Ordinal Numerals Research Articles

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The forms of the ordinal numerals have not been the subject of a dedicated study. It is therefore essential to pay attention to the doublet forms of ordinals, which have coexisted in standard literary Bulgarian over the past forty years.

THE SUBJECT'S POSITION IN THE SENTENCE IN MASS-MEDIA ECOLOGICAL DISCOURSE (IN THE GERMAN-LANGUAGE MEDIA)

The article is devoted to the study of word order in sentences in German-language media texts on environmental topics. It describes the key points in the formation of the analytical structure in the German language and its influence on the word order in a sentence. The cases of the subject in the fourth place in a simple sentence and in the second place in the subordinate clause are analyzed. The sentence members shifting the subject to the right, such as the objects of time and place, mode and degree, conditions, direct and prepositional supplements, were revealed. The frequency of their use is determined. The link between the word order and the actual sentence segmentation is characterized. An attempt has been made to identify the markers of a rhema in the analysed cases and the frequency of their use. Quantitative and ordinal numerals, nouns with quantitative meaning, indefinite article, prepositional group, negation, subordinate clause and demonstrative pronoun were found to be markers of a rhema.

Application of project technology in teaching Russian as a foreign language: the case of topic «Day of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia)»

The article describes the practical application of the project method in teaching Russian as a foreign language, which allows to activate the educational and cognitive activity of students, to develop their communication and teamwork skills. The author considers the organization of project technology when studying the course of «Country Studies» in a group of Chinese bachelors, namely the topic «The Sakha Republic (Yakutia)». At the pre-text stage, lexical work is carried out with new words, the translation into Chinese of words that are not included in the lexical minimum of students of the basic level of proficiency in Russian is proposed. An educational text about the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) with emphasis was developed. At the post-text stage, work is carried out on questions on comprehending what has been read and performing grammatical tasks on the use and formation of full forms of participles and declension of quantitative and ordinal numerals. The creative projects developed by students on the topic «Sights of the city of Yakutsk», including an illustrated Russian-Chinese terminological dictionary, information about cultural objects, student reviews, are presented. The final creative task was the implementation of the case – the creation of a mock-up of a holiday card for the Day of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). Presenting their work, students developed the skills of oral monological coherent speech. To sum up, the author comes to the conclusion about the expediency and effectiveness of the implementation of the project methodology in teaching Russian as a foreign language, contributing to the creative activity of students and improving their communication skills.

Numeral System in Lotha

This present study focused on one of the tribal languages of Nagaland. Lotha is one of the vernacular languages of North-Eastern India. It is widely spoken in Wokha district of Nagaland. It has shown evidences of unique numeral system. The counting system of this language is up to lakhs ‘kana’. It has large number of numerals which are divided into seven (7) broad categories- Cardinal numerals, Ordinal numerals, Fractional numerals, Multiplicative numerals, Approximative numerals, Distributive numerals and Restrictive numerals. These seven categories are further divided into sub-categories on the basis of their structure. These structures provide certain unique patterns to create numerals in Lotha which are discussed in details in this present study.

Ordinal numerals in Jordanian Arabic: A morphosyntactic investigation

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to discuss the morphosyntax of ordinal numerals in Jordanian Arabic (JA). I show that ordinal numerals in JA do not belong to a uniform category and argue that they show different syntactic and morphological behaviours depending on their structural position inside the extended nominal projection. In particular, I argue that pre-nominal ordinals are QPs that can merge inside or outside the DP, similar to the quantifierkull(Shlonsky, 1991; Benmamoun, 1999). On the other hand, I show that post-nominal ordinals are adjectives that merge inside the extended nominal projection (Corbett, 2004; Fassi-Fehri, 2018), similar to adnominal adjectives in JA. The findings of this study show that ordinals might belong to distinct syntactic categories within the same language depending on their structural position.

Професор І. К. Кучеренко в історії українського мовознавства: класифікація частин мови

The article is devoted to the grammatical study of the parts of speech of by outstanding domestic scientist – Professor I. Kucherenko. Professor I. Kucherenko laid out the key points of this teaching in the fundamental two-volume treatise “Theoretical Issues of the Grammar of the Ukrainian Language: Morphology”, where he substantiated the logical grammatical paradigmatic system of the Ukrainian language with impeccable clarity, while at the same time proposing to solve the most difficult and controversial issues in the field of semasiology, syntax, and communicative linguistics. Having been printed in early (the 60s of the 20th century), this work became a significant achievement of Slavic linguistics and largely determines the development of grammatical thought in Ukraine to this day. The scientist’s classification approach is focused on the “unequivocal (monistic)” criterion, namely the lexical meaning of the word, which the scientist sometimes calls “real”. The lexical meaning of a word reflects the conceptual, communicative and cognitive nature of a linguistic sign and determines its grammatical attributes, not vice versa. The use of a multi-valued criterion, which is widespread in grammars to this day, turns into a gross violation of logic, makes it impossible to clearly differentiate common and distinctive, basic (generic) and secondary (specific) features of word classes. As a result, words are forced into categories where they are “foreign”, such as, for example, participles among verbs. Professor I. Kucherenko is the first to substantiate the feasibility of considering participles, as well as so-called ordinal numerals, as well as adjectival classes of pronominal words in the adjective category. The lexical meaning of a word determines its typified function in a sentence, which (sentence), according to the scientist, is not only the main unit of syntax, but also a “real unit” among the rest of the linguistic units. The scientist interprets the concept of “real” as something that does not exist in registers or nomenclature, but provides communication and knowledge. Thus, while developing theoretical grammar, Professor I. Kucherenko showed foresight in terms of the categories of cognitive linguistics and communicative syntax, many decades ahead of his contemporary scientific thought. Approaches to the so-called service parts of speech are significant in the paradigmatic teaching of Professor I. Kucherenko. The scientist rejects the terminological dichotomy “meaning-bearing / non- meaning-bearing”, justifiably believing that there is no primary and secondary in the lexical material. It visualizes the understanding that prepositions, conjunctions, particles ensure the movement of thought from sensual contents to the sphere of abstract thinking, reflecting the facts of human mental activity, which is the same reality as the naming of visible (gross) material objects of the world. In this connection, the scientist develops the proposal about synsemantics and three levels of semantics (defined, generalized, generalized and indicative).

The Specificity of the Display of Grammatical Information in the “Dictionary of the Language of Oral Folk Literature”

The language of folklore is peculiar. It has distinctive features at each linguistic and structural level. The grammar of works of oral folklore also has its specifics. The vocabulary of the folklore language should have an expressive linguistic direction. The vocabulary, or the register part of the linguistic dictionary, must contain grammatical information about the word. It is almost impossible to provide all the grammatical information about a lexeme entered into the dictionary register. Compilers of lexicographical works always have to limit themselves to a certain minimum necessary and sufficient to fulfil their purpose. In this paper, we will offer such a grammatical minimum, which, in our opinion, will be adequate for a qualified lexicographical description of the grammar of those verbal facts that are available in the language of folklore. The language of folklore is primarily oral speech, characterized by variability, not only at the level of texts but also at the grammar level. Traditionally, nouns are inflected with the genitive case. In this case, the main variants of inflexions must be reflected in the Dictionary of Oral Folklore. For head nouns, it is necessary to give a remark indicating the gender. It is also essential to record specific data on the number category to mark plural nouns. Adjectives, ordinal numerals, and adjectival pronouns are recorded in the original form (masculine singular nominative case). Unstressed and short forms are pretty typical for folklore texts. This expressive grammatical feature of the parts mentioned above of speech also needs, in our opinion, to be reflected in the dictionary entry. Traditionally, in Ukrainian lexicographical works, pronouns, adverbs, interjections, and service parts of speech are indicated. Dictionary entries, which include verbs, usually given in the infinitive, will traditionally be accompanied by personal forms (first and second-person singular or other endings if necessary). Be sure to indicate the type of verbs, the category of transitivity and, if necessary, intransitivity, especially in cases where the verb can appear in folklore texts in both grammatical forms. We believe indefinite forms in - ти and - ть should be given in one dictionary entry. Verb variants with the suffixes - ова and -ува should also be given in the same entry, but the form in - ова should be given separately without interpretation and cross-referenced to the main form with the suffix -ува . Grammatical information may also include those parameters that appear irregularly and are, therefore, unpredictable in a certain general model of lexicographic description.

Dynamic development of syntactic complexity in second language writing: A longitudinal case study of a young Chinese EFL learner.

The present study analyzes the English diaries written by a young Chinese English as a foreign language (EFL) learner over a 1-year period in an attempt to determine the developmental process of Chinese EFL young learners’ written language in terms of syntactic complexity. This study aimed to use a wide range of metrics to explore densely collected data based on Dynamic Systems Theory. The longitudinal study data were analyzed through eight large-grained measures related to sentential, clausal, and phrasal features by using L2 Syntactic Complexity Analyzer, as well as fine-grained measures related to seven modifiers, an adjective placed before a noun, ordinal numerals are indicated (ADJA), cardinal numeral (CARD), predicative adjective, adverbial adjective (ADJP), adverbs (ADV), prepositional phrases (PREP), subordinate (SUB), and relative clause (REL), through manual annotations. The results show that, first, the developmental process was not linear but spiral in terms of large-grained measures. The sentential level varied, and the development process of the young learner is different from Chinese English learners studying in colleges. Second, the dynamic features of fine-grained measures are also prominent in the seven indicators. ADJA, PREP, and REL showed a steady increase, ADJP showed an obvious decline, while ADV and SUB first increased and then declined. Third, the correlation analysis revealed a competitive interaction within fine-grained measures and between large-grained and fine-grained measures.

Circumfixation: A semasiological approach

This paper investigates what kinds of meanings are expressed by circumfixes cross-linguistically, with an eye toward explaining this rare formal phenomenon. Based on the study of several hundred languages, it shows that circumfixes express negation relatively more often than other functions, followed by a wide array of TAME and derivational meanings and some more specific functions such as adjectival degree or the formation of ordinal numerals. While circumfixes are found in many unrelated languages and in all macro-areas, they nevertheless cluster in specific families, which suggests that it is their diachronic emergence that is rare rather than their synchronic distribution per se. The semantic contributions of circumfixes are explained by different diachronic mechanisms. Negative circumfixes are argued to ultimately follow from the negative cycle, whereas circumfixes encoding other functions are claimed to emerge from the cumulation of functionally compatible morphs, as in the case of certain aspectual and temporal markers. In addition, there is also some evidence that empty morphs may be reinterpreted as parts of circumfixes. All these processes are further constrained by the fact that one half of the developing circumfix has to be a prefix. Since prefixes are relatively rare overall, this necessary condition for circumfixation often is not met. On the other hand, prefixes express negation relatively frequently, and this helps to further explain why circumfixes have strong ties to this particular semantic domain.

Expressing the Day of the Month in Biblical Hebrew: A Diachronic Perspective

Biblical Hebrew (henceforth BH), like most languages, possesses two different kinds of numerals, cardinals, e.g., sheloshah (three) and ordinals, e.g., shelishi (third). While BH can generate a cardinal of any size, the ordinal paradigm in BH only goes up to ten, and there is no morphological or syntactic mechanism for combining ordinals to express higher numbers. BH compensates for its lack of higher ordinals by employing ordinal numerals in dedicated syntactic constructions. The present study is a diachronic corpus-based analysis of the syntax of one kind of cardinal phrase with ordinal meaning, the day-of-the-month expression. This study takes the syntactic and semantic accounts in Rothstein and Moshavi (2021) as its points of departure, and includes a construction not discussed in that publication. The study examines the synchronic and diachronic distributions of four constructions that account for nearly all occurrences of cardinal constructions with ordinal meaning: the appositional phrase (AP), the reduplicative construct phrase (RCP), the construct phrase (CP), and the bare numeral phrase (BN). The data presented reveals noteworthy developments in day-of-the-month expressions in Late Biblical Hebrew (LBH) that are also reflected in the extra-biblical Hebrew corpora of the Second Temple period. These results establish the syntactic expression of ordinality as a topic of significance for the broader endeavour of characterising the linguistic features of exilic and Second Temple Hebrew.

Numeral Adjectives in Russian Toponymy: Variation and Standardization

The paper deals with the use of adjective numerals in Russian toponymy retrieved from the State Catalogue of Geographical Names, normative legal acts, reference books of administrative-territorial divisions and topographic maps. The object of the study is toponyms with ordinal numerals that perform the function of numbering differentiation. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of standardization of toponyms with numerals. Numerous examples of variation in the spelling of toponyms with ordinal numerals have been found. Ordinal numbers in toponyms can be expressed in Arabic numerals, Roman numerals, verbal way, alphanumeric way. The following models of writing toponyms with ordinal numbers are identified: Kamenka II, Kamenka-2, Vtoraya Kamenka, Kamenka Vtoraya, Kamenka-Vtoraya, 2-ya Kamenka, Kamenka 2-ya. The article presents the results of a linguo-statistical study that showed the usage frequency for the models of writing numerals in toponyms both on a national scale and for each region separately. The State Catalogue of Geographical Names showcases that the most frequent models of writing toponyms with numerals are Kamenka 2-ya and Vtoraya Kamenka. Other models are much less common. The author substantiates the use of a particular model for writing numerals based on their representation in texts of various types, the guides for writing geographical names on maps, current spelling rules, and linguistic features of proper names. Despite the recent trend for standardization, the study results show the lack of common approaches to writing toponyms with numerals in different territorial bodies. The revealed discrepancies in the use of Roman and Arabic numerals in toponyms, the neglect for the recommended norms of writing toponyms with numerals require improving the spelling rules of writing geographical names.

Numeral Systems in Various Fula Lects

The paper presents the analysis of Fula numeral system. Fula is an Atlantic language, dispersed throughout a vast territory in Sub-Saharan Africa. It has over 20 differently-sized lects subdivided into three zones - Western, Central and Eastern. The research included collecting the language data on six major lects, two from each zone. Then this data was analyzed from the point of view of internal and external syntax of ordinal, cardinal, distributive and fraction numerals. The comparative analysis of Fula numeral system on inter-lect scale has never been reflected in earlier Fula studies. Apart from a unique collection of numeral data from all language zones of Fula, the paper presents comparative analysis of such data, including, but not limited to, phonetic and contact-induced variabilities. The sources of structural and lexical loans in the system are listed wherever possible, because the disperse nature of Fula lects means that the contact languages and the ensuing changes can be different for each lect. Special attention is paid to the numeral bases, which can be somatic, commercial of a combination of the two. The Fula numeral system has never been analyzed from this point of view, and the contact changes to it are of great linguistic interest. Also cardinal numerals in Fula can change their form depending on the personality parameter of head noun. This system is unique for Fula and, more specifically, to its numeral system, and is properly described for the first time. Some parts of the Fula numeral system, like distributive and fraction numerals for some lects, have been found underrepresented and poorly described, which leaves room for further research, both field one and typological.

Characteristics of numerals and classifiers in Darmdo Minyag

Abstract Based on first-hand data obtained during fieldwork, our article analyses numerals and frequently employed numeral classifiers of Darmdo Minyag. Numeral classifiers are obligated to follow a numeral when counting. There are three different roots for ‘ten’: /ɦa~ʁo/ used in the numbers 10–19; /ʁuɑ/ used in the numbers 20–49; and /ɡa/ used in the numbers 50–99. The presence of multiple roots for ‘ten’ with an initial glottal, uvular or velar stop or fricative has been attested in many languages of the Qiangic area. Although Tibetan forms may be used for all numerals, native forms up to 99 have been attested in Darmdo Minyag. The influence of Tibetan on cardinal and ordinal numerals, approximate, multiple and fractional numbers is noted as well. Darmdo Minyag has a rich inventory of sortal and mensural classifiers. Shape is the most important feature according to which nouns are categorized. Mensural classifiers may be divided into arrangement classifiers and units of measure. Units of measure are of two types: the first acts as a classifier, the second type is a [noun numeral+classifier] construction. Darmdo Minyag has two types of verbal action classifiers: several verbal action classifiers of unknown origin which modify semantically rich verbs, and numeral-verb combinations which modify a semantically empty verb. The main functions of classifiers are classification and individualization.

СОПОСТАВИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ИМЕНИ ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНОГО В ОРОЧОНСКОМ И ЭВЕНКИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ

The current article focuses upon the results of the numerals analysis and the ways of their forming in the Orochon language. The obtained data are compared with the existing data from previous studies on the numeral paradigm in the Evenki language. The study enabled to identify 8 subcategories of numerals in each language with 6 of them being similar. The main patterns to derive numerals are compounding and affixation. Compounding is the most productive pattern for cardinal and approximate numerals and fractions while ordinal numerals, measuring, distributive and limitative numerals, collective numerals to count animals are formed by adding suffixes. Genetic affinity of the Orochon and Evenki languages is expressed by the same or similar numeral stems and suffixes forming various numeral subcategories.

The numeral system in Longuda

This article gives an overview of the cardinal and ordinal numerals in Longuda, a language cluster in north-eastern Nigeria, belonging to the Adamawa branch of the Niger-Congo languages. It focuses on three of its five varieties, namely Deele, Guyuk and Gwaanda, analysing the morphology of the numerals, their behaviour in a noun phrase and the derivation of ordinal numerals from cardinal numerals. It becomes clear that numerals in Longuda are neither adjectives nor nouns but should rather be analysed as being on a scale in-between those lexical categories. The tendency in the languages of the world that lower ordinal numerals are suppletive forms while higher ones are regularly derived from cardinal numerals applies to Longuda as well. At the end of the article, the findings of Longuda numerals are compared to other Adamawa languages and the Niger-Congo family as a whole as compiled by Boyd (1989) and Pozdniakov (2018).

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СЕМАНТИКИ АНГЛІЙСЬКИХ ПАРЕМІЙНИХ ОДИНИЦЬ ІЗ КВАНТИТАТИВНИМ КОМПОНЕНТОМ

Quantitative units of the English language, in particular verbs, often become components of paroemias. The article presents the results of a systematic analysis of ordinal and cardinal numerals as parts of English proverbs and idioms. Thus, an opportunity was found to distinguish eight semantic.

Ошибки в категоризации рода при речепорождении иностранцев, изучающих русский язык

The failure to determine the grammatical gender category of adjectives, ordinal numerals and possessive pronouns in the speech production of foreigners representing a monoethnic (Chinese) group of students is considered from the perspective of cognitive linguistics. The analysis of the written works and oral statements of students studying Russian as a foreign language reveals a mechanism that leads to typical mistakes in this aspect of Russian grammar. Categorization by gender of nouns occurs through cognitive mechanisms of correlation and comparison, namely: by biological gender – motivated, by formal attribute – unmotivated; categorization by gender of adjectives, possessive pronouns and ordinal numerals, as the categorization of secondary (unmotivated) features, is absent for foreign residents. Accordingly, for a foreigner, a cognizable category that does not have an ontological character becomes a difficult obstacle to overcome at the initial stage of language learning.

Ordinal numerals in the language system

Ordinal numerals in the language system

Цифровое граффито из раскопок Нимфея

The article considers an ancient Greek graffito found in 2006 during the excavations of the Bos- poran city of Nymphaion. The graffito consists of ordinal numerals denoting a sequence of days from the first to the fifth, and acrophonic numeric signs. The inscription manner of writing allows us to date it to the 3rd century BC. It is estimated that the graffito is a household note related to one of events that were conducted in the Nymphaion theatre.

Порядковые числительные в китайском языке

Порядковые числительные в китайском языке