Organic Kitchen Waste Research Articles

Invertebrate composting quality of the invasive alga Rugulopteryx okamurae, prospects for its bio-recycling, management and circular economy.

In recent decades, the invasive seaweed Rugulopteryx okamurae has had a huge environmental impact on marine biodiversity, fisheries, GHG emissions and public health along much of the Iberian Peninsula and islands coastline. Due to the enormous amount of algae biomass that is expelled to the beaches where it slowly rots, some circular economy business initiatives, such as composting, are emerging. In the present study, we compared the quality of compost obtained from earthworms (Dendrobaena veneta), cockroaches (Eublaberus sp.), mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) and black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens). Batches fed with 100% organic kitchen waste (control group) were compared with batches fed with 50% algae and 50% kitchen waste (treatment group). Our results show that the most sensitive species (D. veneta and T. molitor) to R. okamurae toxins compost adequately. The C/N ratio, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total organic matter (TOM), C, K, K2O, Mg, MgO, N, P, P2O5, B, Cu, Ni and Zn of the compost obtained were determined. A high quality compost was obtained in which only the EC values are slightly elevated. Particularly good was the compost obtained with H. illucens and Eublaberus sp. This quality is in agreement with previous research on the mass balance of composting. Therefore, both species offer, in the field of circular economy, encouraging prospects for the development of composting enterprises.

Innovative high-performance and energy-positive Co-treatment of organic kitchen waste and domestic wastewater using a fluidized bed ceramic membrane bioreactor

The aim of the study was to efficiently treat organic kitchen waste (FW) and domestic wastewater (DWW) together in an anaerobic fluidized bed bioreactor equipped with a ceramic membrane (AnFCMBR) through a sustainable approach considering energy recovery. The system operated continuously for 519 days at room temperature, and different filtration fluxes (1.7 and 5 L/m2/h), hydraulic retention times (HRTs) (22 h and 7 h), and organic loading rate (OLRs) (0.46, 1.52, 3.42, 6.08 kg/m3.d) were tested. The amount of organic matter in DWW may be insufficient for feasible gas production, but this challenge can be resolved through the addition of food waste. Influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 500 ± 143 mg/L gradually increased to 2000 ± 196 mg/L by increasing the portion of FW. The COD removal ranged from 92 to 98% throughout the study, with the membrane and the cake layer contributing 5–8% to the performance. Average supernatant SMP and EPS concentrations increased from 5 ± 1 to 45 ± 5 mg COD/L and from 54 ± 7 to 254 ± 26 mg COD/g VSS, respectively, when the highest amount of FW was added to the synthetic wastewater. This significant increase in SMP and EPS concentrations due to the addition of FW negatively impacted the filtration performance. SRF and CST values also increased with rising OLR, especially with the supplementation of synthetic wastewater with FW.After FW started to be mixed with DWW, the methane production increased approximately 5.5 times. With the use of AnFCMBR for the co-treatment of FW and DWW, it is possible to achieve energy-positive treatment with high-quality effluent that can be reused for various applications, such as irrigation. The methane produced provided 12 times more energy than was needed to operate the bioreactor.This is the first study evaluating the co-treatment of FW and DWW in AnFCMBR under varying operational parameters.

Making A Multi Purpose Liquid (Eco-Enzyme) as An Alternative for Prosesing Household Organic Waste and Reviewing Its Benefits

<p><em>This activity was conducted to increase public awareness and knowledge in managing household organic waste into eco-enzymes. Eco-enzyme is a natural liquid from the fermentation process of organic kitchen waste such as fruit and vegetable peels, granulated sugar (white sugar, brown sugar, or cane sugar), and water. The training activity was held at the home of the head of Gentan Hamlet, Doplang Village, Bawen Subdistrict, Semarang Regency on Wednesday, October 25, 2023, with the training participants being women members of Dasawisma (Dawis). The activity was carried out using socialization and demonstration methods to facilitate participants' understanding of the material and the process of making eco-enzymes. Based on the evaluation results, the participants were very enthusiastic about learning new knowledge they did not know before. Participants learned about the technology of making eco-enzymes from household waste. In addition to creating a clean environment, the resulting eco-enzyme also provides various benefits for life.</em></p>

The potential of ecoenzymes on vegetative and generative growth in curly chili plants (Capsicum annuum)

Background: Red hot chili (Capsicum annum) is one of the important commodities for the community. The use of inorganic fertilizers in chili cultivation in the long run can disturb the soil balance. Therefore, it is necessary to make efforts to maintain and improve soil aggregation, so that soil particles more easily bind organic matter. One important effort is to apply organic fertilizer to the soil. One alternative liquid organic fertilizer that can be used is Ecoenzyme (EE). EE is the result of fermentation of organic kitchen waste such as leftover fruit and vegetable peels, molasses and water. This study was conducted to obtain the optimal concentration of EE on the growth and chlorophyll levels in Capsicum annum plants. Methods: There were 6 treatments in this study, namely E0 (no treatment as negative control), E1 (goat manure with soil: husk: fertilizer ratio of 1:2:1 as positive control), and different concentrations of EE, namely, E2 (EE 1ml/1 liter of water), E3 (EE 5ml/1 liter of water), E4 (EE 10ml/1 liter of water) and E5 (EE 15ml/1 liter of water). Findings: The results of significance data analysis with Duncan at the 5% level showed that treatment E1 was significantly different from the other treatments and treatment E4 showed different results but not significant with other EE treatments based on vegetative and generative growth parameters. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that the optimal concentration of EE to increase growth and chlorophyll levels in curly chili plants at a dose of EE 10ml/1 liter of water. Novelty/Originality of this Study: The novelty of this investigation lies in its examination of the effects of ecoenzyme, an organic liquid fertilizer derived from fermented kitchen waste, on the growth and chlorophyll content of curly chili (Capsicum annuum) plants. This research is unique as it applies ecoenzyme to a horticultural crop that has not been extensively studied in this context, offering insights into sustainable agriculture practices and nutrient recycling.

Eco Enzyme Sebagai Alternatif Pengolahan Limbah Lahan Pertanian dan Rumah Tangga Menjadi Pupuk Organik Bagi Petani di Desa Nian

Problems related to waste have become a hot issue in the community and have received serious attention from policymakers. One practical way to overcome this problem is to manufacture eco-enzyme products whose raw materials use organic waste. Eco enzyme is a fermented process from organic kitchen waste such as fruit and vegetable pulp, sugar, and water until it becomes the final product in liquid fertilizer. This service aims to describe community social activities to overcome waste problems using the eco enzyme concept. The activities carried out were providing counseling related to how to manage household organic waste into eco-enzyme products, introducing and training the use of composter technology to process household organic waste into eco-enzyme products, and motivating and encouraging people to manage household waste into products of economic value. This study uses several methods such as presentation, discussion, question and answer, training, and evaluation handled by lecturers of the Faculty of Agriculture, Timor University. The study results show that people can apply eco enzyme technology, know how to use it, and produce economic value from organic waste.

HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF DOGS SKIN WITH ATOPIC DERMATITIS AFTER TREATMENT USING ECO ENZYME

Atopic dermatitis is one of the most common diseases in dogs that is multifactorial and usually attacks dogs aged between 6-36 months. This study was aimed to determine the histopathological appearance of the skin of dogs suffering from atopic dermatitis after treated with eco enzyme. Eco enzyme is a liquid product resulting from the fermentation of organic kitchen waste product such as fruit and vegetable dregs, molasses, and water. This study used five dogs suffering from atopic dermatitis which were divided into two groups. Group A: three dogs samples were bathed with 10% eco enzyme liquid every three days for 28 days. In Group B: two samples of dogs were bathed with 10% eco enzyme every three days until the 9th day, followed by a 2% eco enzyme bath once a week (13th, 20th, 27th day). Both treatment groups started from day 0 until day 28. Skin samples were taken using the biopsy method and histopathological changes were observed by making histopathological skin preparations stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin. Observations of the preparations were carried out using a light microscope. Data were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance test followed by the Duncan multiple range test and the Kruskall Wallis test followed by the Mann-Whitney test, then the data was explained descriptively. The results of the Anova test showed that the thickness of the dogs epidermis treated with 2% and 10% eco enzyme was significantly different (P<0.05). The Kruskall Wallis test for scoring inflammatory cell infiltration and degeneration showed that there was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the administration of 2% and 10% eco enzyme. Eco enzyme liquid is able to reduce atopic dermatitis lesions in dogs. Giving eco enzyme at a concentration of 10% and followed by a concentration of 2% with an extended application time can return the histological structure of the dog’s skin to normal, especially the thickness of the epidermis, reduce inflammatory cell infiltration, and reduce degeneration.

TOTAL BAKTERI DAN KOLIFORM PADA MEDIA PERTUMBUHAN MAGGOT Black Soldier Fly KOMBINASI FESES SAPI PERAH, ENDAPAN SUSU DAN SAMPAH ORGANIK DAPUR

Livestock industry waste and kitchen waste contain high levels of organic matter and are dangerous if not managed properly. To overcome this problem, bioconversion can be carried out using BSF maggot. This research aims to determine whether the growth media after being degraded by BSF maggots still contains bacteria and coliform that meet the requirements for solid organic fertilizer Kepmentan No. 261 Tahun 2019. The research was carried out experimentally with 4 treatments and 5 repetitions. Treatment consists of P0 = 100% organic kitchen waste, P1 = 50% dairy cow feces and 50% organic kitchen waste, P2 = 50% milk sludge and 50% organic kitchen waste, P3 = 33,33% dairy cow feces, milk sludge 33,33% and kitchen organic waste 33,33%. The data was analyzed using a paired t-test. The results for total bacteria and coliform before and after degradation of BSF maggot experienced a significant decrease (P<0,05) and fulfilled the requirements for Escherichia coli in the coliform group with a total of <102 MPN/g in the BSF maggot growth media.

Effect of combination of beef cattle feces, dairy waste water solid, and organic kitchen waste as maggot growth media (Black soldier flies) on maggot population weight and density

The livestock industry is closely associated with waste. On-farm waste such as beef cattle feces and off-farm waste in the form of dairy waste water solids can have detrimental effects on the environment if left untreated. The high nutrient content of livestock industry waste can be effectively utilized to prevent environmental pollution. However, the large amount of organic waste poses a significant challenge due to population density and the lack of land for waste storage or processing, which are unresolved issues. This waste can be processed through bioconversion, with the use of Black Soldier Flies (BSF) larvae representing a new method of organic waste treatment. This research was conducted at the Beef Cattle Teaching Farm and the Laboratory of Microbiology and Animal Husbandry Waste Handling, Faculty of Animal Science, Padjadjaran University. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of combining beef cattle feces, dairy waste water solids, and kitchen organic waste on the weight and density of maggot populations. The experimental method employed four treatments with five replications each: 100% kitchen organic waste (P0), 50% kitchen organic waste and 50% beef cattle feces (P1), 50% kitchen organic waste and 50% dairy waste water solids (P2), and 33.4% kitchen organic waste, 33.4% beef cattle feces, and 33.4% dairy waste water. The conclusion drawn from this study is that the combination of kitchen organic waste and beef cattle feces contributes to an increase in maggot population density.

Pelatihan Pembuatan Ekoenzim dari Limbah Organik Rumah Tangga di Gampong Kopelma Darussalam, Banda Aceh

Ecoenzyme is the result of fermentation of organic kitchen waste such as fruit and vegetable pulp, sugar and water. Ecoenzyme acts as various purposes such as pesticide and disinfectant. Therefore, we conducted community service activities aimed at providing a training in making ecoenzymes from household organic waste. Ecoenzyme-making training was given to the Family Welfare Development Group (PKK) in Gampong Kopelma Darussalam, Banda Aceh. The participants were lectured about ecoenzyme and its benefits and followed by discussion. It was then followed by a practical session on ecoenzymen-making activity. From this activity, the PKK group in Gampong Kopelma Darussalam, Banda Aceh, gained knowledge about a method to manage household organic waste become useful products. Furthermore, these skills can also be a source of additional income for local residents. During the training, the service team brought ready-made ecoenzymes and plants so they could provide examples of how to apply ecoenzymes to plants. The ecoenzyme and plants were given as souvenirs to the training participants.

PENGEMBANGAN PENGETAHUAN MASYARAKAT DESA PUNAGA KABUPATEN TAKALAR DALAM PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH ORGANIK DAPUR MELALUI KEGIATAN PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN ECO ENZYME

Punaga Village, Laikang District, Takalar Regency, is a village where the majority of residents are farmers and planters. Organic kitchen waste is a serious problem faced by many local communities, besides producing unpleasant odors, it can also disturb the beauty of the environment. This problem continues to exist due to the local community's lack of knowledge or skills in managing organic kitchen waste. So a service activity was carried out, namely training in making Eco enzyme. This training aims to increase public knowledge about the management of kitchen organic waste. Eco enzyme solution is the result of fermentation of leftover fruit and vegetables mixed with water and brown sugar. The method used in service consists of several stages including: (1) Observation and Interview, (2) Preparation Stage, (3) Implementation Stage. This activity is carried out by providing training and assistance directly to the community. This training was attended by 28 participants from several groups, including the village government, youth organizations, and the Punaga village community. In this training, participants were taught how to make Eco enzyme, starting from the ingredient preparation stage, making the mixture to the fermentation stage. The training participants were very enthusiastic about taking part in the training, the participants thought that this training was useful for them, because it could increase people's insight into managing waste. The result of this service is an increase in the community's potential in making Eco enzymes. Among the 28 participants who attended, there were 22 people who were categorized as being able to understand the material provided well. The next implication of this activity is that it can be used as a profit activity by selling products that have been made, so that this activity is sustainable.

The Effects on Climate Change Due to Kitchen Waste Composting and Emissions of Carbon Dioxide

The emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere due to anthropogenic activities, including the disposal of large quantities of organic kitchen waste into the environment. There is currently no evidence suggesting the likelihood of a future reversal or pause in emissions. The process of carbon sequestration serves to mitigate the emission of greenhouse gases from kitchen organic waste through the creation of compost. Composting is proposed as a potentially effective and cost-efficient solution to address the issue production of kitchen organic waste, which is contributing to environmental pollution. The escalation in complete carbon dioxide and microbial biomass carbon emissions can be attributed to a concurrent reduction in the levels of dissolved organic carbon as the treatments experienced a noteworthy decrease in dissolved organic carbon concentrations. The application of banana and potato compost has been found to have a positive impact on the macro aggregates of soil, leading to an increase in soil stability due to the compost's ability to stabilize soil particles. The study indicate that composting represents the most effective approach for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions originating from kitchen organic waste, while also enhancing the biological and physicochemical characteristics of soil.

Application of biochar to anaerobic digestion versus digestate: Effects on N emissions and C stability

Research attention is growing for biochar as amendment for anaerobic digestion (AD), as it may improve both the AD process and digestate properties. In this study, two biochars (from insect frass or the woody fraction of green waste, both pyrolyzed at 450 °C) were added (5 % w/w) during semi-continuous AD of organic kitchen waste and chicken manure. Biochar was mixed either during the AD process or to the digestate post-treatment. The impact of biochar addition on the AD process, NH3 and greenhouse gas emissions, as well as C and N mineralization following soil application, was examined. Biochar did not affect the biogas yield, but did lead to a reduction in NH3 levels in the biogas and NH4+-N sorption onto the biochars, reducing the risk of AD inhibition. N sorbed as NH4+-N onto the biochar was more available for mineralization than N sorbed as NH3. N sorption on biochar-amended digestates did not result in trade-offs when these digestates were applied to soil: the sorbed N was not released as NH3 or N2O after soil application and was not released as mineral N in either the short or medium term. The C-rich biochars increased the OC content of the digestate, which enhanced its value as soil improver. Additionally, mixing biochar with digestate decreased the soil CO2 emissions up to 33 % when it was added after AD; no priming effects were observed. These findings highlight the potential benefits of incorporating biochar into AD systems and the subsequent application of biochar-amended digestate in agricultural practices.

Enhancing kitchen waste minimization and energy generation at 20 °C: a psychrophilic anaerobic co‐digestion study

AbstractBackgroundIn developing countries, anaerobic digestion still represents an emerging technology for solid waste management, despite the great energy potential of methane in biogas for heating purposes, especially in low‐temperature regions. This research evaluated the effect of hydraulic retention time (40–120 days) on the anaerobic co‐digestion of 35% w/w waste activated sludge and 65% w/w organic kitchen waste at a low temperature (20 °C). The anaerobic co‐digestion was conducted in five 11‐L semicontinuous anaerobic digesters. Additionally, the expected energy production from organic kitchen waste was calculated.ResultsThe specific methane yield (SMY) ranged from 0.20 to 0.27 LCH4 g‐VSadd−1, comparable to the SMY reported for meso‐ and thermophilic anaerobic digestion. Moreover, the expected energy production was 1.06 MJ day−1 of equivalent liquefied petroleum gas, which could satisfy ≤6.6% of the daily water heating requirements of an average Mexican household. The hydraulic retention time in the range of 60–120 days did not seem to significantly affect the performance of the digesters.ConclusionsThese digesters could easily be installed in low temperature regions for domestic use. The waste activated sludge substrate can be replaced with other nitrogen‐rich substances for indoor use. The data shown in this research set the basis for further investigations and domestic applications. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Pengolahan Sampah Rumah Tangga Menjadi Eco Enzim Yang Dapat Dimanfaatkan Masyarakat Desa Arul Putih

Garbage is one of the problems faced by many cities around the world. Indonesia is one of the largest developing countries contributing to waste in the world. Indonesia is the second largest contributor of waste with a volume of 187.2 million tons / year, with China in first position with 262.9 million tons / year. In 2003, a doctor from Thailand named Dr. Rosukon Poompanvong received an award from FAO for the discovery of eco enzymes. This program is an enabler in the community of Alur Putih village in order to be able to utilize unused organic kitchen waste to be beneficial for the environment. This activity will be carried out on Thursday, October 19, 2023. Before starting the activity, the group KKNT went through several stages discussions about activity partners, learning material about eco enzyme in the Alur Putih village community, then after that we could empower the targets that had been set through through the results of group discussions.

Training on Making Compost Fertilizer from Organic Kitchen Waste in Liang Banir Village, Siak Kecil District, Bengkalis Regency

Compost training activities are carried out in the context of the Real Work Lecture (KUKERTA) work program for building villages or community service. This activity is in partnership with the Village and the Liang Banir Village PKK Group. In this case, we are highlighting a superior disaster mitigation program in nature conservation efforts, namely preventing environmental pollution with the aim of reducing piles of rubbish, reducing the use of chemical fertilizers for yard and horticultural plants, as well as reforesting yard and horticultural plants around the house. The target of this activity is that every household can improve the cleanliness and health of the environment and increase greening using homemade fertilizer. The results of the activity showed that participants acknowledged that this training could increase participants' understanding, improve participants' skills in utilizing organic kitchen waste as compost, and motivate participants in efforts to prevent pollution of the surrounding environment. It is hoped that the output of this activity will be applied by every household at home and in the surrounding environment.

Microbial Consortia Preparation for Amylase, Protease, Gelatinase and Lipase Production from Isolates Obtained from Organic Kitchen Waste

Households, restaurants, canteens, and hotel wastes constitute kitchen waste. Every day our growing cities generate more and more waste, which is overloading our municipal systems. The main aim of the present work was to prepare a microbial consortium that can effectively and rapidly bring about the degradation of kitchen wastes that can be used in agricultural soils. More than 100 different bacterial isolates were obtained from various kitchen waste dumping areas. The bacterial isolates were studied to produce enzymes like amylase, gelatinase, lipase, and protease on respective media plates. The best 20 isolates were subjected to enzyme quantification. The isolates showing maximum production for all four enzymes were selected for consortia preparation. The consortia of isolates were prepared by permutation combinations. Amongst all consortia prepared consortium No. 7 showed maximum enzymatic potential. The bacterial isolates in the best consortium (No. 7) were further characterized and identified as KW104 Serratia marcescens, KW37 Micrococcus luteus, KW128 Brevindimonas mediterranea, KW91 Bacillus tequilensis, and KW97 Exiguobacterium mexicanum. This consortium showed rapid degradation of waste as compared to others in 15 days duration of time showing good potential for compost formation when applied to plant growth.

PRODUKSI DAN KARAKTERISASI ECO-ENZIM DARI LIMBAH ORGANIK DAPUR

Garbage is the main problem causing environmental problems which are dominated by organic waste. Management of organic waste must be carried out extensively, one of which is by making eco-enzymes. This study aimed to determine the production of eco-enzymes from kitchen organic waste and the characterization of eco-enzymes based on them. This type of research is an experiment with a qualitative approach. The sample used is a mixture of kitchen organic waste, namely the production and characterization of eco-enzymes which include pH, COD, BOD, TSS, and TDS. The research results obtained data on eco-enzyme production by mixing 3 components in a ratio of 1 : 3: 10 (1 part sugar, 3 parts organic kitchen waste. 10 parts water), then put into a closed container and stored in a cool, dry place, circulation air is good, and dark for 3 months. Eco-enzyme characterization showed a pH of 2.59, a TDS of 2840mg/L, a TSS of 4.46mg/L, a BOD of 60 mg/L, and a COD of 13100mg/L. Kata kunci: Produksi, Karakterisasi, Eco-enzim

Penerapan Biopori pada Halaman Rumah Warga RT.01 RW.04 Desa Kuwaron Kecamatan Gubug Kabupaten Grobogan Jawa Tengah

<p align="justify"><em>The people of Kuwaron Village, especially residents of RT.01 RW.04, have recently had problems of environmental damage, namely floods during the rainy season and drought during the dry season. The impact is the reduction of water catchment areas around the houses of residents of Kuwaron Village RT.01 RW.04. The purpose of this activity is to provide insight and skills regarding applying appropriate techniques for porous infiltration holes. In the hope of increasing groundwater reserves, reducing inundation, and accelerating water infiltration in residents' yards. The bio-pore-making training involved several residents of Kuwaron Village. Bio pores are made with a diameter of 10 cm and a depth of 100 cm. Then, the hole filled with organic kitchen waste. That is expected to reduce organic kitchen waste from each house because porous infiltration holes containing garbage invite various soil fauna and form pores to increase groundwater infiltration. The results of the evaluation of bio pores installation for four weeks showed that the rain puddles in the residents' yards receded faster.</em></p>

Isolation, screening and characterization of gelatinase and protease producing microorganisms from organic kitchen waste

The present study was aimed at isolation, screening and identification of gelatinase and protease producing bacteria from the kitchen waste. The study was also focused on the potential of isolates to produce enzyme protease and gelatinase. The total of 157 bacterial isolates were obtained from the organic kitchen waste collected from various nearby sources. The primary screening was done to screen the potential of these isolates for their enzymatic potentials on selective media. The 57 promising bacterial isolates were found to have enzymatic potentials for both gelatinase and protease. The screened isolates were subjected to secondary screening, amongst which five isolates showed maximum production of both gelatinase and protease. These five isolates viz. KW91, KW104, KW121, KW128, KW98 were the most promising isolates showing high degree of milk and gelatin hydrolysis which may be potent in faster degradation of domestic kitchen waste.

Modeling composition of properties of biogas produced from the Co-digestion of cow-dung and organic kitchen waste

Public concerns about climate change, air pollution, water quality and rising energy consumption have place pressure on producers and industry to reduce emissions and promote pollution-free sources of energy. One of the most generally available sources of renewable energy is biogas; hence, this study on kinetic modeling of the biogas composition was carried out at ambient condition for a period of 30 days to supplement energy requirements in farms and houses. The substrates, cow dung and organic kitchen waste were co-digested at different ratios for biogas production at laboratory scale. The digesters substrate had 3300g of feed each with varying ratios of 70:30 (Sample A), 50:50 (Sample B), 40:60 (Sample C), and 30:70 (Sample D) of cow dung to organic kitchen waste respectively. A biogas analyzer was used for the measurement of gas composition, biodigester operating parameter were measured using a multi-meter, while gas volume was obtained using calibrated floating drum. The model showed polynomial correlation as best fit using the R2 method.