic matter in the rivers of Eastern Siberia (in terms of COD, BOD5, and the color of the water), phytoplankton abundance and biomass, and data on the permafrost active layer thickness (ALT) in the catchments. It was revealed that in the areas of catchments where the ALT is deeper, the content of organic matter in the rivers is lower than in areas with a shallow, seasonally thawed permafrost. Our results are consistent with the existing conceptual model of the influence of ALT on the chemistry of river waters in the cryolithozone. This knowledge is important for predicting the chemical composition of the Arctic rivers, eutrophication, and the rate of inflow of dissolved solids into the Arctic Ocean under the current conditions of ALT deepening.

Deoxygenation rate coefficient in modeling the quality of urban rivers in Indonesia

This study investigates the use of the deoxygenation rate coefficient in modeling the urban river water quality in Indonesia. The method used in this study is data collection in the form of calculating the rate of deoxygenation carried out in rivers in several urban areas based on previous studies. This assessment includes the amount of deoxygenation rate, calculation, and determination method. Based on the studies conducted, the method recently used is laboratory treatment. Several studies have used an empirical formula proposed by Hydroscience to determine the deoxygenation rate. Most of the deoxygenation rate value determination used the Slope Method, but many also directly referenced typical values without performing analysis in the laboratory. The deoxygenation rate for urban rivers in Indonesia, which has been based on various determination methods, varies from 0.001 per day to more than 1.00 per day. Low deoxygenation rates are often found at sampling sites. This can be caused by pollutants that inhibit the process of decomposing organic matter in river waters. The comparison between the use of laboratory tests and empirical formulas shows a vast difference.

Carbon Isotope Composition and Its Variation of Particulate Organic Matter in River Waters from the Kuzuryu River System

Radioactive and stable carbon isotopes (14C and 13C) can serve as powerful tools for studying the dynamics of organic matter in aquatic systems. This study considered the transport of particulate organic matter in a river system, a main river and its tributary with different watershed conditions, using carbon isotopic signatures. The Kuzuryu River system is located at Fukui and Gifu Prefecture in the central part of Japan, and consists of a main river, Kuzuryu River, and its main tributary, the Hino River. River research was conducted at a fixed station in the lower reaches of both rivers during June to October in 2010. Suspended solid samples were collected from 85 L to 141 L of river water using a continuous-flow centrifugation. δ13C of organic matter in riverine suspended solids had –26.3‰ to –24.0‰ for the Kuzuryu River and –27.0‰ to –26.1‰ for the Hino River. The Δ14C values of the Kuzuryu and Hino samples were –168‰ to –87‰ and –209‰ to –143‰, respectively. The Δ14C values of Hino River were depleted in 14C rather than the Kuzuryu River. However, the carbon isotopes have correlations with the water level for both rivers. The differences in the particulate organic matter characteristics are explained by the distribution of paddy fields and forests in each watershed, and the differences in the supply of suspended solids from their watershed due to rainfall.

Photocatalytic removal of antibiotics from natural water matrices and swine wastewater via Cu(I) coordinately polymeric carbon nitride framework

In this study, an efficient metal to ligand charge transfer (MLCT) was successfully implanted into the Cu-CNF via the bonds of coordinated Cu(I) with organic N and few inorganic O atoms, avoiding the long-distance charge transport via HOMO to LUMO transition and accelerating the visible light absorption and exciton dissociation. • Cu-CNF with the efficient MLCTs exhibits enhanced photocatalytic efficiency. • Visible light absorption and exciton dissociation are intensified in Cu-CNF. • The C-Cl and C-N-C moiety of CTC-HCl are initially attacked in degradation process. • NO 2 -N and NH 3 -N restrain the removal efficiency of CTC-HCl in the swine wastewater. • Organic matter in natural water leads to the decreased CTC-HCl removal efficiency. The overuse of refractory antibiotics in animal husbandry has caused serious aqueous environment pollution. Polymeric carbon nitride (CN) based photocatalysis, a promising method to address antibiotic pollution issues, has encountered with restricted efficiency because of the sluggish charge transfer and unexploited water matrices influence. In this study, an efficient metal to ligand charge transfer (MLCT) was successfully implanted into the Cu(I) coordinately polymeric carbon nitride framework (Cu-CNF) via the bonds of coordinated Cu(I) with organic N and few inorganic O atoms. The Cu-CNF photocatalysts were endowed with high-efficient chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTC-HCl) removal in deionized water. To insure the feasibility of the Cu-CNF in antibiotics removal from different water matrices, a systematical exploration covering the reaction kinetics, the physicochemical stability, and the influence of specific water matrices on CTC-HCl removal was carried out by various ways. Results showed that the photo-induced MLCT route with shorter transfer distance was able to broaden light absorption of CN in the whole visible region, contributing to more available excitons and accelerating separation of the photoexcited electron-hole pairs. The boosted active oxidative species (h + , O 2 − and ∙OH) in porous Cu-CNF were found to promote the dechlorination and benzene ring cleavage process to favor the final mineralization of CTC-HCl molecules. Under the synergistic influence of water constituents, the removal efficiency of CTC-HCl was highest in river water (68.2%), followed by tap water (45.7%), and swine wastewater (33.1%). It was found that the existence of the high concentration NO x -N and NH 3 -N in the swine wastewater were responsible for the collapsed removal efficiency of CTC-HCl. Natural organic matter in river water and tap water was the main factor for the decreased CTC-HCl removal efficiency.

Assessing the performance of measurement devices for continuously monitoring of organic matter and nutrient in river water

The evaluation of the metrological performance parameters of 27 water quality monitoring devices for continuously measuring nutrients and organic matter in river waters was conducted both under controlled conditions in the laboratory and under field conditions during a 3-month field trial. It consisted of (i) designing protocols to assess metrological performance parameters under controlled and field conditions of monitoring devices (ii) selecting a site to conduct a field trial (iii) selecting monitoring devices and (iv) conducting the testing. The results obtained for the devices measuring nitrate, total nitrogen and organic carbon are presented in this paper. The performances evaluated under controlled conditions were very acceptable with the vast majority of the monitoring devices being characterized by a repeatability below 5 %, a bias below 10 %, a linearity deviation below 10 % and a combined expanded uncertainty below 15 %. Moreover, the monitoring devices tested were found to have quantification limits suitable with regard to the concentration levels measured in the Oise River between October 2015 and February 2016. Finally, from the results obtained as well as the feedback on testing a great variety of monitoring devices, it was possible to draw some recommendations for improving the measurements using the devices tested.

Characterization and Removal of Dissolved Organic Matter in River Water Through Preoxidation-Coagulation Process

Dissolved organic matter (DOM), which is part of of natural organic matter or NOM, contained of carbon compound and can cause problems related to taste, odor, and disinfection by-products (DBPs) in water and treated water. Permanganate is strong oxidant and have been know its efficiency in oxidazing organic compound. Coagulation is most widely used in all water treatment plant due to its efficiency in removing suspended solid. The objectives of this study is to characterize and to remove natural organic matter in term of DOM in water through KMnO4 preoxidation, Al2(SO4)3 or FeCl3 coagulation, KMnO4 preoxidation followed by Al2(SO4)3 or FeCl3 coagulation. Raw water, which was taken from Jagir River in Surabaya, and treated water were measured quantitatively by using total organic carbon (TOC), ultraviolet at wavelength 254 nm (UV254) in order to know its aromatic properties. In addition, fourier transfor m infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to identify the functional group of DOM in water and treated water. The results showed that raw water has high TOC concentration (6,9 mg/L) and mainly composed of aromatic (UV254 0.075 cm-1). The optimum result showed that TOC concentration and UV254 removed significantly into 4,2 mg/L and 0,0020 cm-1, respectively after preoxidation followed by FeCl3 coagulation. According to FTIR analysis, mostly single bond carbon such as C-O and C-H still exist in treated water. This results indicated that preoxidation-coagulation has a better performance than preoxidation only and coagulation only.

C:N:P stoichiometry of particulate and dissolved organic matter in river waters and changes during decomposition

BackgroundStoichiometry plays an important role in understanding nutrient composition and cycling processes in aquatic ecosystems. Previous studies have considered C:N:P ratios constant for both DOM (dissolved organic matter) and POM (particulate organic matter). In this study, water samples were collected in the six major rivers in Korea and were incubated for 20 days. C:N:P ratios were determined during the time course of the incubations. This allowed us to examine the changes in N and P contents of organic matter during decomposition.ResultsPOM and DOM showed significant differences in N and P content and the elemental ratios changed during the course of decomposition; DOM showed higher C:N and C:P ratios than POM, and the C:N and C:P ratios increased during decomposition, indicating the preferential mineralization of P over N and N over C.ConclusionsThe N and P contents of organic matter in aquatic ecosystem are far from constant and vary significantly during decomposition. More detailed information on the changes in C:N:P ratios will provide improved understanding of decomposition processes and improved modeling of aquatic ecosystems.

Performance of Floating wetland to reduce the organic matter in river water

Floating wetlands are innovative systems that rarely used in South Kalimantan Indonesia so their performance using local species of plant are still scarcely known. To gain initial information on their performance and potential in removing pollutants, especially organic content, an experiment have been conducted in laboratory scale. This study used local plants (Echinodorus palaefolius and Limnocharis flava) with a plant height of approximately ±30 cm and ±15 cm, grown with a distance of 15 cm x 15 cm, which was floated into a plastic-coated plywood reactor with a size of 80 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm. Water samples are taken from Kerukan River (Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan Indonesia) which is flowed continuously to the reactor with a flow rate of 0.002 L/s. After 30 days, floating wetland planted with E. palaefolius can reduce organic material (BOD, COD) by 82.19%; 77.22% and floating wetland planted with L. flava can reduce BOD and COD respectively by 78.83% and 72.75%. This show that floating wetland very potential to use as an organic pollutant removal from river water.

Interactions between polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and TiO2 nanoparticle in artificial and natural waters

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants in a variety of products, including textiles. PBDEs are thus exposed to the natural environment, including wastewater, waterbodies and sediments (at different phases of products' lifecycles), where they will interact with other pollutants. Studies on the interactions between organic pollutants and engineered nanoparticles (NPs) in natural waters are rare. In this study, we investigated the effects of two common PBDEs—BDE 47 and BDE 209—on the physicochemical properties and colloidal stability of TiO2 NP in simple aqueous media and two natural waters (river water and wastewater). Upon the addition of BDE 47 and BDE 209, the zeta (ζ) potential of TiO2 NP increased in magnitude in artificial waters and in natural waters (river water and wastewater), but the magnitude of influence on the NP's surface charge was specific to each natural water considered. Despite the presence of high content of natural organic matter in river water (DOC = 15.8 mg/L) and wastewater (DOC = 26.1 mg/L), low levels of the PBDEs (e.g. 0.5 mg/L) strongly impacted the surface charge and hydrodynamic diameter of TiO2 NP. Both PBDE congeners suppressed the agglomeration of TiO2 NP in the presence of monovalent and divalent cations, and in both natural waters. BDE 47 exhibited a stronger influence than BDE 209 on the surface charge, hydrodynamic diameter, and agglomeration of TiO2 NP in both artificial and natural waters. As such, the interactions between TiO2 NP and the PBDEs can increase the exposure of aquatic organisms to both pollutants. Infrared spectroscopy showed the importance of the aromatic ether groups in the adsorption of PBDEs to TiO2 NP.

High-frequency monitoring reveals seasonal and event-scale water quality variation in a temporally frozen river

Potential influences of climate change on water quality, riverine suspended sediments, nitrogen and organic matter loads in temporally frozen rivers, which have ice-covered flow and snow-affected basins, are poorly understood. However, before being able to understand potential future changes, the impact of ice and snow needs to be investigated more thoroughly for years which were hydrologically different. We investigated seasonal and event scale concentration-discharge (C-Q) dynamics of total suspended solids/turbidity, nitrate-N (NO3-N) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), which is indicative of the amount of organic matter in river water. In particular, the influence of ice cover, contrasting spring thaw, and soil frost conditions on intra-annual fluxes and the C-Q response of the three solutes are detected based on over four years of hourly data. Seasonally flow-weighted suspended solids and NO3-N concentrations were at their highest in either the autumn or spring thaw, but COD concentrations were the highest each year in autumn. NO3-N and COD levels typically decreased during winter. The ice-covered river water was less turbid compared to open-channel water at an equivalent river discharge likely due to in-stream factors. Storms during the freshet period introduced flushing of organic matter and suspended solids. The ratio of organic matter yield to water yield was similar each freshet and was independent of the amount of precipitation as snow or soil frost status. The freshet NO3-N yield per water yield was higher during the years with a thick snowpack and the consequent thawed soil compared to a year with soil frost and minor snowpack. 91 storm events studied revealed differences and similarities in storm dynamics in between the three variables. Anti-clockwise hysteresis was most common for the variables, with turbidity peaking faster than the COD or NO3-N concentration in most of the storms. Snowmelt storms showed highly variable C-Q responses inbetween the variables. However, spring thaw-related COD concentration peaks abated more slowly compared to turbidity or NO3-N. NO3-N showed a strong dilution pattern during several autumn storms during an extremely wet year, indicating limited N sources for flushing from the catchment. As a result, the flow-weighted mean NO3-N concentration was not the largest during the year of largest water yield instead which was true for suspended solids and COD. We found no evidence that warmer winters with precipitation as rain instead of snow would increase suspended sediment, organic matter and NO3-N load at entire winter-spring season or annual timescales.

PENINGKATAN KUALITAS AIR BAKU DENGAN PROSES BIOFILTER TERCELUP MENGGUNAKAN MEDIA STRUKTUR SARANG TAWON

Contamination of rivers has reached an alarming level, especially in the rivers passing through major cities, agricultural areas and industrial areas. Among the contaminants that often appear dominant and very disturbing is the organic substance. The existence of high organic matter within the river water is often expressed in permanganate number that has passed the quality standard. River that contain high organic matter usually the water smell and the color is black, besides it can also cause disturbances in the water treatment process, which is an increasing use of coagulants, chlorine, activated carbon, and the emergence of substances that are not desired, and the quality of treatment results are unsatisfactory. Many ways to reduce the organic matter in river water, one of them is by using the biofilter honeycomb structure. The target of the reduction of organic substances is that the river water could be used as a raw drinking water quality standards or meet the category B, Regulation of Jakarta Governor Number 582, 1995. Raw water used for this study were taken from Krukut River which is the raw water for Regional Water Company PALYJA, Production Installation III Cilandak, South Jakarta and Cengkareng Drain river water, which is currently used as a source of raw water for PAM Taman Kota, West Jakarta using a biofilter reactor aerobic system, the capacity of 50 - 200 m3, Capasity of Blowers 300 l /min, Residence Time 6 hours up to 1 hour. Test results on the residence time of 1 hour, parameters pH, TSS, turbidity, organic substances, detergents, manganese, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, can meet the standard, except for iron which still exceeds the standard. To improve the removal efficiency of organic matter and iron, at the beginning of processing before entering into the drinking water treatment unit need to be added powder active carbon and an oxidizing agent with a sufficient dose. Keywords: Organic substances, biofilter, aerobic, honeycomb plastic media.

Effects of ozonation pretreatment on natural organic matter and wastewater derived organic matter – Possible implications on the formation of ozonation by-products

The aim of this study was to investigate possible implications of natural and wastewater derived organic matter in river water that is subsequently used following treatment for drinking purposes. River water was subjected to lab-scale ozonation experiments under different ozone doses (0.1, 0.4, 0.8, 1.0 and 2.0 mgO3/mgC) and contact times (1, 3, 5, 8 and 10 min). Mixtures of river water with humic acids or wastewaters (sewage wastewater and secondary effluents) at different proportions were also ozonated. Dissolved organic carbon and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon concentrations as well as spectroscopic characteristics (UV absorbance and fluorescence intensities) of different types of dissolved organic matter and possible changes due to the ozonation treatment are presented. River water, humic substances and wastewater exhibited distinct spectroscopic characteristics that could serve for pollution source tracing. Wastewater impacted surface water results in higher formation of carbonyl compounds. However, the formation yield (μg/mgC) of wastewaters was lower than that of surface water possibly due to different composition of wastewater derived organic matter and the presence of scavengers, which may limit the oxidative efficiency of ozone.

Geochemistry of organic matter in river waters of the Amur basin, Russia

Organic matter (OM) plays an important role in the biochemical C cycle and in river waters, in particular. The paper considers a huge area of the Amur basin and its subbasins. The concentrations and distribution of OM in river waters were investigated during the summer of 2008 and 2010–2012. The conducted studies identified total, dissolved and particulate organic carbon (TOC, DOC and POC), humic substances (HS)–humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA), and suspended matter (SM). It was established that concentrations of OM vary significantly along the river flow and hydrological cross sections due to inflows from major tributaries originated in various physio-geographical zones. The results showed that concentrations of TOC varied from two to several tens of mg C/L, but were dominantly high. In the Upper Amur basin water, concentrations of DOC were dominant; the amount of HS was 17–48 % of DOC. Upstream of the Songhua mouth, the amount of HS (up to 60 % of DOC) was mainly due to inflows from the Zeya and Bureya running over the taiga zone. High concentrations of OM and SM were detected in the water discharge from the Songhua, the amount of HS accounted for 20 % of DOC. In the Ussuri basin, formed in the coniferous broad-leaved forest zone, concentrations of OM were lower compared to the Amur water. In the summer of 2011 and 2012, fluxes of TOC over the Amur River to the Amur Liman were 9.168 × 103 and 11.029 × 103 t C/day, respectively.

Characterization of Dissolved Organic Matter in River Water by Conventional Methods and Direct Sample Analysis-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry

The dissolved organic matter in surface waters is composed of fractions of different molecular weight and polarity, characteristics that determine their capacity for complexing different types of pollutants and their environmental impact. In this study, the dissolved organic matter in the surface water of the Bio-Bio River (Central Region of Chile) was characterized chemically and spectroscopically after fractionating by molecular weight and polarity. The technique of direct sample analysis-time of flight-mass spectrometry (DSA-TOF-MS) was used to obtain more information on the composition of dissolved organic matter. It is concluded that dissolved organic matter found in the water of the river from the site of minor human impact (Rucalhue) has a predominantly natural origin, with a high content of aromatic carbon, in contrast to dissolved organic matter found in the waters of the sites that have higher human impact (Laja and Concepción), characterized by a greater molecular size and higher organic carbon content. These results are consistent with those obtained from DSA-TOF-MS, where higher correlation was observed between the mass spectrum of the standard commercial humic acid and dissolved organic matter found in the sectors of Laja and Concepción, unlike the spectrum mass of lignin which is more like dissolved organic matter found in the sector Rucalhue.

The effect of feed water dissolved organic carbon concentration and composition on organic micropollutant removal and microbial diversity in soil columns simulating river bank filtration.

This study investigated organic micropollutant (OMP) biodegradation rates in laboratory-scale soil columns simulating river bank filtration (RBF) processes. The dosed OMP mixture consisted of 11 pharmaceuticals, 6 herbicides, 2 insecticides and 1 solvent. Columns were filled with soil from a RBF site and were fed with four different organic carbon fractions (hydrophilic, hydrophobic, transphilic and river water organic matter (RWOM)). Additionally, the effect of a short-term OMP/dissolved organic carbon (DOC) shock-load (e.g. quadrupling the OMP concentrations and doubling the DOC concentration) on OMP biodegradation rates was investigated to assess the resilience of RBF systems. The results obtained in this study imply that - in contrast to what is observed for managed aquifer recharge systems operating on wastewater effluent - OMP biodegradation rates are not affected by the type of organic carbon fraction fed to the soil column, in case of stable operation. No effect of a short-term DOC shock-load on OMP biodegradation rates between the different organic carbon fractions was observed. This means that the RBF site simulated in this study is resilient towards transient higher DOC concentrations in the river water. However, a temporary OMP shock-load affected OMP biodegradation rates observed for the columns fed with the river water organic matter (RWOM) and the hydrophilic fraction of the river water organic matter. These different biodegradation rates did not correlate with any of the parameters investigated in this study (cellular adenosine triphosphate (cATP), DOC removal, specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA), richness/evenness of the soil microbial population or OMP category (hydrophobicity/charge).

Increase in rare earth element concentrations controlled by dissolved organic matter in river water during rainfall events in a temperate, small forested catchment

The distributions of dissolved rare earth elements (REEs) in river water during rainfall events in a forested catchment were studied to contribute to understandings of TRUs behavior. Variations in the concentrations of dissolved REEs and several elements (As, Sb, and V) apparently correlated well with peak intensities in the optical spectra (ultraviolet absorption and fluorescence emission) of the river water. The optical properties were considered to represent humic substances in dissolved organic matter (DOM). Similar hysteretic loops were found for the REE concentrations and optical intensities as a function of the water discharge. This result indicates that the mobile REEs and DOM likely shared flow paths from the soil to the stream during these events. An ultrafiltration study revealed that colloidal REEs present in a size fraction of 10–30 kilodaltons comprised the major component of the dissolved REEs and increased under high water flow. Considering these observations and model interpretations in the precedent literature, complexation of the dissolved REEs with DOM was suggested to occur during the studied rainfall events. A high correlation between the size-fractionated REE concentrations and specific ultraviolet absorbance was observed, suggesting that the aromaticity of DOM plays a role in its complexation with dissolved REEs.

Transport behavior of particulate organic matter in river water during snow melting in the Ishikari, Tokachi, Teshio and Kushiro Rivers, Japan

Both ?14C and ?13C were used to study the transport behavior of particulate organic matter (POM) in the Ishikari, Tokachi, Teshio and Kushiro rivers in Japan. Water samples were collected once a month in April and May in 2004 and 2005 during snow melting. Positive correlations were found between ?14C and particulate organic carbon (POC) content. Negative correlations were found between ?14C and increased water level. These results indicate that the river systems showed similar transportation behavior during snow melting because of the variation of water level and water discharge. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v38i2.15597 J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 38(2): 163-173, December 2012

Identification of humic acid-like and fulvic acid-like natural organic matter in river water using fluorescence spectroscopy

Identifying the extent of humic acid (HA)-like and fulvic acid (FA)-like natural organic matter (NOM) present in natural water is important to assess disinfection by-product formation and fouling potential during drinking water treatment applications. However, the unique fluorescence properties related to HA-like NOM is masked by the fluorescence signals of the more abundant FA-like NOM. For this reason, it is not possible to accurately characterize HA-like and FA-like NOM components in a single water sample using direct fluorescence EEM analysis. A relatively simple approach is described here that demonstrates the feasibility of using a fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) approach for identifying HA-like and FA-like NOM fractions in water when used in combination with a series of pH adjustments and filtration steps. It is demonstrated that the fluorescence EEMS of HA-like and FA-like NOM fractions from the river water sample possessed different spectral properties. Fractionation of HA-like and FA-like NOM prior to fluorescence analysis is therefore proposed as a more reasonable approach.

Analysis of annual fluctuations in the content of phenol, chlorophenols and their derivatives in chlorinated drinking waters

Chlorophenols are widely represented, toxic, and persistent environmental pollutants. In this work, we analyzed annual fluctuations in the content of phenol, guaiacol, chlorophenols, chlorocatechols, and chlorinated methoxyphenols in drinking water collected in Warsaw and Tomaszów Mazowiecki (Poland). Moreover, the effect of dissolved organic matter content on the occurrence of phenolic compounds in drinking water was studied. The compounds were adsorbed on octadecyl C18 solid-phase discs, separated by the use of gas chromatography, and analyzed using mass spectrometry. The content of organic matter was evaluated by the analysis of UV absorption at 254nm by water samples. In Warsaw, raw water (derived from infiltration intakes situated in the Vistula River) and treated water (subjected to coagulation, filtration, and disinfection with chlorine dioxide) were collected in order to analyze phenols. In Tomaszów Mazowiecki, raw water (taken directly form the river) and treated water (subjected to coagulation, sand filtration, ozonation, and disinfection with gaseous chlorine) were taken to determine phenolic substances. The obtained results showed the occurrence of phenol, guaiacol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), tetrachlorophenol (TeCP), and pentachlorophenol in drinking water of both cities. Occasionally, in the waters studied, the appearance of chloroguaiacols, 3-chlorosyringol, and some chlorocatechols were noted. It was also observed that the content of dissolved organic matter in river waters may have contributed to the formation of some phenols, e.g., phenol, guaiacol, 2,4,6-TCP, and TeCP in drinking water. Finally, it was found that there were no annual (seasonal) fluctuations in phenolic compounds contents in drinking waters examined.

Comparative Study of Ozone Alone and Catalytic Ozonation for Transformation of Natural Organic Matter in River Water

Ozone alone and catalytic ozonation of natural organic matter had been carried out in semibatch model reactor. The experimental results demonstrated that ozonation alone and catalytic ozonation are equivalent with minimization of natural organic matter(NOM), with the removal rate of TOC, UV254 about 7 % and 50 % respectively. But it is a promising method for changing the molecular weight and specially for enhancement of biodegradation. The AOC in river water was 233 ug L-1, which increase up to 325 ug L-1, 677 ug L-1, 633 ug L-1 in ozonation alone, catalytic ozonation (H2O2) and catalytic ozonation (ZnO) after 30 minutes reaction respectively. Through the research, it can be conclued that catalytic ozonation-BAC may be an promising way for water treatment.