Ordinary Shape Research Articles

Research on Advanced Driver Assistance System Oriented Height Distortion Hierarchical Shape Point Matching and Interpolation Algorithm

In order to meet the needs of matching Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) map elevation data to ordinary map shape points, we propose a hierarchical point-position matching algorithm and interpolation algorithm. The main work is as follows: (1) Under the premise of considering different road scenes, the characteristics of road shape points on the ADAS map and road shape points on an ordinary map are fully analyzed, and elevation data are matched to road shape points on an ordinary map through graded matching calculation to obtain more accurate elevation value. (2) For the road shape points on the ordinary precision map which does not match the appropriate elevation value, the more accurate results are calculated by interpolation method according to the elevation value of the front and back order points, so as to achieve the coverage of the road elevation value on the ordinary map. Take the road of Beijing map as the test sample, and the results show that the algorithm is reasonable and effective through statistics and sampling analysis. In terms of the verification of matching coverage, the ADAS map road network points are successfully obtained or calculated the effective elevation value of 976835 points, with a matching rate of over 99.99% after the hierarchical point-position matching algorithm and interpolation calculation algorithm. Furthermore, the results of the practical application of feedback also show that the algorithm can satisfy vehicles daily for ADAS basic function application.

The evolution of complexity in visual memory

Memory rarely replicates exactly what we see; instead, it reconstructs past experiences with distortions and errors. In some cases, memories lose their clarity and detail as time passes; in other cases, however, memories “add” details that weren’t originally there. Though such biases are more commonly associated with naturalistic visual scenes (which may recruit higher-level knowledge or schemas), here we show how memory adds content to even the simplest of stimuli: ordinary geometric shapes. We generated a library of smooth-edged shapes, and manipulated their complexity by gradually simplifying their skeletal structure — essentially altering the “amount of information” in the shapes. On each trial of Experiment 1, subjects saw a novel shape; after a brief delay, a version of the same shape appeared at a different level of complexity, and subjects’ task was to “adjust” the new shape to match the one they had just seen, using a slider that altered the adjustable shape’s complexity. Surprisingly, subjects consistently misremembered the shapes as more complex than they really were (i.e., the shapes they produced had increasingly informationally-dense skeletons). Experiment 2 showed that this finding emerges even at wider ranges of complexity, and Experiment 3 expanded this phenomenon further using the method of serial reproduction. In a “telephone game”, one observer’s recalled shape became the presented shape of the next observer, and so on; these reproduction chains amplified our observed complexity biases, such that 300 observers’ chains converged onto shapes much more complex than had initially been presented. Finally, Experiment 4 ruled out certain forms of strategic responding, finding that the patterns remained no matter the subject’s guess about the effect’s expected direction. These findings reveal a new “complexity bias”, whereby even the most basic units of visual processing are remembered as being more information-dense than they really are.

Guided neural style transfer for shape stylization.

Designing logos, typefaces, and other decorated shapes can require professional skills. In this paper, we aim to produce new and unique decorated shapes by stylizing ordinary shapes with machine learning. Specifically, we combined parametric and non-parametric neural style transfer algorithms to transfer both local and global features. Furthermore, we introduced a distance-based guiding to the neural style transfer process, so that only the foreground shape will be decorated. Lastly, qualitative evaluation and ablation studies are provided to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed method.

Numerically Implemented Impact of a Femtosecond Laser Pulse on Glass in the Approximation of Nonlinear Maxwell Equations

A finite-difference scheme is presented for the solution of the problem on the interaction of a femtosecond laser pulse with glass in the approximation of nonlinear Maxwell equations supplemented by equations of the hydrodynamic type for conduction electrons. The model takes into account all the basic physical processes involved in this interaction. An axially symmetric problem is considered. The construction of the scheme allows for the specifics of the problem, which ensures the efficiency of the developed method. The use of the scheme is illustrated by the results of modeling the interaction between glass and femtosecond laser pulses of an ordinary Gaussian shape with linear polarization and doughnut pulses with radial and azimuthal polarization. Significant differences in the dynamics of the interaction between glass and these three types of pulses are revealed.

Movable morphisms in strong shape category

In [3], [4] and [8] we introduced and studied various types of movability for the (ordinary) shape morphisms and maps. In the present paper we use those ideas to define some movability properties for strong shape morphisms. As an application a theorem on strong shape equivalences is proved.

Deep convolutional networks do not classify based on global object shape.

Deep convolutional networks (DCNNs) are achieving previously unseen performance in object classification, raising questions about whether DCNNs operate similarly to human vision. In biological vision, shape is arguably the most important cue for recognition. We tested the role of shape information in DCNNs trained to recognize objects. In Experiment 1, we presented a trained DCNN with object silhouettes that preserved overall shape but were filled with surface texture taken from other objects. Shape cues appeared to play some role in the classification of artifacts, but little or none for animals. In Experiments 2–4, DCNNs showed no ability to classify glass figurines or outlines but correctly classified some silhouettes. Aspects of these results led us to hypothesize that DCNNs do not distinguish object’s bounding contours from other edges, and that DCNNs access some local shape features, but not global shape. In Experiment 5, we tested this hypothesis with displays that preserved local features but disrupted global shape, and vice versa. With disrupted global shape, which reduced human accuracy to 28%, DCNNs gave the same classification labels as with ordinary shapes. Conversely, local contour changes eliminated accurate DCNN classification but caused no difficulty for human observers. These results provide evidence that DCNNs have access to some local shape information in the form of local edge relations, but they have no access to global object shapes.

Activating Whiteness: Racializing the Ordinary in US American Postmodern Dance

“Activating Whiteness: Racializing the Ordinary in US American Postmodern Dance” explores how the choreographic turn to postmodernism twisted the trope of racial exclusion from a focus on trained bodies to a focus on ordinary bodies. Analyses of Yvonne Rainer's Trio A (1966) and Trisha Brown's Locus (1975) demonstrate how ordinary bodies shape racially exclusive spaces and activate the biopolitical mechanisms of normalization that their choreography allegedly contests. This essay argues that the spaces activated by the bodies that shaped them carry the physical trace of the performers’ race through the enduring invisibility of whiteness.

A bijective proof of the hook-length formula for skew shapes

Recently, Naruse presented a beautiful cancellation-free hook-length formula for skew shapes. The formula involves a sum over objects called excited diagrams, and the term corresponding to each excited diagram has hook lengths in the denominator, like the classical hook-length formula due to Frame, Robinson and Thrall. In this extended abstract, we present a simple bijection that proves an equivalent recursive version of Naruse's result, in the same way that the celebrated hook-walk proof due to Green, Nijenhuis and Wilf gives a bijective (or probabilistic) proof of the hook-length formula for ordinary shapes. In particular, we also give a new bijective proof of the classical hook-length formula, quite different from the known proofs.

Extraction, isolation and characterization of nanocrystalline cellulose from industrial kelp (Laminaria japonica) waste

Kelp (Laminaria japonica) is an economically important type of algae cultured in East Asia. Kelp waste is a by-product from the extraction of commercial alginate from kelp. This work reports the isolation of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from the cellulose extracted from the kelp waste. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) show that the crystallinity index of the isolated kelp NCC was 69.4%, which was slightly higher than that of kelp cellulose as well as maintained the cellulose I crystalline form and typical cellulose chemical structure. In thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), kelp NCC showed decreased thermostability and a higher residual mass. Transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) confirmed the ordinary rod-like shape of the produced NCC with various dimensions. The kelp NCC aqueous dispersions displayed the expected characteristic optical and gel effects. Studies on the variables and the orthogonal experiment of NCC preparation contributed a maximum yield of 52.3%. The exploration on the preparation of kelp NCC in this study lays foundations for future applications.

Influence of Hydrogen and Number of Particle Variants on Ordinary and Two-Way Shape Memory Effects in Ti–Ni Single Crystals

The ordinary and two-way shape memory effects (SMEs) are investigated for [ $$ \overline{1} $$ 12] single crystals of Ti–51.3Ni (at.%) alloy aged at 823 K for 1.5 h in free state and under tensile stress of 150 MPa without hydrogen and after saturation by hydrogen. It is established that without hydrogen in [ $$ \overline{1} $$ 12] single crystals with one and four variants of Ti3Ni4 particles the maximum magnitude of the ordinary SME is 1.9–2.6% under the external stress σext = 250 MPa. Under σext > 250 MPa, crystals are destroyed. The magnitude of the two-way SME caused by the B2–R–B19' MT equal to 1.1% at σext = 0 is observed in [ $$ \overline{1} $$ 12] single crystals with one variant of Ti3Ni4 particles. The physical reason for the observed two-way SME is the internal compressive stresses oriented along the [ $$ \overline{1} $$ 12] directions arising from one variant of Ti3Ni4 particles as a result of aging under tensile stress of 150 MPa. It is established that hydrogen does not influence the TR temperature, reduces the plasticity, and suppresses the two-way SME. The suppression of two-way SME in the [ $$ \overline{1} $$ 12] single crystals of the Ti–51.3Ni (at.%) alloy with one variant of Ti3Ni4 particles is caused by shielding of stress fields from one variant of Ti3Ni4 particles and multiple nucleation of R- and B19' martensite variants under loading with saturation by hydrogen.

Simultaneous interferometric measurement of the absolute thickness and surface shape of a transparent plate using wavelength tuning Fourier analysis and phase shifting

The absolute optical thickness and surface shape of optical devices are considered as the fundamental characteristics when designing optical equipment. The thickness and surface shape should be measured simultaneously to reduce cost. In this research, the absolute optical thickness and surface shape of a 6–mm-thick fused silica transparent plate of diameter 100mm was measured simultaneously by a three-surface Fizeau interferometer. A measurement method combining the wavelength tuning Fourier and phase shifting technique was proposed. The absolute optical thickness that corresponds to the group refractive index was determined by wavelength tuning Fourier analysis. At the beginning and end of the wavelength tuning, the fractional phases of the interference fringes were measured by the phase shifting technique and optical thickness deviations with respect to the ordinary refractive index and surface shape were determined. These two kinds of optical thicknesses were synthesized using the Sellmeier equation for the refractive index of fused silica glass, and the least square fitting method was used to determine the final absolute optical thickness distribution. The experimental results indicate that the all the measurement uncertainties for the absolute optical thickness and surface shape were approximately 3nm and 35nm, respectively.

A model for moisture and heat flow in fractured unsaturated porous media

SummaryThe present study investigates propagation of a cohesive crack in non‐isothermal unsaturated porous medium under mode I conditions. Basic points of skeleton deformation, moisture, and heat transfer for unsaturated porous medium are presented. Boundary conditions on the crack surface that consist of mechanical interaction of the crack and the porous medium, water, and heat flows through the crack are taken into consideration. For spatial discretization, the extended finite element method is used. This method uses enriched shape functions in addition to ordinary shape functions for approximation of displacement, pressure, and temperature fields. The Heaviside step function and the distance function are exploited as enrichment functions for representing the crack surfaces displacement and the discontinuous vertical gradients of the pressure and temperature fields along the crack, respectively. For temporal discretization, backward finite difference scheme is applied. Problems solved from the literature show the validity of the model as well as the dependency of structural response on the material properties and loading. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Microfoundation for IS-LM

This paper provides a somewhat intertemporal microfoundation for IS-LM in an economy where there is a monopoly issuer of medium of exchange, money. The core microfoundation in this model comes from the Arrow-Debreu general equilibrium result that riskless interest rate may not be uniform across sectors. Thus, people in different positions have different expectations regarding maximum riskless interest rate possible. This allows one to justify the so-called investment curve. LM curve is justified by real bills doctrine of central bank operations. The resulting IS-LM model from fully intertemporal microfoundation requires components of IS-LM to be interpreted differently, and some of the results are qualitatively different. Nevertheless, it keeps ordinary curve shape of IS-LM. As can be expected, the IS-LM model is a static simplification of the fully intertemporal model that incorporates changes in expectation of future variables by change in curves. The static IS-LM model can however be safely used when fiscal/monetary policies anchor expectations of future variables, and especially when liquidity trap phenomena, typically said as the flat region of the LM curve arises.

Silicon-coated gold nanoparticles nanoscopy

This paper presents a method for modifying the point spread function (PSF) into a doughnut-like shape, through the utilization of the plasma dispersion effect (PDE) of silicon-coated gold nanoparticles. This modified PSF has spatial components smaller than the diffraction limit, and by scanning the sample with it, super-resolution can be achieved. The sample is illuminated using two laser beams. The first is the pump, with a wavelength in the visible region that creates a change in the refractive index of the silicon coating due to the PDE. This creates a change in the localized surface plasmon resonance wavelength. Since the pump beam has a Gaussian profile, the high intensity areas of the beam experience the highest refractive index change. When the second beam (i.e., the probe) illuminates the sample with a near-infrared wavelength, this change in the refractive index is transformed into a change in the PSF profile. The ordinary Gaussian shape is transformed into a doughnut shape, with higher spatial frequencies, which enables one to achieve super-resolution by scanning the specimen using this PSF. This is a step toward the creation of a nonfluorescent nanoscope.

Seeing the tipping point: Balance perception and visual shape.

In a brief glance at an object or shape, we can appreciate a rich suite of its functional properties, including the organization of the object's parts, its optimal contact points for grasping, and its center of mass, or balancing point. However, in the real world and the laboratory, balance perception shows systematic biases whereby observers may misjudge a shape's center of mass by a severe margin. Are such biases simply quirks of physical reasoning? Or might they instead reflect more fundamental principles of object representation? Here we demonstrate systematically biased center-of-mass estimation for two-dimensional (2D) shapes (Study 1) and advance a surprising explanation of such biases. We suggest that the mind implicitly represents ordinary 2D shapes as rich, volumetric, three-dimensional (3D) objects, and that these "inflated" shape representations intrude on and bias perception of the 2D shape's geometric properties. Such "inflation" is a computer-graphics technique for segmenting shapes into parts, and we show that a model derived from this technique best accounts for the biases in center-of-mass estimation in Study 1. Further supporting this account, we show that reducing the need for inflated shape representations diminishes such biases: Center-of-mass estimation improved when cues to shapehood were attenuated (Study 2) and when shapes' depths were explicitly depicted using real-life objects laser-cut from wood (Study 3). We suggest that the technique of shape inflation is actually implemented in the mind; thus, biases in our impressions of balance reflect a more general functional characteristic of object perception. (PsycINFO Database Record

Automatic fault recognition for Brake-Shoe-Key losing of freight train

Based on the shape descriptors of image contour, this paper proposes an automatic fault recognition method for Brake-Shoe-Key (BSK) losing of freight train. The method contained two phase, one is the positioning of the feature region, the other is recognition of the feature for the BSK losing. In the position phase, a direction-adaptive grey projection method followed by an enhancing process was put forwarded for the initial positioning of image feature region of the Brake Shoe. And then based on edge information, a threshold-relaxation method was adopted to precisely extract the contour of the Braked Shoe. In the recognition phase, besides some ordinary shape descriptors such as rectangular degree, solidity, compactness, circularity, etc., two new shape descriptors, respectively named as contour smoothness and contour concave–convex were proposed to establish the recognition characters vector. At last, the Support Vector Machine (SVM) was used in the classifier for BSK losing fault recognition. Experiments demonstrated that the proposed algorithm is not sensitive to image noise and performed well on images with complex background and disturbance such as blur, poor illumination, excess exposure, etc.

Two-step shape invariance in the framework of $$\mathcal{N}$$ -fold supersymmetry

We extensively investigate two-step shape invariance in the framework of \(\mathcal{N}\)-fold supersymmetry. We first show that any two-step shape-invariant system possesses type A 2-fold supersymmetry with an intermediate Hamiltonian and thus has second-order parasupersymmetry as well. Employing the general form of type A 2-fold supersymmetry, we systematically construct two-step shape-invariant potentials. In addition to the well-known ordinary shape-invariant potentials, we obtain several new and novel two-step shape-invariant ones which are not ordinary shape invariant. Furthermore, some of the latter potentials are conditionally two-step shape invariant and thus are conditionally solvable.

Sintering of zirconia-based nanomaterials studied by variable-energy slow-positron beam

A variable-energy slow-positron beam was applied to the investigations of the tetragonal yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ), the YSZ co-doped with small amount of Cr2O3. The initial nanopowders exhibiting the mean particle size of ≈ 20 nm were prepared by co-precipitation technique. Prior the sintering, the nanopowders were calcined and compacted using a pressure of 500 MPa. The ordinary shape parameters of the Doppler-broadened annihilation peak and the relative positronium 3γ-fractions were determined as functions of positron energy. The results are consistent with a remarkable sintering-induced grain growth and disappearance of porosity which is driven out from the sample interior toward a thin subsurface layer.

Influence of Shape and Dimensions of Lamina on Shear and Bending Strength of Vertically Glue Laminated Bamboo Beam

The strength of the bamboo increases from innner surface layer (endodermis) to outer surface layer (exodermis). The strength of bamboo can be utilized optimally by making glue laminated bamboo beams. The curved bamboo lamina as part of the glue laminated beam may be made by peeling off slightly the outer surface layer that contains high strength of fibers. The lamina thickness is made by disposing inner layer of the bamboo. The bamboo used in this work belongs to the species of Bambusa Dendrocalamus asper (local name: bambu Petung). This research aims to improve the shear and flexural strength of the glue laminated bamboo beams by modifying the shape of the cross section of the lamina (curved) rather than ordinary rectangular shape of the lamina.The dimensions of the cross-section of the lamina were of 7/20mm and 9/20mm. The laminas were preserved by immersing them in a hot water having chemical solution namely “Natrium Tetrabonat or CCB4” with a concentration of 10%. Having dry air the laminas were glued using adhesive type PVAC and were staked under 2.5MPa. The cross section dimensions of the beam specimen in shear and bending were of 70/100-900mm and of 70/100-285mm, and of 750mm and 2700mm long respectively. The simply supported glue laminated beams were tested upon two point loads at a distance of 1/3 the length of the span.The results showed that the glue laminated bamboo beams having curved type of laminas are stronger, more rigid, and more ductile compared to rectangular lamina type. Likewise, the glue laminated bamboo beams having 7mm thick of lamina are stronger, stiffer, and ductile compared to the glue laminated beam with laminas of 9mm thick. The average flexural strength of BBR7 (rectangular, 7mm thick of lamina), BBR9 (rectangular, 9mm thick of lamina), BBC7 (curved, 7mm thick of lamina) and BBC9 (curved, 9mm thick of lamina) are respectively (68.80, 9.28, 63.28, 2.00) N/mm2. The flexural rigidity of related beams are respectively (68.36, 71.05, 75.06, 65.17) N/mm, and the ductility are respectively (2.35, 2.16, 1.87, 2.63). The related average shear strength of SBR7, SBR9, SBC7 and SBC9 are respectively (2.72, 2.61, 2.32, 2.64) N/mm2, while the shear rigidity are respectively (2,737.08, 3,029.77, 3,123.87, 2,794.82) N/mm.

How Objects Are Grasped: The Interplay between Affordances and End-Goals

BackgroundSubstantial literature has demonstrated that how the hand approaches an object depends on the manipulative action that will follow object contact. Little is known about how the placement of individual fingers on objects is affected by the end-goal of the action.Methodology/Principal FindingsHand movement kinematics were measured during reaching for and grasping movements towards two objects (stimuli): a bottle with an ordinary cylindrical shape and a bottle with a concave constriction. The effects of the stimuli's weight (half full or completely full of water) and the end-goals (pouring, moving) of the action were also assessed. Analysis of key kinematic landmarks measured during reaching movements indicate that object affordance facilitates the end-goal of the action regardless of accuracy constraints. Furthermore, the placement of individual digits at contact is modulated by the shape of the object and the end-goal of the action.Conclusions/SignificanceThese findings offer a substantial contribution to the current debate about the role played by affordances and end-goals in determining the structure of reach-to-grasp movements.