Organic Fraction Of MSW Research Articles

Upgrading of the aqueous product stream from hydrothermal liquefaction: Simultaneous removal of minerals and phenolic components using waste-derived hydrochar

We investigated the co-adsorption of AAEM and phenolic components onto hydrochar prepared from the organic fraction of MSW. HCl washing of the char removed more AAEM (up to 1 g L−1) than phenols from the hydrochar and improved the oxygen content from 21.31% to 24.9%. A relationship between the number and type of functional groups of phenolic components determined the order of adsorption: guaiacol > phenol > vanillyl alcohol > resorcinol. For AAEM the order of adsorption was Ca2+ (103 mg g−1) > K+ (95.7 mg g−1) > Na+ (8.7 mg g−1) > Mg2+ (3.4 mg g−1). Removal efficiency increased with an increase in initial adsorbate concentration with values of 94, 94, 91 and 91% (base on original mass present) obtained for Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, and Na+, respectively. Hydrochar could remove 100% of guaiacol, phenol and resorcinol present and 61% of vanillyl alcohol in the presence of AAEMs. The Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm best fitted the multilayer adsorption of phenolic components with a calculated qmax of 68.7 mg g−1 and 50.3 mg g−1 for vanillyl alcohol and resorcinol respectively. Henry's law best described the adsorption of AAEMs. A mass transfer analysis showed that film diffusion controls the adsorption process at low adsorbate concentrations (Bi < 100). At higher initial sorbate concentration, the rate of transport was controlled by intra-particle diffusion.AAEM components were exchanged for phenolic components to form stronger hydrogen bonds, resulting in initial preferential adsorption of phenolics with AAEM only adsorbing at higher initial concentrations.

An industrial ecology approach to municipal solid waste management: II. Case studies for recovering energy from the organic fraction of MSW

The organic fraction of municipal solid waste provides abundant opportunities for industrial ecology-based symbiotic use. Energy production, economics, and environmental aspects are analyzed for four alternatives based on different technologies: incineration with energy recovery, gasification, anaerobic digestion, and fermentation. In these cases electricity and ethanol are the products considered, but other products and attempts at symbiosis can be made. The four technologies are in various states of commercial development. To highlight their relative complexities some adjustable parameters which are important for the operability of each process are discussed. While these technologies need to be considered for specific locations and circumstances, generalized economic and environmental information suggests relative comparisons for newly conceptualized processes. The results of industrial ecology-based analysis suggest that anaerobic digestion may improve seven emission categories, while fermentation, gasification, and incineration successively improve fewer emissions. A conceptual level analysis indicates that gasification, anaerobic digestion, and fermentation alternatives lead to positive economic results. In each case the alternatives and their assumptions need further analysis for any particular community.

One dimensional steady-state circulating fluidized-bed reactor model for biomass fast pyrolysis

A one dimensional (1-D) steady-state biomass fast pyrolysis reactor model is developed for integration with a biomass pyrolysis plant system model. A state-of-the-art biomass pyrolysis kinetic mechanism is combined with the 1-D Eulerian fluid dynamics and heat transfer description. Simulations are performed for a small scale reactor (0.023kg/s) with four different biomass feedstocks (pine, wheat straw, olive husks, organic fraction of MSW). Results show that biomass particles are heated to pyrolysis temperature of 786K in 0.3s and 99% biomass conversion is reached in 0.9s from entering the reactor. Comparison of pyrolysis products yields against available literature data shows that the employed reaction mechanism generally gives good predictions. However, water yield is under predicted. Fluid dynamics and heat transfer results are compared with averaged results from a 2-D, transient reactor model developed in Multiphase Flow with Interphase eXchanges (MFIX). Comparison of the 1-D and the 2-D model results shows flow patterns and reasonably similar values of flow parameters, with the average relative error between the gas velocities of 10%. The solids velocity predictions from the 1-D model carry a larger error since particle clustering is neglected in the plug flow approximation. The 1-D model is still considered attractive because of a reasonable agreement with the averaged experimental results.

Co-composting of meat packing wastewater sludge and organic fraction of municipal solid waste

&lt;p&gt;The use of organic manures as amendments to improve soil organic matter level and long term soil fertility and productivity is gaining importance. The disposal of the great quantity of organic wastes produced by the municipal, agricultural and agroindustrial activities, is causing energetic, economic and environmental problems. Sludge composting and using them in agriculture should be a priority for their disposal. Sludge should be treated not as a waste but as a valuable non-farm sources of organic matter to soil. The composting process is a useful method of producing a stabilized material that can be used as a source of nutrients and soil conditioner in fields. The objective of this study was estimation of optimal dose of sewage sludge in composting mixture to obtain of mature and stable compost. The mixture was prepared from sewage sludge (10-40%), organic fraction of MSW(30%), grass (20-50%), sawdust as a bulking agents. Maximum temperature in the bioreactor reached 68.9&amp;deg;C between 1st and 3rd day of composting, and the mean temperature during this period fluctuated from 36 to 46&amp;deg;C. Later, the temperature gradually decreased and after 30 days of composting it approached ambient air temperature which means the end of process. There was significant impact of the high temperature on the rate of the process and of the extent of the hygienisation. The results show that all initial samples are infected with helminth eggs but there is a large variation in the degree of infection for the different sludge samples (102 to 256 eggs kg-1 d.m.). The inactivation of the helminth eggs in the compost can be accomplished, if the temperature inside of the reactor is sufficient as in the case M III and M IV. The final compost M III and M IV was well sanitized as a result of the high temperature achieved due to higher grass addition in those mixtures. Composts M I and M II can not be used in agriculture because of bad microbiological characteristic, however MII can be used for recultivation after hygienisation. The composted material assumed the appearance and structure similar to the so-called horticultural soil. As an exothermic process, composting caused very high loss of water in composted material. All the composts were granular, dark grey in color without foul odor and attained an ambient temperature after 30 days of composting, indicating the stable nature of composts. Additional researches are required in order to optimize the better organic and nitrogen compounds degradation during co-composting process.&lt;/p&gt;

Evaluation of Phytotoxicity for Compost from Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste and Paper &amp; Pulp Mill Sludge

The compost obtained from composting organic fraction of Municipal solid waste, Paper &amp; Pulp mill sludge and saw dust using different initial mix ratios (1:3, 1:6, 1:9) was used to evaluate phytotoxicity of green gram (Vigna radiata) using a seed germination method. The tests were repeated for the compost obtained from organic fraction of MSW and saw dust without the addition of sludge. The control germination test was carried out using deionised water. The results showed that composting generally reduced the phytotoxicity of the mixtures. A germination index was the highest in the mix ratio of 1:9 in the compost obtained from the addition of paper &amp; pulp mill sludge and a germination index was the highest in the mix ratio of 1:6 in the compost obtained without the addition of sludge. The germination percentage, germination index and vigour index values were relatively higher in the compost obtained with the addition of paper &amp; pulp mill sludge. The vigour index was found to be maximal in the mix ratio of 1:3 from the compost obtained with the addition of sludge.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.59.1.922

05/02146 Bioenergy conversion studies of organic fraction of MSW: kinetic studies and gas yield-organic loading relationships for process optimisation

05/02146 Bioenergy conversion studies of organic fraction of MSW: kinetic studies and gas yield-organic loading relationships for process optimisation

Modification of Soil Water Retention and Biological Properties by Municipal Solid Waste Compost

A compost originating from the organic fraction of MSW, separately collected, was added to a loamy soil at different application rates. Modifications of soil physical and biological properties were studied after compost addition. Water retention properties, after compost addition to soil, were monitored. Organic carbon mineralization was followed during a six-month incubation. Enzyme activities were assayed immediately after compost addition, as well as after incubation of soil-compost mixtures. These properties provided information about the modification of overall microbiological activity and specific nutrient cycles in the amended soil. Water retention, carbon mineralization and most enzyme activities after incubation were increased by compost incorporation. The additivity or nonadditivity of compost effects on soil properties was discussed.