Apparent Digestibility Coefficients Of Organic Matter Research Articles

Ovine feed intake, digestibility, and nitrogen balance in feeds containing different amounts of cupuaçu meal

Twenty neutered male sheep were subjected to 26 days of a metabolic assay at Embrapa Eastern Amazon in Belem, PA, Brazil (01°26’02”S and 48°26’21”W; altitude 8 m). The trial followed a completely randomized design, with five treatments and four repetitions. Treatment A (control) consisted of a diet containing 100% grass. The diet in treatment B contained 10% CM and 90% grass; that in treatment C contained 20% CM and 80% grass; that in treatment D contained 40% CM and 60% grass; and that in treatment E contained 60% CM and 40% grass. Intake of experimental diet and apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ethereal extract (EE), cellulose (CEL), hemicellulose (HEM), and nitrogen balance (NB) were assessed. Results showed that the level of CM replacement significantly affected intake of mineral matter (IMM), crude protein (ICP), ethereal extract (IEE), and cellulose (ICEL), with the highest ( P < 0.05) values of IMM, ICP, and IEE being observed for feed in which 60% of grass was replaced by CM, indicating that the acceptance of the experimental diet was good. ICEL decreased as levels of CM replacement increased. At 40% replacement, the apparent DM digestibility coefficient was the lowest (41.54%) and did not statistically differ from diets with 60% (45.74%) and 20% (54.19%) CM replacement. The lowest values for the apparent digestibility coefficients of OM, CP, NDF, and ADF were observed when grass was replaced with 40% and 60% CM. For diets with up to 20% replacement of Mombaca grass by CM, the apparent digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, NDF, and ADF were the highest and did not significantly differ from those of the control treatment. Nitrogen excretion in feces differed significantly; the lowest values were found with 0%, 10%, and 20% CM replacement. Use of CM represents an alternative method of dietary supplementation for ruminants and is a good source of protein and energy, since replacing Mombaca grass with increasing levels of CM led to an increase in the voluntary feed intake by ovines.

Digestibility of common feed ingredients by juvenile mulloway Argyrosomus japonicus

Three experiments were done to determine the apparent digestibility of common feed ingredients by mulloway Argyrosomus japonicus. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of ingredients were determined using indirect techniques employing chromium oxide as the marker and collecting faecal material by passive settlement. Ingredients tested included two sources of fishmeal (Ecuador or Peru origin), standard and high grade rendered animal by-product meals (poultry meal, hydrolysed feather meal, meat meal, blood meal and three high-protein, low-ash meat meals of ovine or bovine origin), legumes (dehulled lupins and whole field peas), a dehulled solvent extracted soybean meal and sorghum meal. The majority of these ingredients were examined at the 50% inclusion level with the exception of blood meal which was examined at 30% inclusion. The digestibilities of two other cereal products (extruded wheat and 100% pregelatinised unmodified wheat starch) were tested at 20 or 30% and 10, 20 or 30% inclusion rates, respectively, to study the effect of ingredient level on ADC's of typical carbohydrate sources. In all experiments, faecal material was collected from n=3 replicate tanks. Digestibilities of the different fishmeal sources were high, regardless of origin (protein and energy ADC≈97%; fat ADC≈99%). Digestibilities of high grade ovine and bovine meals were also high (protein ADC≈94%; energy ADC≈94%), although the fat ADC of these products was slightly lower (≈80%). The digestibilities of the other rendered animal meals were more variable, with protein ADCs of blood meal, meat meal, poultry meal and feather meal being 90, 84, 76 and 57%, respectively. Energy ADCs for these products were also variable ranging from 61 to 84%, with the lowest value being that for feather meal. The protein from dehulled lupins, whole field peas, sorghum meal and soybean meal was generally well digested, being equal to or greater than 90%. However, the energy ADCs for these products were poor, being lowest in sorghum meal (≈24%) and whole peas (≈40%) and somewhat better in dehulled lupin meal (≈67%) and dehulled solvent extracted soybean meal (≈75). Linear regression analysis indicated that there was a significant negative relationship between the inclusion level of pregelatinised wheat starch (i.e. 10, 20 or 30%) and organic matter or gross energy ADCs (organic matter ADC%=111.22−1.64×%inclusion level, R2=86%; gross energy ADC%=110.42−1.83×%inclusion level, R2=72%). We found no significant difference between organic matter (≈45%), protein (≈88%) or energy (≈45%) ADCs of extruded wheat with respect to inclusion level (i.e. 20 or 30%), however all ADCs were numerically lower at the higher inclusion level. The results from these experiments indicate that mulloway are efficient at digesting protein and energy from fishmeals and good quality rendered animal meals. They appear to be reasonably efficient at digesting protein from plant products commonly used in the manufacture of aqua-feeds, however they are less efficient at extracting the digestible energy from plant products, especially from whole grains. Significant reductions in the organic matter and energy ADCs of pregelatinised wheat starch as a result of inclusion rate indicate that ADCs for carbohydrates such as these may not be additive. The data generated in this study will be useful for formulating research and commercial feeds for mulloway on a digestible protein and energy basis.

Efeito de níveis de melão em substituição ao milho moído sobre o desempenho, o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes em ovinos Morada Nova

Avaliaram-se o desempenho, o consumo e a digestibilidade aparente de componentes nutritivos em 32 ovinos Morada Nova em confinamento, 20 machos não-castrados e 12 fêmeas, recebendo dietas contendo 0, 30, 60 e 100% de melão em substituição ao milho moído. Os animais tinham em média 6 meses de idade, peso médio inicial de 15 kg e foram abatidos aos 25 kg. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. O consumo de MS apresentou tendência quadrática para ambos os sexos, variando de 769 a 837 g para os machos e de 722 g a 646 g para as fêmeas. Os consumos de matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), carboidratos totais (CT) e carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF) apresentaram comportamento quadrático, refletindo o mesmo comportamento da ingestão da MS. A digestibilidade aparente da MS apresentou tendência linear decrescente. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente de MO, PB, EE, FDN e CT apresentaram comportamento linear crescente com a adição de melão em substituição ao milho moído. O ganho de peso diário com o aumento do nível de melão na dieta foi maior nos machos. A conversão e eficiência alimentar não foram influenciadas pelo aumento do nível de melão na dieta. Os dias de confinamento variaram de 79 a 90 dias. A substituição na dieta do milho moído por melão possibilitou obter desempenho satisfatório em ovinos Morada Nova em confinamento. O nível de 60% de substituição é o que permite melhor retorno financeiro, entretanto, em níveis superiores a 30%, aumentam os dias de confinamento, elevando a idade ao abate.

Digestibility of Dry Matter, Protein, Lipid, and Organic Matter of Two Fish Meals, Two Poultry By‐product Meals, Soybean Meal, and Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles in Practical Diets for Sunshine Bass, Morone chrysops ×M. saxatilis

Abstract Limited information is available on digestibility of nutrients in various practical ingredients used in diets for commercially important finfish species, such as hybrid striped bass. This information is especially needed for sunshine bass, Morone chrysops ×M. saxatilis, to improve least‐cost diet formulations and to allow effective substitution of feedstuffs. A study was conducted with large (867 g) sunshine bass to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) for moisture, protein, lipid, and organic matter (OM) in a variety of ingredients in floating, extrusion‐processed, diets. The practical ingredients tested were menhaden (MEN) fish meal (FM), anchovy (ANCH) FM, pet‐food grade poultry by‐product meal, feed‐grade poultry by‐product meal, dehulled soybean meal (SBM), and distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Test diets consisted of a 70:30 mixture of reference diet to test ingredient with chromic oxide (1.0%) as the inert marker. Reference and test diet ingredients were mixed and extruded on a Wenger X85 single‐screw extruder to produce floating pellets. The digestibility trials were conducted in twelve 1200‐L circular tanks. Diets were randomly assigned to tanks of 30 sunshine bass and were fed once daily to satiation. Protein digestibility coefficients were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) different among test ingredients and ranged from 86.42% for MEN to 64.94% for DDGS. Lipid ADCs were significantly different (P &lt; 0.05) among test ingredients and ranged from 92.14% for MEN to 57.11% for SBM. OM ADCs were significantly different (P &lt; 0.05) among test ingredients and ranged from 89.41% for MEN to 16.94% for DDGS. This information will assist in the formulation of more efficient, economical diets for sunshine bass.

CONSUMO VOLUNTÁRIO, DIGESTIBILIDADE APARENTE E CINÉTICA DIGESTIVA DE TRÊS FORRAGEIRAS EM OVINOS

The aim of this work was to evaluate the voluntary intake, apparent digestibility and digesta kinetics of three protein-level forages fed to Santa Ines sheep. Six sheep (LW = 40 ± 5.7 kg) fitted with rumen cannulas were used. Lucerne (LUC), signalgrass (SIG) and Tifton-85 grass (TIF) hays were chosen due to their crude protein (CP) content (respectively, 191, 29 and 75 g kg -1 DM). Treatments and animals were fitted in a double Latin square (3 treatments, 3 periods, 6 animals). To measure the voluntary intake, animals were kept in individual stall with free access to water and food, during the first phase of each period. The feed consisted exclusively of LUC, SIG or TIF and mineral supplementation. Apparent digestibility was determined by total faeces collection. Digesta kinetics was estimated using Co-EDTA and Cr mordant fibre as markers to liquid and solid phases, respectively. Means were compared by Tukey test. Dry matter voluntary intake of treatment LUC was higher (P < 0.05) than treatments SIG and TIF and it reflected the strong relationship between intake and protein content in the diet. Dry matter and organic matter apparent digestibility coefficients were superior (P < 0.05) for LUC. Crude protein apparent digestibility showed differences (P < 0.05) between the three treatments, being LUC (0.694) the highest observed followed by TIF (0.500). Crude protein apparent digestibility of SIG was practically null (0.001), indicating intense protein deficit. Dry matter voluntary intake and digestibility of tested feeds were influenced by chemical composition and digestion kinetics. Low protein feeds had a prejudicial effect in nutrient apparent digestibi-lity, decreasing until nullity for protein of treatment SIG. Key-words: Lucerne, marker, nutrition, ruminant, signalgrass, Tifton.

Influence of soaking, fermentation and phytase supplementation on nutrient digestibility in pigs offered a grower diet based on wheat and barley

AbstractThe effects of 1-h soaking, fermentation and phytase supplementation of a pig diet based on wheat and barley on ileal and total tract apparent digestibility in growing pigs fitted with a post valve T-caecum (PVTC)-cannula were studied. Eight animals in a two-period change-over design were used, subjecting four animals to each treatment (dry, soaked, microbial phytase supplemented or fermented diet). Acid insoluble ash was used as an indigestible marker for calculating apparent digestibility coefficients. Fermentation improved (P&lt;0·05) the ileal apparent digestibility coefficients of organic matter (OM), nitrogen and amino acids, while there was no effect of 1-h soaking and phytase supplementation. The total tract apparent digestibility coefficient of OM was also improved by fermentation. The ileal apparent digestibility coefficient of phosphorus (P) was higher for fermentation (P&lt;0·05) than for dry food and 1-h soaking. The total tract apparent digestibility coefficient of P was higher (P&lt;0·05) for treated food (soaked, fermented and supplemented with microbial phytase) compared with dry food. Fermentation improved (P&lt;0·05) the ileal apparent digestibility coefficient of calcium compared with dry and soaked food, and had no effect on the total tract apparent digestibility coefficient of calcium. Food inositol phosphates were affected by treatment (P&lt;0·05), with a reduction of P bound to inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) of 10% in the 1-h soaked food and of 80% in the fermented food. Degradation of IP6in the gastro-intestinal tract of the animals was lower in the fermented food than in the other treatments. The content of neutral-detergent fibre in the food was reduced (P&lt;0·05) in the soaked and fermented food by 4% and 14%, respectively, compared with the dry food. In conclusion, fermentation of food can improve digestibility of OM, degrade IP6and increase ileal digestibility of phosphorus, nitrogen and amino acids.

Apparent digestibility of common feed ingredients by juvenile haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.

The digestible energy (DE) content and the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of nutrients in common feed ingredients available in Atlantic Canada for haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus, feed formulations were determined. Juvenile haddock (mean weight, 93.9±2.1 g) were held in tanks equipped with fecal collection columns and fed practical fish meal-based diets for 5 weeks. The experimental diets consisted of a reference diet and six test diets, each containing 30% test ingredient, with all diets being supplemented with chromic oxide (Cr2O3, 5 g kg−1) as the inert digestion indicator. Three marine fish by-products, herring meal (HM), shrimp meal (SM) and crab meal (CRM) and three plant protein supplements, dehulled soybean meal (SBM), canola meal (CAM) and corn gluten meal (CGM) were the test ingredients. The DE content of HM, SBM, CGM, CRM, CAM and SM were 18.3, 18.0, 17.8, 12.4, 10.9 and 8.8 MJ kg−1 respectively. Protein ADCs were 95.9%, 92.2%, 92.3%, 82.0%, 83.0% and 73.5% respectively. Organic matter ADCs were 95.9%, 89.0%, 72.6%, 68.9%, 58.9% and 54.9% respectively. Lipid ADCs were 97.9%, 83.0%, 57.4%, 62.0%, 87.2% and 55.8% respectively. Based upon its high crude protein content and nutrient ADC and DE content, properly processed dehulled SBM was found to be a good plant protein supplement to partially replace HM in haddock feeds.

Consumo médio e digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes do feno de aveia (Avena sativa L.) e ervilha (Pisum sativum L.) em ovinos submetidos a dois regimes alimentares

O experimento foi realizado com os objetivos de determinar o consumo médio diário (CMD), o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) dos nutrientes do feno de aveia e ervilha e avaliar o balanço de nitrogênio em ovinos. Foram utilizados dez ovinos machos, castrados, com peso médio de 36,64 kg, alojados em gaiolas para metabolismo, em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos (T1 = 80% de feno de aveia + 20% de ervilha e T2 = 60% de feno de aveia + 40% de ervilha) e cinco repetições por tratamento. Os tratamentos foram avaliados sob dois regimes alimentares (consumo voluntário e restrito). O CMD de matéria seca (MS) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) não diferiram entre tratamentos, e o CMD de fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e fibra bruta (FB), foram maiores para o tratamento 1. Para animais sob regime de consumo voluntário, as médias de consumo desses nutrientes foram maiores para aqueles recebendo ração com 60% de feno + 40% de ervilha. Não houve diferença significativa entre os regimes alimentares para o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matéria seca (MS), extrato não nitrogenado (ENN) e proteína bruta (PB), entretanto, o CDA da matéria orgânica (MO), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra bruta (FB) foram maiores no consumo restrito. Observou-se que houve maiores CDA da MS, ENN, MO e PB no tratamento 2 e não houve diferenças entre os tratamentos para o CDA da FDN e FB.

Digestive efficiency and gut morphology of omnivorous and herbivorous African tortoises

Most of the 42 living species of tortoise (Testudinidae) are herbivorous, feeding largely on vascular plants, with the exception of the genus Kinixys, which is omnivorous. A comparison of Kinixys spekii and Geochelone pardalis showed the following significant differences. The large intestine was shorter in K. spekii (86% of plastron length and 1.8% of body mass) than in G. pardalis (246 and 2.5%) and held a smaller proportion of the total gut contents (44 and 62%, respectively). The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of organic matter was lower in K. spekii (77%) than in G. pardalis (82%) fed kale; the ADC of holocellulose was higher and did not differ between the two species. Kinixys spekii did not readily consume grass, which is more difficult to digest than kale; the ADC of organic matter was 64% in G. pardalis. The time to first excretion (t0) was lower in K. spekii (2.2 days) than in G. pardalis (3.8 days). Other measures of retention time (t50, tmax, and [Formula: see text]) did not differ between the species, or between the two diets in G. pardalis. Analysis of published data on chelonians fed foliage shows that the ratio of large intestine to small intestine lengths is significantly related to gut retention time (r = 0.88) but not to the ADC (r = −0.28). Thus, although the short large intestine of K. spekii slightly reduces the gut retention time and digestibility of dicotyledonous leaves, the most important effect is a low ability to process grass and other coarse vegetation.

The effect of supplementation with Leucaena leucocephala and maize bran on voluntary food intake, digestibility, live weight and milk yield of Bos indicus × Bos taurus dairy cows and rumen fermentation in steers offered Pennisetum purpureum ad libitum in the semi-humid tropics

AbstractAn experiment was carried out to evaluate dairy performance and rumen fermentation from a forage-based diet supplemented with Lucaena leococephala (leucaena) and maize bran. Bos indicus (Ayrshire/Brown Swiss) х Bos taurus (Sahiwal) cattle were offered Pennisetum purpureum (napier grass) ad libitum either unsupplemented (N) or supplemented on a dry-matter (DM) basis with 1 kg (LL) or 2 kg leucaena (LH) or 2 kg leucaena together with 1 kg DM maize bran (LHM). Food intake, milk yield, diet apparent digestibility and nitrogen balance were measured using eight cows (mean live weight 384 (s.d. 41) kg in two 4х4 Latin squares. Rumen fermentation was measured using four rumen fistulated steers (mean live weight 352 (s.d. 12) kg in a 4 х 4 Latin square. Performance was recorded during the last 7 days of each 21-day experimental period. Supplementation increased food intake (6·3, 7·6, 7·9 and 8·7 kg DM per day; P &lt; 0·01; s.e.d. 0·24) and milk yield (5·1, 5·4, 5·5 and 6·5 kg/day; P &lt; 0·01; s.e.d. 0·28) for N, LL, LH and LHM respectively. Supplemented diets tended to be more digestible compared with napier grass as the sole food (organic matter apparent digestibility coefficients 0·54, 0·55, 0·57 and 0·57; s.e.d. 0·020; N, LL, LH and LHM, respectively) and N balance increased progressively with supplementation.Supplementation progressively increased rumen ammonia-nitrogen concentrations in steers and the rate of rumen degradation of napier grass increased when leucaena (diets LL and LH) was offered. The results suggest that supplementation of napier grass with leucaena increased DM intake owing to increased ammonia concentrations and rates of napier degradation in the rumen. Supplementation of the forage diet with 1 kg DM maize bran did not significantly reduce the rumen degradation of napier grass and increased the molar proportions of propionate which may have increased the efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy and therefore milk production.