Ordinary Light Research Articles

Low-temperature fabrication of lead-free Ag2BiI5 perovskite photodetector with excellent weak light detection ability for accurate gesture recognition

In recent years, lead halide perovskites have been extensively researched in the optoelectronics field due to their excellent optical and electrical properties, while the inherent toxicity and instability of lead halide perovskites have hindered their commercialization. Stable, lead-free perovskites as a substitute of the Pb-based perovskites show great attention. Herein, the green antisolvent diethyl carbonate is introduced to realize the low-temperature fabrication of nontoxic perovskite Ag2BiI5. The Ag2BiI5 perovskite photodetector (PD) shows excellent performance with a detectivity of as high as 1.13 × 1013 Jones and a linear dynamic range (LDR) of 147 dB. Besides, the weak light with the light intensity of as low as 18.3 nW/cm2 can be detected by our PD. Moreover, the flexible PDs are also prepared with this low-temperature process, which shows good device performance with stable bending resistance characteristics. Based on the excellent optoelectronic properties of the Ag2BiI5 PDs, a gesture recognition system is built which can realize rapid and accurate gesture recognition under ordinary indoor light, with an accuracy of 98.35 %. Our research provides new insights for the development and application of green and environmentally friendly perovskite PD.

Anticounterfeiting Feature of a Writable and Self-Erasable Ni(II)-Metallogel Pad via Fluorescent "Turn-On" Detection of Cyanide.

A Schiff base 5-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidieneamino)-1-H-imidazole-4-carboxamide (HL) comprising multibinding sites has been synthesized with the aim of fabricating a supramolecular gel. The gelator HL was characterized by FT-IR, 1H & 13C NMR, and ESI-MS techniques and also formed a [Ni(L)2] complex. The gelation property of HL was investigated with various metal ions, wherein Ni(II) selectively forms a mechanically and thermally stable supramolecular metallogel (MG) in the presence of a triethylamine base in DMF-MeOH media. Characterization of MG was accomplished with different spectro-analytical techniques such as FT-IR, ESI-MS, powder-XRD, SEM, rheological investigations, UV/vis, and fluorescence. The gelator HL displays moderate emission upon addition of Ni2+ and gives "turn-off" fluorescence output by forming the complex [Ni(L)2] (MG) due to the chelation-enhanced quenching of fluorescence (CHEQ). Job plot and ESI-MS data suggested a 2:1 stoichiometry between HL and Ni(II) in MG. Further, MG exhibited highly selective and ultrasensitive "turn-on" fluorescence signaling with CN- in the background presence of several cations and anions. The limit of detection (LoD) of MG was determined to be 6.9 × 10-9 M for CN- using the fluorescence technique. Notably, MG behaves as a fluorescent writable pad material explicitly with CN- under 365 nm UV light but not under ordinary light and the fluorescent text is self-erased after 15 min. Hence, MG can be used as a metallogel pad in the presence of CN- to communicate secret messages. Overall, the present work explores the fabrication of a thermo- and mechanostable Ni(II)-metallogel (MG), which selectively and ultrasensitively detects CN- both in the solution phase and in the gel form, wherein MG behaves as a writable and self-erasable pad with anticounterfeiting features for practical applications.

Wavefront‐Reversal, Low‐Threshold, and Enhanced Stimulated Brillouin Scattering for Arbitrary Structured Light

AbstractStructured light with multiple degrees of freedom has inspired many advanced applications, and its nonlinear control plays an important role in the interactions between light and matter. Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) based on light–sound coupling can be used to realize wavefront‐reversal nonlinear reflection of ordinary light; consequently, it is used to correct wavefront aberrations in high‐power laser systems. However, high‐fidelity wavefront reversal of structured light with orbital angular momentum and high‐reflectivity single‐end SBS of weak incident waves remain challenging. Here, the authors propose a cross‐pump focused SBS scheme that enables wavefront reversal with high fidelity, low threshold, and high reflectivity for arbitrary structured light . The authors demonstrate the capability of this approach to perform conformal and enhanced SBS reflections with a fidelity of >95% and reflectivity of >100%. Compared with the conventional focused SBS configuration, the SBS threshold is reduced by more than ten times, and wavefront reversal of weakly structured light is realized. This proof‐of‐principle study provides a high‐performance SBS platform with potential implications for high‐power structured lasers, high signal‐to‐noise‐ratio microscopy imaging, and the development of nonlinear optics with structured light.

Pelatihan Pengembangan Mikroskop Digital sebagai Media Pembelajaran di SMAN 3 Kefamenanu

A microscope is a very important tool in learning biology. The preparation media cannot be used optimally if it is not supported by a microscope. Technological developments have succeeded in changing ordinary light microscopes into digital ones. Adding a camera to a microscope and installing software on a computer becomes an effective and efficient biology learning medium. This activity aims to provide training to teachers and students regarding the development of digital microscopes as learning media at SMAN 3 Kefamenanu. The methods used in this service activity include lectures, direct observation practice and group discussions. The results obtained from this activity are that teachers and students gain knowledge about digital microscopes and preparations, are able to operate digital microscopes and make fresh preparations independently. The evaluation results showed that 85% of participants were very satisfied with the service activities that had been carried out. Training on developing digital microscopes as a learning medium at SMAN 3 Kefamenanu can have a positive influence. Teachers and students are greatly helped in practicum-based biology learning activities. Practical activities can take place effectively and efficiently. Apart from that, teachers and students also gain knowledge and experience regarding digital microscopes, operating digital microscopes, calibration, and making fresh preparations.

X-ray-Induced Pyroelectric Effect in a Perovskite Ferroelectric Drives Low Detection Limit Self-Powered Responses.

The light-induced pyroelectric effect (LPE) has shown a great promise in the application of optoelectronic devices, especially for self-powered detection and imaging. However, it is quite challenging and scarce to achieve LPE in the X-ray region. For the first time, we report X-ray LPE in a single-phase ferroelectric of (NPA)2(EA)2Pb3Br10 (1, NPA = neopentylamine, EA = ethylamine), adopting a two-dimensional trilayered perovskite motif, which has a large spontaneous polarization of ∼3.7 μC/cm2. Its ferroelectricity allows for significant LPE in the wavelength range of ordinary visible light. Strikingly, the X-ray LPE is observed in 1, which endows remarkable self-powered X-ray responses at 0 bias, including sensitivity up to 225 μC Gy-1 cm-2 and a low detection limit of ∼83.4 nGy s-1, being almost 66 times lower than the requirement for medical diagnostics (∼5.5 μGy s-1). This work not only develops a new mode for X-ray detection but also provides valuable insights for future photoelectric device application.

Ordinary light induced polarization zones in Tutton salt crystal

Ordinary light wave passing through a low symmetry crystal along an off optic -axis direction gets split into ordinary and extra-ordinary waves. If the beam size is large, the two polarized waves could overlap covering a large volume within the medium. It is realized that overlapping ordinary and extra-ordinary waves, result in creation of alternate polarization regions with different fluctuating crystalline fields inside a low - symmetry hydrated crystal. If suitable ions are doped in an experimental crystal, their optical absorption spectra could reflect the effect of alternate polarization fields and creation of ordinary light induced periodic polarization (OLIPP) effect inside a low symmetry hydrated crystal.

Col1A-2 Mutation in Osteogenesis Imperfecta Mice Contributes to Long Bone Fragility by Modifying Cell-Matrix Organization.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare congenital bone dysplasia generally caused by a mutation of one of the type I collagen genes and characterized by low bone mass, numerous fractures, and bone deformities. The collagen organization and osteocyte lacuna arrangement were investigated in the long bones of 17-week-old wildtype (WT, n = 17) and osteogenesis imperfecta mice (OIM, n = 16) that is a validated model of severe human OI in order to assess their possible role in bone fragility. Fractures were counted after in vivo scanning at weeks 5, 11, and 17. Humerus, femur, and tibia diaphyses from both groups were analyzed ex vivo with pQCT, polarized and ordinary light histology, and Nano-CT. The fractures observed in the OIM were more numerous in the humerus and femur than in the tibia, whereas the quantitative bone parameters were altered in different ways among these bones. Collagen fiber organization appeared disrupted, with a lower birefringence in OIM than WT bones, whereas the osteocyte lacunae were more numerous, more spherical, and not aligned in a lamellar pattern. These modifications, which are typical of immature and less mechanically competent bone, attest to the reciprocal alteration of collagen matrix and osteocyte lacuna organization in the OIM, thereby contributing to bone fragility.

Two oscillatory components detected by forced splitting of the sleep-wake cycle in humans.

The sleep-wake cycle of human subjects was artificially split into two episodes by imposing an 8-h light and 4-h dark cycle (LD 8:4) twice a day for 7 days, which was followed by a 3-day free-running session. Sleep was permitted only in the dark period. The subjects in the ordinary group were exposed to ordinary light (ca. 500 lx) in the 8-h light period, and those in the bright light group to bright (ca. 5,000 lx) and ordinary light alternatively with bright light after the first dark period (2400-400). Split sleeps persisted in the free-running session with the major episode around the first dark period and the minor episode around the second dark period. By contrast, circadian melatonin rhythm in the free-running session significantly phase delayed in the ordinary light group, but phase advanced in the bright light group, keeping the melatonin rhythm unsplit. The length of nocturnal melatonin secretion (NMS) was significantly shortened in the bright light group. Interestingly, the falling phase of NMS advanced significantly further than the rising phase. Such a difference was not detected in the ordinary light group. Similar differences were observed in the body temperature rhythm. These findings indicated oscillatory mechanisms underlying split sleeps distinct from the circadian pacemaker and suggested an involvement of different circadian oscillators in the rising and falling phases of NMS, which is consistent with the dual oscillator model proposed for the circadian system of nocturnal rodents.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study demonstrated that human sleep was separated into two essentially identical components, which persisted under constant conditions, suggesting circadian oscillator underlying split-sleep episodes. The study also indicated differential light sensitivities in the rising and falling phases of circadian melatonin rhythm, indicating the involvement of two different oscillators. These results consisted of the evening and morning dual-oscillator hypothesis for the circadian pacemaker and the hierarchical model for the pacemaker and sleep-wake cycle.

3D Imprinting of Voxel-Level Structural Colors in Lithium Niobate Crystal.

Advanced coloration methods are of pivotal importance in science, technology, and engineering. However, 3D structural colors that are critical for emerging multidimensional information representation and recording are rarely achievable. Here, a facile voxel-level programmable 3D structural coloration in the bulk lithium niobate (LiNbO3 ) crystal is reported. This is achieved by engineering wavelength-selective interference between ordinary (O) and extraordinary (E) light in the crystal matrix. To induce effective phase contrast between O and E light for establishing the highly localized interference across the visible band, the presence of a pulse-internal-coupling effect is revealed in the single-pulse ultrafast laser-crystal interaction and an ultrafast-laser-induced micro-amorphization (MA) strategy is thus developed to manipulate local matrix structure. Consequently, micro-nanoscale colorful voxels can be fast inscribed into any spatial position of the crystal matrix in one step. It is demonstrated that the colors can be flexibly manipulated and quickly extracted in 3D space. Multidimensional MA-color data storage with large capacity, high writing and readout speed, long lifetime, and excellent stability under harsh conditions is achieved. The present principle enables multifunctional 3D structural coloration devices inside high-refractive-index transparent dielectrics and can serve as a general platform to innovate next-generation information optics.

Characteristics performance of laryngopharyngeal reflux in narrow band imaging

Objective:To study the application value of narrow-band imaging in the diagnosis of laryngopharyngeal reflux. Methods:A total of 275 patients admitted to the inpatient department or laryngoscopy room of the Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University from September 2022 to April 2023 due to throat discomfort were selected as the research subjects. All of them completed RSI, RFS scoring scales and electronic laryngoscopy（including ordinary white light and NBI）. According to the expert consensus of LPRD in 2022, RSI and RFS scoring scale were used as diagnostic criteria to divide them into LPR group and non-LPR group. Chi-square test was used to analyze the differences of positive rates of characteristic manifestations under NBI among different groups. The consistency of NBI and scale diagnostic methods was analyzed by Kappa, and RSI and RFS scoring were used as diagnostic criteria, The diagnostic efficiency of NBI method was analyzed. Results:There were 190 people in the LPR group, 157 of whom showed characteristic performance under the NBI mode, with a positive rate of 82.6%（157/190）; there were 85 people in the non-LPR group, with a positive rate of 18.8%（16/85）. There was a statistically significant difference in the positive rate between the two groups（χ²=102.47, P<0.05）. The consistency rate between RSI, RFS and NBI was 82.2%（226/275）. Kappa consistency analysis was used, and Kappa=0.605（P<0.05）, indicating good consistency between the two diagnostic methods. Using RSI and RFS as diagnostic criteria for LPR, the sensitivity of NBI diagnostic method was 82.6%（157/190）, specificity 81.2%（69/85）, positive predictive value 90.8%（157/173） and negative predictive value 67.6%（69/102）. Conclusion:Narrow-band imaging, as a new endoscopic imaging technique, can show small changes in mucosal surface micro vessels and play an important role in the diagnosis of laryngopharyngeal reflux.

3D-motion phase modulation for protecting image information

For most optical encryption mechanisms, craft precision of phase modulation components is finite, restricting information efficient sharing and compatibility with processing. We demonstrate an alternative method with strong practicability in which a random phase is modulated by multiplexed sensing without optical elements, releasing the constraints mentioned above. This is accomplished by dynamic-field integral imaging in three-dimensional space, replacing transient imaging of ordinary light fields. Specifically, information encoding and recovery of intensity and phase with Fourier phase shift law are demonstrated. Axial dimension extends the capacity of key spaces. The simple and flexible optical modulation mechanism also could enable optical asymmetric encryption platforms with high security and low storage capacity configuration.

The Timing of the Melatonin Onset and Phase Angle to Sleep Onset in Older Adults after Uncontrolled vs. Controlled Lighting Conditions.

The main aim of this study was to explore how melatonin onset timing and phase angle to bedtime in healthy older adults are impacted by prior light exposure. A total of 13 healthy older (ages 56-74) individuals were studied on two successive evenings. Prior to the first evening, the participants were in self-selected lighting conditions for the first 4-6 h of the day and then were in dim light (3 lux) until their scheduled bedtime. On the second day, individuals from Project A remained in the dim lighting conditions throughout the entire day but those in Project B were in more typical indoor lighting (~90 lux) throughout the day. On both evenings, hourly blood samples were collected and assayed for melatonin, and melatonin onset timing and phase angle to sleep onset was determined. Overall, melatonin onset was earlier and the phase angle was larger on Night 1 than on Night 2. In Project A there was no significant difference between melatonin onset on night 1 vs. night 2. However, in Project B melatonin onset was significantly later on Night 2 (in typical indoor lighting) than on Night 1 (in dim lighting). Our results suggest that in older people, uncontrolled bright light early in the day did not impact the timing of dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) when assessed later that same evening. However, in older adults, exposure to ordinary room light during melatonin phase assessment appeared to suppress melatonin, leading to a later observed time of melatonin onset, as has been reported previously for young adults.

Synovial fluid crystal analysis with compensated polarization using a gout analyser inclinical practice.

To validate the gout analyzer as a clinical method of synovial fluid crystal analysis. Thirty knee synovial fluid samples with suspected calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystals were analyzed. Within 48 hours after collection, each non-centrifuged sample was examined blindly and independently by one or more rheumatologists in the following order: 1) with an optical microscope under ordinary light, 2) with the same microscope under compensated polarization provided by a gout analyzer, and 3) with a fully equipped compensated polarized microscope with a rotating stage as the gold standard. As a reference, laboratory technicians analyzed fresh, centrifuged synovial fluid using a gout analyzer. Of the 30 samples analyzed, CPP and monosodium urate (MSU) crystals were detected in 11 and four, non-centrifuged samples, respectively, using a fully equipped compensated polarized microscope. The rheumatologists' detection rate of crystals in the non-centrifuged synovial fluid under ordinary light and with a gout analyzer was 73.3% and 80%, respectively. The laboratory technicians' detection rate in fresh centrifuged synovial fluid using a gout analyzer was 100%. A gout analyzer may be used to diagnose gout and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease definitively if a fully equipped compensated polarized microscope is unavailable.

0314 Late Evening Room Light and Sleep Restriction Reverses the Phase Advancing Effect of Bright Morning Light in Adolescents

Abstract Introduction Late bedtimes and sleep restriction are common during adolescence, particularly on school nights. We examined circadian phase advancing effects of bright morning light (ML) with increasing doses of evening room light exposure and sleep restriction due to late bedtimes. Methods Adolescents (n=38, 21 girls) aged 14.1 to 18.0 years completed a 14-day protocol during summer vacation. On days 1-7, they slept at home on individualized 10-h sleep/dark schedules. On days 8-14, they lived in the laboratory. On day 8, we measured their Dim Light Melatonin Onset (DLMO). On days 9 and 10, they were put to bed 1.5h (n=9), 3.0h (n=12), or 4.5h (n=8) later and kept awake in room light (104±11 lux at the angle of gaze). Wake time was unchanged; thus, sleep opportunity was shortened to 8.5h, 7h, and 5.5h, respectively. The fourth group (n=9) kept their baseline bedtime, were not exposed to any additional evening light (EL) and were not sleep restricted. On day 11, all groups were put to bed and awakened 1.5 h earlier and were exposed to intermittent bright ML (three 30-min exposures; 8599±885 lux). On each subsequent day (12 and 13), sleep and ML were advanced 1h. Thus, there were 3 days of a gradually advancing sleep schedule and bright ML. Final DLMO was measured on day 14. Results The 0h EL group showed a large DLMO advance (2.2±1.0 h), but the advance was reduced in the 1.5h EL group (0.5±0.6 h). DLMO delayed in the 3h EL group (-0.9±1.1 h). There was a large phase delay in the 4.5h EL group (-2.6±1.2 h). Phase shifts differed among all groups [F(3,34)=36.7, p&amp;lt;.001]. Conclusion Circadian rhythms of adolescents were advanced when they were exposed to bright ML and a gradually advancing sleep schedule, as shown in many studies of adults. However, when kept up later in ordinary room light, the same advancing sleep schedule and bright ML did not produce as much of an advance. Phase delay shifts occurred when bedtimes were 3h or 4.5h later. EL and sleep restriction can reverse the advancing effect of bright ML. Support (if any) R01 HL146772 (Crowley)

Flood Influence Characteristics of Rail Transit Engineering of Tunnel, Viaduct, and Roadbed through Urban Flood Detention Areas

Many subways, light rails, and trains travel through urban flood retention regions via tunnels, viaducts, and roadbeds; however, less is known about the flood influence laws of rail transportation by the crossing ways. Rail transit projects were chosen as research objects for the ordinary subway, light rail, and railway passing through urban flood detention areas in Wuhan, and the flood influence characteristics were systematically compared for the three crossing ways. The study revealed that crossing ways primarily affected the flood storage volume occupied per unit length of lines and that the flood influence of rail projects on flood detention areas was proportionate to the flood storage volume occupied per unit length of lines. Specifically, the flood storage volume occupied per unit length of tunnels was about 1/8.9 that of viaducts and 1/19.7 that of roadbeds. Moreover, the tunnel way had the least influence on the main aspects, such as flood control, floods on engineering, and engineering-related aspects; the roadbed-based way had the largest; and the viaduct way was in the middle. These findings may provide technical support for the decision-making, engineering planning, construction, and management of rail transit and other projects in urban flood detention areas.

The Evolution Characteristics of Twisted Hermite–Gaussian Schell-Model Beams Propagating in a Uniaxial Crystal

In this paper, we study the propagation properties of twisted Hermite–Gaussian Schell- model (THGSM) beams propagating in a uniaxial crystal orthogonal to the optical axis. We derive the concrete analytical expression of the cross-spectral density (CSD) function in the crystal and simulate the evolution characteristics of such beams, including normalized spectral intensity, the spectral degree of coherence (DOC), and effective beam width. We find that the spectral intensity distribution exhibits a non-circular symmetric self-splitting while rotating, and the distribution of the spectral DOC is non-circular symmetric rotationally distorted, which is quite different from that in an isotropic medium. The initial beam parameters and crystal parameters both affect the distribution of spectral intensity and DOC. Furthermore, increasing the twist factor and adjusting the ratio of the extraordinary light refractive index and the ordinary light refractive index ne/no of the uniaxial crystal can suppress the beam expansion as propagating in the crystal. Our results show that the uniaxial crystal can be used to determine whether light beams carry a twist phase or not, and to modulate the characteristics of light beams.

A multi-aspect analysis of two analogous aspergillus spp. belonging to section Flavi: aspergillus flavus and aspergillus oryzae

Microfungal isolates were routinely identified depending on both macro and micro morphological characteristics, sometimes, some fungal isolates appeared to be similar and such cases caused severe confusion for mycologists during the preliminary identification. During our previous studies dealing with isolation of fungi for some biotechnological applications; two mystifying species Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus oryzae showed similar cultural and macroscopic features. Therefore, the current study aimed to easily distinguish between these two species depending on simple approaches which are routinely followed by a large segment of researchers. Investigation of the macroscopic features was performed to check the fungal growth on four different media (PDA, MEA, YES, and CYA) followed by microscopic examination using an ordinary light microscope, and scanning electron microscope SEM. Also, screening of secondary metabolites for both strains was preliminarily identified to find out the difference between their metabolic profiles. Finally, ITS rDNA was involved to clarify the molecular differences along their partial sequence. Conclusively, the BLAST strategy confirmed the similarity of ITS rDNA segments of both fungal strains that supported our hypothesis. The color of the fungal growth is a very critical factor whereas it is extensively influenced by the type of cultivation media. Accordingly, the YES medium was an inspiring tool assisting in prompt differentiation during the culture investigation step whereas A. oryzae and A. flavus appeared significant mustard yellow and olive green respectively. During the microscopic examination, the CYA medium also had a robust effect on the formation of the conidial chain whereas the knit long chain was observed in A. oryzae while the conidia appeared scattered and not in a chain in the case of A. flavus. Likewise, both two strains possessed different metabolic profiles where A. oryzae is not an Afla toxin producer, unlike A. flavus.

Utility of dimethylsulfoxide to preserve synovial fluid samples for microcrystal detection and identification

Aims: To study whether the addition of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to synovial fluid (SF) samples could be helpful to store frozen samples to improve the rates of detection and identification of crystals. Methods: Cross-sectional study of samples of SF consecutively obtained. Three aliquots were generated: one for immediate observation by a senior observer, and 2 to be frozen, one with 10% DMSO (DMSO+) and one without DMSO (DMSO–). Each aliquot was randomly allocated and blinded for further observation when once the samples were unfrozen 3 months afterward. Variables included for analysis were total leucocyte count, detection of crystals, identification of present crystals as monosodium urate (MSU) or calcium pyrophosphate (CPP), number of fields to the first crystal observation, and number of crystals per field. The vitality of leucocytes was evaluated using a trypan blue stain. All samples were examined using ordinary light and polarized light with a red compensator, and unfrozen samples by both senior and junior observers. Results: In the 30 reference samples of SF studied, the mean leucocyte count was 13.1 × 109/L, and 18/30 samples showed crystals (8 MSU, 10 CPP). Once unfrozen, leucocyte counts were 58% lower in DMSO aliquots vs. 22% in DMSO+ aliquots, with vitality (&gt; 50% cells) reduced from 100% in the reference sample to 76.6% in the DMSO+ aliquots to none in the DMSO– aliquots. Agreement in the detection of crystals was much better in DMSO+ aliquots than DMSO– (kappa 1.00 vs. 0.69 and 0.65 vs. 0.11 for the senior and junior observers respectively). Moreover, 4/5 false-negative crystal detection in DMSO– aliquots showed CPP in the reference simple, even though a high density of crystals was observed in the reference sample. Conclusions: The addition of 10% DMSO to SF samples allows freezing and storage with a small loss of leucocyte counts and excellent agreement in the detection and identification of crystals. Cellular lysis may account for the false negative results in aliquots without DMSO, especially in the case of CPP, non-refringent crystals.

Protection by ordinary light clothing against pesticide spray drift for bystanders and residents

There are stringent EU regulatory requirements to assess pesticide exposure to bystanders and residents to direct spray drift. A “light clothing” adjustment factor (AF) of 0.82 is applied in the exposure assessment, based on simple assumptions for covered body surface and penetration through clothing. To assess the appropriateness of the AF, we collated data from 32 field studies. The mean and 25th percentile % reduction from ordinary light clothing (“reduction %”) in children and adults for all crops and standard and drift-reducing nozzles were 42.7% and 36.2%, resulting in AF of 0.573 and 0.638, respectively. Sources of variation were investigated, e.g. crop type, leaf coverage, buffer, spray pressure, and nozzle type, which indicated that reduction % could be impacted by several conditions. The reduction % is similar between crops; therefore, a single AF value covering all crops can be derived. One exception was for early-stage vineyard scenarios (the reduction % is lower (27%) than late stage (42–47%)) and could be considered individually to avoid unnecessary conservatism for the other scenarios. This evaluation demonstrates the current AF to be overly precautionary, and a more realistic, exposure scenario-relevant value could be applied for bystander/resident risk assessments.

Observation of the protein expression level via naked eye: Pt clusters catalyze non-color molecules into brown-colored molecules in cells.

α v β 3 is overexpressed in various tumor cells and plays a key role in tumor genesis, invasion, and metastasis. Therefore, it is of great significance to precisely detect the α v β 3 level in cells via a simple method. For this purpose, we have constructed a peptide-coated platinum (Pt) cluster. Due to its bright fluorescence, well-defined Pt atom numbers, and peroxidase-like catalytic activity, this cluster can be used to evaluate α v β 3 levels in cells by fluorescence imaging, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and catalytic amplification of visual dyes, respectively. In this report, the expression level of α v β 3 in living cells is well-detected by the naked eye under an ordinary light microscope when the Pt cluster binds to αvβ3 in cells and catalyzes non-color 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) into brown-colored molecules in situ. Moreover, SiHa, HeLa, and 16HBE cell lines with different α v β 3 expression levels can be visually distinguished by the peroxidase-like Pt clusters. This research will provide a reliable method for the simple detection of α v β 3 levels in cells.