Ordinary Texts Research Articles

Perception Of The Use Of Literary Texts In Learning Arabic Syntax: Study At Kolej Universiti Islam Perlis (KUIPs)/ تصورات استخدام النصوص الأدبية في دراسة النحو العربي: جامعة برليس الإسلامية أنموذجا

This study aims to identify the perceptions of Arabic language students and teachers about using literary texts in the study of Arabic Syntax. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher relied on the analytical approach with the qualitative approach, which collected data using semi-structured interviews with eight students specializing in Arabic and four Arabic language teachers at Perlis Islamic University College (KUIPs) Malaysia. The audio data is transferred to the written text and encoded manually. One of the most important findings of the research is that the students agreed that the employment of literary texts in the study of Arabic grammar helps them practice the language daily through the methods used and master the Arabic grammar by parsing words correctly, and this differs from using ordinary texts because they did not feel enthusiastic and fun while studying Arabic Syntax. Teachers also agreed that employing literary texts in the process of teaching Arabic Syntax helps students to know the correct style of Arabic, as most of the literary language is an eloquent language, and that employing literary texts with examples selected from prose texts and poetic texts, all of which are familiar and usual for students specializing in Arabic language and literature. Based on this, teachers should pay attention to choosing appropriate literary materials, such as short stories, when teaching Arabic Syntax to ensure that students understand the rules better and practice them on the ground.

Less to produce and less to consume: the advantage of pure question-based learning

ABSTRACT This study is the first to investigate how an online course consisting solely of multiple-choice questions and detailed formative feedback compares to an online course format that was previously shown to be highly effective. Specifically, a pure question-based learning (pQBL) version of a course was compared to a question-based learning course (QBL) which consisted of the same questions and feedback as the pQBL course, but also included ordinary texts about the subject. To explore how pQBL and QBL compared in terms of learning outcomes and completion time, 492 employees at the Swedish Employment Agency were randomized to either a pQBL or a QBL version of a course about IT security. The results indicate that the pQBL course resulted in equally good or better learning outcomes compared to the QBL course. This result was robust to changes in how course quality was defined. In addition, participants completed the pQBL course slightly faster. Because a pQBL course requires less resources to produce, there are benefits to relying on the pQBL method when teachers or students have limited time. Further benefits that come with the flexibility of the pQBL method are discussed.

Research of news text classification method based on hierarchical semantics and prior correction

News text is an important branch of natural language processing. Compared to ordinary texts, news text has significant economic and scientific value. The characteristics of news text include structural hierarchy, diverse label categories, and limited high-quality annotation samples. Many machine learning and deep learning methods exist to analyze various forms of news text. However, due to label imbalance, hierarchical semantics, and confusing labels, current methods have limitations. Therefore, this paper proposes a news text classification framework based on hierarchical semantics and prior correction (HSPC). Firstly, data augmentation is used to enhance the diversity of the training set and adversarial learning is employed to improve the resistance of the model with its robustness. Then, a hierarchical feature extraction approach is employed to extract semantic features from different levels of news texts. Consequentially, a feature fusion method is designed to allow the model to focus on relevant hierarchical semantics for label classification. Finally, highly confusing label predictions are corrected to optimize the label prediction of the model and improve confidence. Multiple experiments are performed on four widely used public datasets. The experimental results indicate that HSPC achieves higher classification accuracy compared to other models. On the FCT, AGNews, THUCNews, and Ohsumed datasets, HSPC improves the accuracy by 1.03%, 1.38%, 2.55%, and 1.15%, respectively, compared to state-of-the-art methods. This validates the rationality and effectiveness of the designed mechanisms.

Metamodern Spell Casting

Metamodern Spell Casting

On the Language of the Preamble to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and its Functions

The object and purpose of this paper is to reflect on the linguistic form of the preamble to the current Constitution of the Republic of Poland. Like all preambles, it has a specific form that is clearly different from ordinary texts formulated in the language of the law, and as a result, its normative character is sometimes questioned in the doctrine. The text of the preamble performs a number of functions: descriptive, expressive, impressionistic, as well as performative (causal), and poetic, and can be analyzed through the lens of each of them. Thus, the analysis of the preamble differs from that of a typical utterance formulated in the language of the law.

A Multimodal Retrieval and Ranking Method for Scientific Documents Based on HFS and XLNet

Aiming at the defects of traditional full-text retrieval models in dealing with mathematical expressions, which are special objects different from ordinary texts, a multimodal retrieval and ranking method for scientific documents based on hesitant fuzzy sets (HFS) and XLNet is proposed. This method integrates multimodal information, such as mathematical expression images and context text, as keywords to realize the retrieval of scientific documents. In the image modal, the images of mathematical expressions are recognized, and the hesitancy fuzzy set theory is introduced to calculate the hesitancy fuzzy similarity between mathematical query expressions and the mathematical expressions in candidate scientific documents. Meanwhile, in the text mode, XLNet is used to generate word vectors of the mathematical expression context to obtain the similarity between the query text and the mathematical expression context of the candidate scientific documents. Finally, the multimodal evaluation is integrated, and the hesitation fuzzy set is constructed at the document level to obtain the final scores of the scientific documents and corresponding ranked output. The experimental results show that the recall and precision of this method are 0.774 and 0.663 on the NTCIR dataset, respectively, and the average normalized discounted cumulative gain (NDCG) value of the top-10 ranking results is 0.880 on the Chinese scientific document (CSD) dataset.

How Deeply are Emotions Encoded in Language Communication and is This Detectable in Text

The study aims at exploring the relatedness between the emotional valence (positive-negative emotion) conveyed by conventional texts and their phonemic content. In the proposed approach, the content of a text is considered as composed of layers, assuming that the sub-lexical phonological elements involved contribute to the transmission of an emotional tone. The sub-lexical layer investigated here is composed of “biphones” - pairings of a vowel and a consonant in either order. A previous analysis of metadata derived from a corpus of sentences evaluated for emotion found that the frequencies of the biphones are strongly correlated with emotional valence. The same method of representing the sub-lexical layer was applied to real-world texts. The validity of the relationships derived from the corpus was tested on arbitrarily downloaded texts on diverse topics published by several news agencies. The statistical analysis shows that the derived relationship between emotional valence and the sub-lexical content of biphones is present in structured real-world, ordinary texts. In conclusion: language communication incorporates phonemic patterns that indicate emotional valence. The overall body of a text carries sub-lexical information about its emotional tone. This approach and result are useful for the fields of sentiment analysis and text emotion recognition. The overall result raises the hypothesis that the cognitive mechanisms that shape the phonemic forms used to mentally build a structured language expression reflect emotional valence. The phenomenon needs further investigation whether it depends on the native language of the reader and how, or if at all biphones per se inspire positive or negative emotion in the listener.

An Approach Based on Multilevel Convolution for Sentence‐Level Element Extraction of Legal Text

In the judicial field, with the increase of legal text data, the extraction of legal text elements plays a more and more important role. In this paper, we propose a sentence‐level model of legal text element extraction based on the structure of multilabel text classification. Our proposed model contains an encoder and an improved decoder. The encoder applies multilevel convolutional neural networks (CNN) and Long Short‐Term Memory (LSTM) as feature extraction networks to extract local neighborhood and context information from legal text, and a decoder applies LSTM with multiattention and full connection layer with an improved initialization method to decode and generate label sequences. To our best knowledge, it is one of the first attempts to apply a multilabel classification algorithm for element extraction of legal text. In order to verify the effectiveness of our model, we conduct experiments not only on three real legal text datasets but also on a general multilabel text classification dataset.The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed model outperforms baseline models on legal text datasets, and our model is competitive to baseline models on the general text multilabel classification dataset, which indicates that our proposed model is useful for multilabel classification tasks of ordinary texts and legal texts with an uncertain number of characters in words and short lengths.

“KITAB AL-MAWAQIF” AN-NIFFARY AS A SPECIFIC GUIDE IN THE SUFI TERMINOLOGY. NOTION “MA‘ARIFA” IN THE TEXTS OF AL-QUSHAYRI, AL-HUDJWIRI AND AN-NIFFARY

The paper deals with the non-usual interpretation of the main works of an-Niffary (Iraqi Sufi, X century) as an original and specific guide in the Sufi terminology. The specific character of the text (which expresses in the direct dialog between God and the mystique and the translation through him the divine definitions of the basic Sufi and Islamic values) obliges a reader to treat the text more attentively that to the ordinary texts created by the human being. The most famous Sufi treatises on Sufism and its terminology are Qushayri and Hudjwiri's works,which contain definitions of most important Sufi terms and notions. Niffary works are not so well-known, but they also can be regarded in a sense as a specific guidebook on Sufi terminology. The paper deals with the peculiarities of understanding by those three mystics the Sufi term “ma'arifa” (mystical knowledge), which sometimes is mistranslated as gnosis. One of the basic distinction in such an understanding is that for Niffary (in contrast with Qushairy and Hujawiri) there is no outward sign of successful attainment of mystical knowledge. Further both Qushayri and Hudjwiri point out that the Sufi practice can not contradict the Sunna. Meanwhile Niffary says that Sunna is significant only if there is ma'arifa, not vice versa.

Reading biographical texts: a gateway to historical disciplinary reading

ABSTRACTWe examined the response of high school students in Israel to biographical texts. Students were exposed to three sub-genres of biographical texts (a literary-biographical text, an autobiographical text and a scientific-biographical text). These texts all differ from the conceptual schema of ordinary school texts. The data were collected from 64 participants from three classes in two different public schools in Israel. The ability of students to apply historical disciplinary reading skills was evaluated for each text, with an emphasis on ‘sourcing’ and ‘corroboration’. The basic premise was that the texts the students are exposed to influence not only their level of knowledge but also their disciplinary concepts and skills.We contend that it might be that biographical texts, and especially autobiographical and literary-biographical texts, evoked historical reading in students, and strengthened their disciplinary reading abilities.

ХЭШТЕГ-ТЕКСТ КАК НОВЫЙ ФОРМАТ ТЕКСТА В ИНТЕРНЕТ-ПРОСТРАНСТВЕ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ СЕТИ «ИНСТАГРАМ»)

The article discusses a rather new, but already popular linguistic phenomenon - hashtag, on the basis of which a new text format has appeared - a hashtag text. The main problem is the study of the characteristics of hashtag texts produced in the social network “Instagram”. The author defines the term “text” and the new linguistic term “hashtag text”, and also discusses their categorical features. The findings suggest that hashtag constructions have the right to be called hashtag texts, since they possess the same categorical features as ordinary texts.

Reciting, Chanting, and Singing: The Codification of Vocal Music in Buddhist Canon Law

This article analyzes the treatment of music in Buddhist monastic life through the rules on music in Buddhist canon law (vinaya) within the six extant traditions, which are preserved in Chinese, Tibetan, Pāli, and fragmentary Sanskrit manuscripts. These texts distinguish and differentiate instrumental and vocal music, presenting song, dance, and instrumental music as a triad and further subdividing vocal music into reciting, chanting, and singing. The performance and consumption of singing is strictly prohibited. Regulations on chanting and recitation are mutually exclusive and context dependent. Chanting is required on two occasions: when one praises the Buddha’s virtues and when one performs the Tridaṇḍaka ritual. Chanting is prohibited on three other occasions: when one recites the Prātimokṣasūtra and other ordinary Buddhist texts, and when one preaches Dharma. These regulations demonstrate that text and context are decisive in determining what forms of vocal music are appropriate in Buddhist practice. The use of embellished chanting is reserved for performing rituals whose primary goal is to please divine recipients but must be prohibited when clear articulation is expected for educating the audience. Given that making or consuming vocal music is not a criminal offense, yet is strictly regulated, I argue that the establishment of Buddhist canon law was compelled by a pressing demand to demarcate and maintain a social boundary between the Buddhist monastic order and the lay community of adherents.

Knowledge Representation and Phonological Rules for the Automatic Transliteration of Balinese Script on Palm Leaf Manuscript

Balinese ancient palm leaf manuscripts record many important knowledges about world civilization histories. They vary from ordinary texts to Bali’s most sacred writings. In reality, the majority of Balinese can not read it because of language obstacles as well as tradition which perceived them as a sacrilege. Palm leaf manuscripts attract the historians, philologists, and archaeologists to discover more about the ancient ways of life. But unfortunately, there is only a limited access to the content of these manuscripts, because of the linguistic difficulties. The Balinese palm leaf manuscripts were written in Balinese script in Balinese language, in the ancient literary texts composed in the old Javanese language of Kawi and Sanskrit. Balinese script is considered to be one of the most complex scripts from Southeast Asia. A transliteration engine for transliterating the Balinese script of palm leaf manuscript to the Latin-based script is one of the most demanding systems which has to be developed for the collection of palm leaf manuscript images. In this paper, we present an implementation of knowledge representation and phonological rules for the automatic transliteration of Balinese script on palm leaf manuscript. In this system, a rule-based engine for performing transliterations is proposed. Our model is based on phonetics which is based on traditional linguistic study of Balinese transliteration. This automatic transliteration system is needed to complete the optical character recognition (OCR) process on the palm leaf manuscript images, to make the manuscripts more accessible and readable to a wider audience.

Regulated Divergence: Textual Patterns, Creativity and Cognitive Emotion Regulation

According to literature, several forms of creativity relate to primary process and adaptive regression. The major aim of this study was to examine whether a specific pattern of creativity and primary- and secondary-process thinking could be identified among stories while investigating some personal variables. 78 undergraduate students (41 women, 37 men), with the average age of 21.44 years (SD = 2.15) participated. After story writing, divergent thinking skills and cognitive emotion regulation abilities were measured. Storytelling creativity and the level of primary and secondary thinking were analysed through the written texts. The hypothesized textual patterns significantly emerged by cluster analysis. The distinguished 2 types of stories were labelled extraordinary texts (higher level of creativity and primary process with an average level of secondary process) and ordinary texts (lower level of creativity and primary process with an average level of secondary process). The authors of extraordinary texts had higher originality scores (on Circle Task of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking) and lower maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, compared to the authors of ordinary texts. Results extend the knowledge of cognitive- and personality psychological aspects of creativity.

Переставні поліморфні стеганографічні водяні знаки для програмних кодів

Мета: Однією з найактуальніших тенденцій у захисті програмних кодів є їх маркування. Завдання полягає у створенні специфічних цифрових «водяних» знаків, які дозволяють розрізняти копії однієї програми. Такі знаки можуть знайти використання для захисту авторських прав, нумерування копій програмних кодів, моніторингу розповсюдження програм, а також для задач інформаційної безпеки у процесі клієнт-серверних комунікацій. Методи: Використано методи цифрової стеганографії, адаптовані до програмних кодів як текстових об’єктів. Метод знаків однакового нарису трансформовано до методу елементів однакової семантики для можливості використання у текстах програм, оскільки вони мають відмінності від звичайних текстів. Вжито принцип динамічного формування міток, що надало програмам ознак поліморфності. Результати: Досліджено комбінаторну ємність вибірок та перестановок, застосовних до програмних кодів. Показано, що набір з 5-7 поліморфних змінних є достатнім для більшості сучасних мережних завдань. Наведено та обговорено алгоритми створення та відновлення міток. Алгоритми ґрунтуються на вибірках імен змінних та перестановках у порядку їх оголошення. Алгоритм вибірок було оптимізовано щодо обчислювальної складності. Наведено фрагменти програм мовою РНР, що реалізують запропоновані алгоритми. Дискусія: Запропонована у роботі методика дозволяє розрізняти усі з’єднання клієнта із сервером. У разі виявлення клону мережного ресурсу, використання запропонованої методики може надати інформацію про включені мітки, а відтак, дані про ІР, дату та час, автентифікаційні дані клієнта, який здійснив копіювання ресурсу. Впровадження поліморфних стеганографічних міток має покращити показники інформаційної безпеки мережних комунікацій.

Microblog Sentiment Analysis Based on Paragraph Vectors

Microblog sentiment analysis aims at discovering the users' attitude of hot events. Difficulties of microblog sentiment analysis lie on the short length of text and lack of labeled corpora. Para2vec based on deep learning attracts people's attention recently and the low-dimensional paragraph vectors trained by para2vec get excellent results on sentiment analysis. But when applying it for sentiment analysis on microblogs, we find it does not work so well as on ordinary texts. In this paper, we analyse the weakness of microblog sentiment analysis based on paragraph vectors. And then, we propose two categories of methods, model extension and emotional tendency vectors, to improve the model para2vec. The experimental results confirmed the rationality of our methods. Data analysis shows that our improved methods can effectively reduce the adverse effects of the short text and greatly improve the accuracy of sentiment analysis.

The Importance of the Basic Philosophy Teaching within the Framework of the Translation of Philosophical Texts in Academic Translation Teaching

The objective of this study is to prove that the basic philosophy teaching on an academic level is compulsory in translation and interpretation departments by taking into account the challenges encountered in the translation of philosophical texts and besides the ways to solving them. At the end of their training, students in translation and interpretation departments cannot be expected to translate or interpret every sort of texts owing to the fact that the translation of every text requires specialized knowledge in different fields. Considering that the undergraduate may not gain an opportunity to be specialized at every field, it is sometimes impossible for him or her to understand the source text wholly and translate it to the target culture. As a natural consequence of what he/she has learnt during his/her training, the translator may compensate his/her lack of knowledge in ordinary texts with finding suitable equivalents in each culture. In other words, the translator can further develop his/her skills in the translation of ordinary texts after she/he has graduated from the department. However, in the translation of text types such philosophical ones encompassing an important part of a culture, both internalization and questioning are required other than finding accurate equivalents in source and target texts. This can only be achieved if students take the basic philosophy education. The fact that each course in translation and interpretation departments is offered by a different field specialist and the philosophy is regarded as an area of specialization make easily understanding of translation challenges encountered particularly in the translation of philosophical texts possible.

MODEL TERJEMAHAN AL-QUR’AN TAFSIRIYAH USTAD MUHAMMAD THALIB

Translation is process of transferring idea or searching for matches meaning from the source language to the target language. Translation should pay attention to the rules and methods to ensure equivalence of meaning conveyed in accordance with the original. Translate text should also be treated in accordance with the type and characteristics. Translation of religious texts have different demands with ordinary texts. Religious texts are the word of God, which contains the teachings and should be interpreted according to it’s meant by God. Translate al-Quran is one of them. In this study, the object to be studied is one of the translatoions of the Qur'an Tafsiriyah by Ustad Muhammad Talib. With qualitative descriptive method, using the theory of translation of the Qu’ran Azzarqany and Manna 'al-Qattan are expected to confirm the models and description of their characteristics. After analysis, the conclusion is obtained that translation of the Qur’an Tafsiriyah Ustad Muhammad Thalib belonging to translatios of the Quran interpretation, as theorized by Manna 'al-Qattan. It’s translation characteristics more often refers to a popular interpretation of the holy Quran. In addition, he also determines the parameters, such as logic consideration, and rules of correc language.

Teaching Culture Explicitly through Literature to EFL Learners

Teachers/learners of foreign language (FL) have always faced a demanding task of learning/teaching L2/FL culture and despite the fact that diverse methods have been proposed to teach FL/L2 culture in language classes, the difficulties have not been completely removed. One of the possible ways would be using literary works to teach the cultural issues of the L2 to the learners. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the importance and the effect of using literature to teach L2 culture in the English language classes. To this aim, 40 upper-intermediate English language students were randomly selected and also randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (20 students for each group). Both groups were given a pre-test of some 20 L2 cultural questions. As the treatment, the experimental group was given a fifteen-session teaching of literary texts specifically selected for their cultural points together with a thorough explanation of those points while the control group went through a normal reading class with ordinary texts. Finally, a post-test was administered to both groups. The results showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups. The delayed post-test administered after two weeks confirmed the results, too. The findings may contribute to explicit teaching of culture through literature in L2/FL classrooms.

Paying Attention to Procedural Texts: Critically Reading School Routines as Embodied Achievement

In this article, we look closely at the way power circulates through school routines with ordinary texts in everyday moments. We address texts that support different types of achievement and how critical literacy helps us redefine achievement and examine what we’re doing with texts and students in classrooms. We interrogate the notion of achievement outside the realm of traditional markers of school success (i.e. tests, academic content knowledge, etc.). We argue that more inclusive interpretations of achievement requires critical reading of texts all around us, in the language that constructs our worlds, from the products we buy to the most mundane routines. Using three elementary teaching vignettes: a teacher shopping for pencil boxes and back-to-school supplies, a first grader posting a complaint to call a class meeting, and a fifth grade class responding to a memo about a new school policy, we examine power relations in texts and routines that highlight achievement. The article includes critical routines with potential for empowering and diversifying opportunities for success.