Ordinal Scale Data Research Articles

The Nuances of Plant Disease Severity Estimation Using Quantitative Ordinal Scales-Lessons Learned over Four Decades.

We revisit the foundations of the Horsfall-Barratt (HB) scale, a widely cited and applied plant disease visual assessment tool introduced in 1945, a full 37 years prior to T. T. Hebert's 1982 critique that raised concerns regarding the scale's rationale, particularly its reliance on the Weber-Fechner law and visual perception assumptions. Although use of the HB scale and similar ordinal scales persists, comprehensive studies have revealed that direct visual estimation using percentage scales often proves more accurate and reliable. Challenges remain, such as biases due to estimator subjectivity and the potential for misclassification. The logarithmic assumptions of the HB scale have been debunked, and the importance of choosing appropriate interval sizes and numbers of classes in developing ordinal scales is emphasized. Analyzing ordinal scale data appropriately is crucial, and recent advances offer promising methods that reduce type II error rates. The closely related disease severity index is noted to have its shortcomings and potential for misuse. The letter underscores the need for continuous refinement and critical evaluation of disease assessment methodologies.

CART Classification on Ordinal Scale Data with Unbalanced Proportions using Ensemble Bagging Approach

CART is one of the algorithms in data exploration techniques with decision tree techniques. Unbalanced class proportions in the classification process can cause classification results of minor data to be incorrect. One way to overcome the problem of data imbalance is to use an ensemble bagging algorithm. The bagging algorithm utilizes the resampling method to carry out classification so that it can reduce bias in imbalanced data. The data used is secondary data from Fernandes and Solimun's 2023 research report. The number of sample are 100 respondents that has been valid and reliable. The sample for this research was mothers with toddlers in Wajak village, Malang Regency. The results showed that the ensemble bagging CART method is better at overcoming the problem of imbalance in the proportion of classes with a performance value of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and F1-Score values of 85%, 94.1%, 66.7%, and 78%. This research is limited to the Sumberputih Village area. So, the results of this research are only representative for the Wajak District area.

Dynamic Causality of Supervisory Function Influence on Educational Performance

Aims: This study aims to prove empirically whether there is an effect of the utilization of Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia (BPK) Inspection Result Report (LHP) the commitment of the regional head and the supervisory function of the DPRD through the quality of education sector spending to improve education performance.
 Study Design: Study design is a descriptive and causal-explanatory method to test the research hypothesis.
 Place and Duration of Study: The data collected were 111 sets of questionnaires for 111 local governments or 85.38% of the research target plan to obtain data from 130 local governments. Further details for the type of local government that became research respondents consisted of 23 city governments and 83 district governments. With the number of respondents in each local government being 3 people, the total number of respondents in-volved in this study was 333 people.
 Methodology: In this study, data collection used a questionnaire method using structured questions without any intervention from the researcher. The research questionnaire was developed by measuring ordinal scale data which was measured using a Likert approach with 8 scales. The prepared questionnaires were delivered by visiting each group of respondents directly, through contact persons, couriers, mail (mail survey) and via electronic-mail.
 Results: The three variables have a significant positive effect through the quality of education sector spending to improve education performance both directly and indirectly. In addition, the results of this study also show that improving the quality of education sector spending can improve education performance.
 Conclusion: The results of this study prove empirically that the utilization of LHP BPK, the commitment of regional heads and the supervisory function of DPRD have a significant positive effect on improving the quality of government spending.

Analisis Pengelolaan Angkutan Penyeberangan Terhadap Kelancaran dan Keamanan Arus Penumpang dan Barang: Studi Riset pada Sistem Aplikasi Ferizy Pelabuhan Penyeberangan Merak dan Bakauheni

The main problem in service at the Merak Bakauheni Port is the lack of attention to governance, especially in the application of the ferizy application system to the smoothness and safe flow of passengers and goods. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the impact of implementation of the Ferizy application system in ticket purchases on the smoothness and safe of passengers flow and goods at the Merak-Bakauheni Ferry Port. We use quantitative methods by involving using questionnaires that have been filled by 69 respondents. Furthermore, we use the Method of Succesive Interval (MSI) to convert ordinal scale data into intervals in the utilized questionnaire and conduct inferential testing (multivariate analysis MANOVA) to answer the research hypothesis. The research results indicate that the implementation of the Ferizy application (system quality, information quality, service quality, and user satisfaction) made a significant difference to the smoothness and safe of passengers flow and goods simultaneously and partially. The findings of this study specifically discuss the difference in data results on the ferizy application and the manifest of the Sailing Approval Letter (SPB), from the Merak-Bakauheni port and the Bakauheni-Merak port.

Pengaruh Pijat Ibu Hamil Terhadap Tingkat Kecemasan Menghadapi Persalinan Pada Ibu Primigravida Trimester III Di PMB Nopi Utami Tangerang

Introduction: Anxiety in facing childbirth in primigravida mothers often occurs. The prevalence of anxiety in Indonesia is 28,7% of 107,000,000 third-trimester pregnant women experiencing anxiety in facing childbirth. The way to deal with anxiety is non-pharmacological therapy, one of which is massage for pregnant women. Methods: Using a quasi-experiment with a pretest and posttest group design means that the researcher made observations before and after the intervention without a control group. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling with a total sample of 30 respondents. Nominal and ordinal scale data variables were analyzed data with the Wilcoxon test with α ₌ 0,05. Results: Showing the effect of massage for pregnant women on the level of anxiety facing childbirth in third-trimester primigravida women with test analysis Wilcoxon obtained a significance value of 0,000 (p < 0,05) and it can be concluded, there is a significant difference the effect of massage for pregnant women on reducing the level of anxiety of pregnant women facing labor before and after being given a massage for pregnant women. Discussion: There is a significant difference in the effect of massage for pregnant women on reducing the level of anxiety of pregnant women in facing labor before and after the intervention. Pregnant women who do massage will get a relaxing effect and prevent excessive anxiety during pregnancy.

Correlation of Hemoglobin Levels with Nutritional Status in Adolescent Girls: A Health Promotion Perspective

Background: Women during pregnancy, childbearing age, and adolescents are prone to anemia. The prevalence of anemia in adolescents in Indonesia in 2018 reached 32%. The objectives of this study were to determine the correlation between nutritional status with the incidence of anemia in adolescent girls.Method: Describe briefly the main methods or treatments applied. This study is an analytical survey with a cross-sectional design. The population in this study was student girls in Padang City in 2022.The instrument used to measure hemoglobin was a digital Hb measuring instrument. The nutritional status in this study used the measurement of the nutritional status of adolescents with the indicator of BMI according to age. Correlative analytic test with ordinal scale data used the Kendall's tau test.Results: Based on the results of this study, was known that most of the 71.9% of adolescent girls whose nutritional status is normal. Most of the adolesce girls (87.5%) had normal hemoglobin levels, and as many as 12.5% adolensce girls had anemia who were not menstruating. Nutritional status (BMI/age) and hemoglobin levels were not correlated. Nutritional status is not a factor causing anemia in adolescent girls. It is necessary to investigate the prevalence of anemia in adolescent girls during menstruation as a comparison.

Erratum: Endotracheal Intubation Using a Flexible Intubation Endoscope As a Standardized Model for Safe Airway Management in Swine.

Erratum: Endotracheal Intubation Using a Flexible Intubation Endoscope As a Standardized Model for Safe Airway Management in Swine.

A rank-based approach to design and analysis of pretest-posttest randomized trials, with application to COVID-19 ordinal scale data

Randomized controlled trials with a pretest-posttest design frequently yield ordered categorical outcome data. Focusing on the estimation of the win probability that a treated participant would have a better score than (or win over) a control participant, we developed methods for analysis and sample size planning for such trials. We exploited the analysis of covariance framework with the dependent variable being individual participants' win fractions at posttest and the covariate being the win fractions at pretest. The win fractions were obtained using the mid-ranks of the ordinal data. Simulation evaluation based on a recent randomized trial on COVID-19 suggests that the methods perform very well. A sample SAS code for data analysis is presented.

Quality Assurance and Accreditation Issues in Nepalese Higher Education

The issue of quality assurance has become the focus of many institutions to enhance quality of Higher Education (HE). There are six universities to provide higher education in Nepal. Tribhuvan University (TU) is the oldest and largest university which covers major stake near about 93 percent in Nepalese higher education system. With the aim of examining the practices of quality assurance (QA) in TU, this study has been conducted by selecting the faculty members and other staffs of the faculties of management, education and humanities & social sciences as its respondents. The internal and ordinal scale data were analysed by using descriptive statistics and chi-square test with the help of SPSS 13.0 and Microsoft Excel. Additionally, reliability of the responses on interval-scaled questions was test by calculating Cronbach’s Alpha and an analysis was also made for subjective or open-ended questions. It is found that faculties play prominent role in assuring the academic quality has the highest average value and strict affiliation criteria set by the university influence positively in the quality performance of an institution has the lowest average value. Average value of the responses regarding factor determining is the highest on well trained and experienced resource persons. Therefore, well trained and experienced resource person is the main factor to determine quality assurance in higher education. It is found that improvement on curriculum, faculty development, establishing reward system, discouraging political pressure and providing strict rules and regulations assure the quality in higher education of TU.

Persepsi Petani Terhadap Kinerja Penyuluh Pertanian di Desa Torongrejo Kecamatan Junrejo Kota Batu

Forest management carried out by the Panti District community in The performance of agricultural extension workers is starting to be felt by farmers, but in terms of farmers' perceptions of the performance of agricultural extension workers which are considered less than optimal because in the implementation of the extension there are obstacles such as differences in schedules between agricultural extension workers and farmer groups, many group members do not participate in extension activities. this. Regarding these obstacles, it is necessary to conduct a more in-depth study of farmers' perceptions of the performance of agricultural extension workers in Torongrejo Village, Junrejo District, Batu City. This study aims to analyze farmers' perceptions and the factors that influence farmers' perceptions of the performance of agricultural extension workers in Torongrejo Village, Junrejo District, Batu City. The technique of determining respondents in this study was simple random sampling. The number of respondents as many as 50 people is calculated based on the slovin formula. Data were collected by means of observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. The analytical method used is Multiple Linear Regression with the help of SPSS (Software Program for Social Science) software. ). The ordinal scale data is converted to an interval scale with MSI (Methode of Successive Interval). Before the multiple linear regression analysis was tested, the classical assumption test, normality test, heteroscedasticity test and multicollinearity test were carried out. Based on the results of the analysis of the level of perception of farmers on the performance of the instructor as an initiator of 76%, as a motivator by 78%, as an educator by 78%, as a communicator by 79% and as a facilitator by 75% so that it can be said that the role that has been carried out by agricultural extension workers is categorized as good. The performance of agricultural instructors as initiators, motivators, educators, communicators and facilitators significantly influences the level of farmers' perceptions of the performance of agricultural extension workers.
 Keywords : Perception, Farmer, Performance, Extension

SecSel, a new software tool for conservation prioritization that is applicable to ordinal-scale data for multiple biodiversity features.

SecSel, a protected-area prioritization tool, has been developed to help design areas that efficiently protect multiple features, including conservation of biodiversity and use of ecosystem services. The prioritization by SecSel is based on evaluation of the local units of each feature. The evaluation metrics should be quantitative but need not be ratio scale. The minimum requirement of the input data is that they are ordinal. The conservation target is the number of local units with high values of each feature to be protected in the area. SecSel can handle conflicts among features, including conflicts between conservation and utilization of land or specific ecosystem functions. Before the selection procedure, one of a conflicting pair of features in a site is discarded. That decision is based on the dispensability of the local unit to fulfilling the conservation target of each feature. SecSel also considers the cost of including each site in the protected area and the compactness of the area in terms of total boundary length or the distance to the nearest site. To demonstrate the functionality of Secsel, we used it to design land use in an alpine region of northern Japan where conservation of alpine vegetation and its recreational use are important considerations.

PENGARUH STRATEGI PROMOSI DI SOCIAL MEDIA TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN HANDPHONE MEREK APPLE YANG DI MEDIASI WORD OF MOUTH MARKETING (Studi Kasus Pada Queeniphone Bengkulu)

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine The Effect of Promotion Strategies in Social Media toward Apple Brand Mobile Purchasing Decisions Mediated by Word of Mouth Marketing on Queen iphone Bengkulu. This research used survey research methods with quantitative data analysis by using the MSI method (method of successive interval) to transform ordinal scale data into interval scale data. The population of this study were all of consumers who buy Apple Brand Mobile products on Queeniphone Bengkulu. The results of this study know that there were significant effect toward Apple Brand Mobile Purchasing Decisions Mediated by Word of Mouth Marketing on Queen iphone Bengkulu. It is better for owner of Queen iphone Bengkulu to maintain and even improve consumer purchasing decisions by using variuos promotion strategy. Keywords: Promotion strategy, word of mouth marketing, purchasing decisions.

PENGARUH MARKETING ONLINE DAN E-SERVICE QUALITY TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN (Studi Kasus Pembelian Produk Labbaik Chicken)

This study aims to determine the effect of Online Marketing and E-Service Quality on purchasing decisions, either partially or simultaneously. The independent variables in this study are online marketing (X1), e-service quality (X2), and the dependent variable, namely purchasing decisions (Y). In this research, the writer uses the method of collecting data by means of observation, distributing questionnaires or questionnaires. And the research location is in Labbaik Chicken, Bengkulu city. The population and sample of this research are all consumers who buy fast food products at Labbaik Chicken, and the determination of the sample in this study uses purposive sampling technique, with the criteria namely (1) Respondents who have bought food or beverage products from Labbaik Chicken Bengkulu City, (2) ) Respondents who have updated information about fast food products on their social networks, (3) Respondents who come directly to fast food restaurants. Since the population in this study is unknown, the authors use the MSI method (method of successive interval) by transforming the ordinal scale data into interval scale data, with 5-10 samples for indicators in all variables used, namely 12 indicators with The minimum sample results are 60 respondents and the maximum sample is 120 respondents, in this study the number of samples used is 120 respondents who are considered to have met the requirements. The data analysis techniques in this study the authors used several data analysis techniques, namely instrument test, classical assumption test, multiple linear regression analysis, determinant coefficient, and hypothesis testing. From the results of the tests that have been done, it can be concluded that Online Marketing (), and E-Service Quality () on the dependent variable of Purchase Decision (Y) have a significant effect, this can be seen in the F test which states the value>, namely (99.579> 3.074 ) and (sig = 0.000 <0.050), thus it can be concluded that it is accepted that the online Marketing () and E-Service Quality () variables simultaneously have a significant influence on Purchasing Decisions (Y), in Labbaik Chicken, Bengkulu City. Keywords: Online Marketing, E-Service Quality Purchasing Decisions

Utilizing ordinal alpha reliability on modification of Mark H. Davis’s empathy rate instrument (case study in Department of Mathematics FMIPA UI)

Most psychology research requires the existence of an instrument to obtain the required information. An instrument using Likert scale needs to know its reliability and validity. However, the use of an instrument is not necessarily suitable for particular population. This can be seen from the fulfilment of reliability, construct validity, item validity, and content validity of the instrument. Unreliable and invalid instruments due to cultural differences in the population. Therefore, a modification of the instrument is needed such that better information can be obtained to the relevant population. Because in this study using ordinal scale data, then the reliability will be measured by the coefficient ordinal alpha with polychoric correlation. In this study, modifications will be made to Mark H. Davis’ rate empathy instrument consisting of 45 indicators into an instrument consisting of only 15 indicators. Modified measuring tools proved reliable, have valid content, valid constructs, and valid items. The methods to be used are factor analysis, Spearman correlation, polychoric correlation, and ordinal alpha reliability.

Community awareness about disaster preparedness: Principal component analysis (PCA)

Background and Aim: Responsibility for disaster preparedness is not limit- ed to healthcare institutions and healthcare providers; communities must also be involved. Knowledge of community members’ awareness of disaster preparedness will enhance and strengthen a community’s resilience to disaster. This study therefore explored factors related to community members’ perceptions of disaster. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, and principal component analysis (PCA) was used to extract essential factors from the data. Questionnaires were used to collect ordinal (yes; no) and Likert scale (ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree) data from visitors to the Department of Applied Medical Sciences at Taif University. The questions were designed to understand how participants prepare for dis- asters. Descriptive analysis and PCA were conducted using a PCA extraction method. Varimax rotation was used with Kaiser normalization, and loading on the factor had to be above 0.40. Results: Of the participants sampled, 383 (65.20%) respond- ed to the survey. The majority were male, and just over a quarter were female. Community members were found to lack emergency and disaster kits, safety measures, and fire extinguishers in their homes. In total, three factors were extracted by the PCA: (1) perception of government efforts, (2) readiness of community members, and (3) general knowledge regarding disasters. Conclusions: This study showed a lack of preparedness for and awareness of disasters. It is therefore recommended that the government facilitate and educate community members to ensure that all families have a well-established disaster plan.

Get the Most from Your Survey: An Application of Rasch Analysis for Education Leaders

High-quality measurement tools are critical to school improvement efforts. Education researchers frequently employ surveys in order to assess a host of variables associated with school improvement. This article asserts that Rasch modeling techniques enhance the quality of a measurement tool because they comprise elements of both qualitative and quantitative research approaches, and because Rasch modeling corrects the erroneous conclusions that result from the errors associated with ordinal response scale data. This article illustrates, with specific attention to the needs of education leaders and researchers, how the Rasch measurement model gauges the usefulness of survey instruments. This study illustrates the benefits of Rasch modeling using the scale that measures teacher external political efficacy (TEPE). Findings show that a set of four items captures this domain well.

A case-based reasoning system for interior design using a new cosine similarity retrieval algorithm

ABSTRACTDuring concept design stage, a case-based reasoning (CBR) system is good for searching the most suitable interior design drawing case as a preliminary concept drawing design aid to bridge the design requirements gap between the consigner and the designer. In the case base of the system, features of the pre-stored design drawing cases could be characterized by interval, nominal, ordinal and/or ratio scale data. However, the cosine similarity measure used for case reasoning scarcely deals with mixed measurement scales of interval, nominal, ordinal and ratio scale types. Therefore, the objective of this study has been twofold. The first goal was to propose a new cosine similarity retrieval algorithm for case reasoning, in which mixed measurement scales are considered and applied. The second goal was to propose a CBR system and apply the new cosine similarity retrieval algorithm to the search engine of the CBR system for interior design drawing retrieval. Finally, numerical experiments were carried out to demonstrate the capability and effectiveness of the proposed similarity matching algorithm on the case-based reasoning system.

Pengaruh Pelaksanaan Supervisi Akademik terhadap Peningkatan Kompetensi Pedagogik Guru di SDN Margorejo VI/524 dan SDN Baratajay

The Effect of Academic Supervision to Improve Pedagogy Competency of Teacher of Margorejo VI/524 Elementary School and Baratajaya Elementary School of Surabaya. The headmaster is fully responsible for organizing education with teachers as class teachers. Teachers are required to master four competencies, one of which is pedagogical competence. However, not all teachers master these competencies, so it is the responsibility of the headmaster to conduct academic supervision. The activity is carried out in the form of class meetings / visits. Therefore, teachers can improve their pedagogical competencies. Researchers are interested in conducting research that aims to analyze the existence of academic supervision in SDN Margorejo VI / 524 and SDN Baratajaya Surabaya. Both schools are located in Surabaya. In addition, the study was conducted also, with the aim to examine the effect of the implementation of academic supervision on the pedagogical competence of teachers by using descriptive quantitative research methods and Spearman rank correlation with ordinal scale data. The population of the two schools is 102 respondents. Sample is 81 respondents with an error level of 0.05. Observation with a questionnaire that has proven as valid and reliable. The analysis by using SPSS 21. The study used two data analysis techniques, namely descriptive analysis and Spearman rank correlation analysis. The results showed that the two schools had carried out academic supervision activities to improve teacher pedagogical competence. The results obtained were 0.608 which means that the category is very good and good and classified as moderate correlation, with a significant correlation value of 0,000 <0.05. So the hypothesis in this study that H1 is accepted and H0 is rejected.

Pengaruh Pelaksanaan Supervisi Akademik terhadap Peningkatan Kompetensi Pedagogik Guru di SDN Margorejo VI/524 dan SDN Baratajay

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 The principal is fully responsible for distributing education with the help of the teacher. In the process, teachers are required to be able to master four competencies, one of which is pedagogic competence. The competency aims to realize an educational learning for students. However, not all teachers master these competencies, so it is the responsibility of the principal to hold academic supervision activities. The activity is carried out by the authorities (headmaster) by giving guidance, in the form of class meetings / visits. That way, the teacher will get the provision of new learning and motivation to improve the pedagogical competence possessed. These activities can correct problems that occur during the learning process. The explanation above makes researchers interested in conducting research that aims to analyze the implementation of academic supervision in SDN Margorejo VI / 524 and SDN Baratajaya Surabaya. The two schools are located in Surabaya. In addition, the study was conducted with the aim of examining the influence of the implementation of academic supervision on teacher pedagogical competencies using quantitative descriptive research methods and spearman rank correlation with ordinal scale data. The researcher took the population in two schools with the number of respondents 102 then taken a sample of 81 respondents with a level of error of 0.05. The study was conducted by distributing questionnaires that have been tested valid and reliable. The results obtained were also obtained using SPSS 21 for Windows 2007. The results of the study were obtained using two data analysis techniques, namely descriptive analysis and Spearman rank correlation analysis. The results of the study indicate that the two schools actually carry out academic supervision activities to improve the teacher's pedagogical competence. So that the results obtained are 0.608 ** which means categorized as very good and good and classified as medium correlation with a significant correlation value of 0.000 < 0.05. So the hypothesis in this study is that H1 is accepted and H0 is rejected.
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PRINCIPALS’ PERCEPTION OF CHALLENGES UNDERMINING EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF FREE SECONDARY EDUCATION IN LIKUYANI SUB-COUNTY, KENYA

Free Secondary Education (FSE) in Kenya was introduced in 2018 with an aim of enhancing access to secondary education in the country. This initiative however, has experienced challenges related to funding, infrastructure in schools and staffing shortages. In this regard, the study sought to examine principals’ perception of the challenges with a view to determining the extent to which the challenges could be undermining effective implementation of the programme in Likuyani sub-county. The study used ex-post facto research design. Data was collected by use of a personally delivered questionnaire from 52 principals who were randomly selected from a total population of 60 principals in the study area. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) programme version 20. Nominal scale data was analysed using frequency counts and percentages while ordinal scale data was analysed using t-test and ANOVA statistics. Gender of the principal had no statistically significant influence on principals’ perception of the challenges undermining FSE implementation. However, years of experience had a statistically significant influence on the rating of FSE implementation challenges. The study has proffered a number of recommendation on ways in which implementation of FSE can be enhanced in the study area and by implicating other parts of the country. Article visualizations: