Order Of L1 Research Articles

Discordance in lumbar bone mineral density measurements by quantitative computed tomography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in postmenopausal women: a prospective comparative study

Background ContextLevel-specific lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) evaluation of a single vertebral body can provide useful surgical planning and osteoporosis management information. Previous comparative studies have primarily focused on detecting spinal osteoporosis but not at specific levels. PurposeTo compare the detection rate of lumbar osteoporosis between quantitative computed tomography (QCT) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA); to explore and analyze the distribution models of QCT-derived BMD and DXA T-score at the specific levels; and to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of level-specific BMD thresholds for the prediction of osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF) in postmenopausal women. Study Design/SettingA comparative analysis of prospectively collected data comparing QCT-derived BMD with DXA T-score. Patient SampleA total of 296 postmenopausal women who were referred to the spine service of a single academic institution were enrolled. Outcome MeasuresQCT-derived BMD and DXA T-score at specific levels, with or without osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture. MethodsPostmenopausal women who underwent QCT and DXA within a week of admission from May 2019 to June 2022 were enrolled. The diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis recommended by the World Health Organization and the American College of Radiology were used for lumbar osteoporotic diagnosis. To evaluate differences in lumbar BMD measurements at specific levels, a threshold of T score=-2.5 and QCT-derived BMD = 80 mg/cm3 were used to categorize level-specific lumbar BMD into low and high BMD. Disagreements in BMD categorization between DXA and QCT were classified as a minor or major discordance based on the definition by Woodson. Data between QCT and DXA were visualized in a stacked bar plot and analyzed. Correlations between DXA and QCT at the specific levels were evaluated using Pearson's linear correlation and scatter plots. Curve fitting of BMD distribution, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) for each single vertebral level was performed. ResultsOf the 296 patients, QCT diagnosed 61.1% as osteoporosis, 30.4% as osteopenia and 8.4% as normal. For those screened with DXA, 54.1% of the patients had osteoporosis, 29.4% had osteopenia and 16.6% had normal BMD. Diagnoses were concordant for 194 (65.5%) patients. Of the other 102 discordant patients, 5 (1.7%) were major and 97 (32.8%) were minor. Significant correlations in level-specific BMD between DXA and QCT were observed (p<.001), with Pearson's correlation coefficients ranging from 0.662 to 0.728. The correlation strength was in the order of L1 > L2 > L3 > L4. The low BMD detection rate for QCT was significantly higher than that for DXA at the L3 and L4 levels (65% vs. 47.9% and 68.1% vs 43.7, respectively, p<.001). Patients with OVCF showed significantly lower QCT-derived BMD (47.2 mg/cm3 vs. 83.2 mg/cm3, p<.001) and T-score (-3.39 vs. -1.98, p<.001) than those without OVCF. Among these patients, 82.8% (101/122) were diagnosed with osteoporosis by QCT measurement, while only 74.6% (91/122) were diagnosed by DXA. For discrimination between patients with and without OVCF, QCT-derived BMD showed better diagnosed performance (AUC range from 0.769 to 0.801) than DXA T-score (AUC range from 0.696 to 0.753). ConclusionQCT provided a more accurate evaluation of lumbar osteoporosis than DXA. The QCT-derived BMD measurements at a specific lumbar level have a high diagnostic performance for OVCF.

Word Order variation in L1 and L2 Italian speakers: the role of Focus and the Unaccusativity Hierarchy

This paper investigates the Italian Word Order variation in the position of subjects (S) with respect to finite predicates (V) in two adult populations: L1-Italian speakers and L1-French L2-Italian speakers. We test how discourse focus (Belletti, 2001) and a decomposed approach to Unaccusativity, i.e., Unaccusativity Hierarchy (Sorace, 2000), determine the SV/VS variation in L1 and L2 populations. The results of a forced-choice preference task show that both factors constrain the Italian word order in L1 and L2 Italian speakers: the VS order was preferred in the narrow focus and with Change of Location unaccusative verbs in both populations, although with different proportions. Overall L2 speakers chose the SV order more consistently than L1 speakers but they did so mainly with the less-core unaccusative verbs of the Unaccusativity Hierarchy. We account for these findings suggesting a return to the original version of the Interface Hypothesis (Sorace, 2005), which predicts that interface phenomena, including those at the syntax-lexicon interface, represent a vulnerable domain in L2 acquisition.

Effect of integrated soil fertility management on hydrophysical soil properties and irrigated wheat production in the upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, soil fertility problem caused by acidity substantially limits agricultural productivity, necessitating sustainable integrated nutrient management. This study assessed the effect of combined application of lime, manure and inorganic fertilizer on selected hydrophysical properties of an acid clay Nitisols in the Koga irrigation scheme, Ethiopia. Five levels of integrated soil fertility management treatments were tested for four consecutive cropping seasons: (i) 0.86 t ha−1 lime combined with 3 t ha−1 manure and full−dose inorganic (urea and NPS−B) fertilizer (L3); (ii) 1.15 t ha−1 lime combined with 3 t ha−1 manure and full−dose inorganic fertilizer (L2); (iii) 1.43 t ha−1 lime combined with 3 t ha−1 manure and full−dose inorganic fertilizer (L1); (iv) 3 t ha−1 manure combined with full−dose inorganic fertilizer (M); and (v) full−dose inorganic fertilizer alone (C) as a control. Undisturbed soil samples were collected at 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil depths and analyzed to determine saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), soil−water retention characteristics, total porosity and bulk density. Disturbed soil samples were collected at the same depths to analyze soil organic carbon and texture. Infiltration capacity measurements and visual evaluation of soil structural quality were done in the field. Significantly higher (P < 0.05) soil organic carbon was found at L1, L2, L3 and M compared with C. The application of L1, L2, L3 and M reduced bulk density compared with the C. The amount of water retained at field capacity (FC) was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the treatments in the order of L1 > L2 > M > L3 > and C for both soil depths 0–10 and 10–20 cm. The Ks under plots treated with L1 was 64% and 37% higher than that of C for the 0–10 and 10–20 soil depths, respectively. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher infiltration capacity was found at L1 (0.007 cm min−1) followed by L2, L3 and M (0.006 cm min−1, 0.006 cm min−1, and 0.005 cm min−1) compared with C (0.004 cm min−1), respectively. Good soil structural quality (Sq) score was identified in L1, L2, L3 and M, whereas in C poor Sq score was found. As compared with C, grain yield was improved by 69% at L1, 59% at L2, 53% at L3, and 44% at M during 2018 and by 70% at L1, 58% at L2, 55% at L3 and 46% at M in 2019. In conclusion, the application of organic manure combined with lime and inorganic fertilizer enhanced the infiltration rate, water holding capacity and grain yield more than the inorganic fertilizer application alone. There was also a significant effect of liming as such, with the highest doses showing the best results.

Influence of Electronic Modulation of Phenanthroline-Derived Ligands on Separation of Lanthanides and Actinides.

The solvent extraction, complexing ability, and basicity of tetradentate N-donor 2,9-bis(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,2,4-benzotriazin-3-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline (CyMe4-BT- Phen) and its derivatives functionalized by Br, hydroxyphenyl, nitryl were discussed and compared. It was demonstrated that four BTPhen ligands are able to selectively extract Am(lll) over Eu(lll). It was notable that the distribution ratio of 5-nitryl-CyMe4-BTPhen for Eu(lll) was suppressed under 0.02, which was much lower compared to DEu(lll) = 1 by CyMe4-BTPhen. The analysis of the effect of the substituent on the affinity to lanthanides was conducted by UV/vis and fluorescence spectroscopic titration. The stability constants of various ligands with Eu(lll) were obtained by fitting titration curve. Additionally, the basicity of various ligands was determined to be 3.1 ± 0.1, 2.3 ± 0.2, 0.9 ± 0.2, 0.5 ± 0.1 by NMR in the media of CD3OD with the addition of DClO4. The basicity of ligands follows the order of L1 > L2 > L3 > L4, indicating the tendency of protonation decreases with the electron-withdrawing ability increase.

Spectroscopic, cytotoxicity and molecular docking studies on the interaction between 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derived Schiff bases with bovine serum albumin

The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derived Schiff bases (E)-1-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-2-(n-nitrobenzylidene)hydrazine (where, n = 2, L1; n = 3, L2 and n = 4, L3) were synthesized and characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR and mass spectra. The interaction of the ligands (L1-L3) with the protein BSA was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular docking methods. The fluorescence titration experiments of BSA resulted in fluorescence quenching with the incremental addition of the ligands (L1-L3). The fluorescence quenching is static in nature, and the estimated Stern-Volmer constants of the ligands with BSA followed the order of L1 ≈ L3 > L2. The modes of binding of the ligands with BSA were explored by molecular docking analysis. In addition, the cytotoxicity of the ligands was examined in live HeLa and HT-29 cells. The IC50 values were found in the range 13 μM–243 μM.

An adaptive variational finite difference framework for efficient symmetric octree viscosity

While pressure forces are often the bottleneck in (near-)inviscid fluid simulations, viscosity can impose orders of magnitude greater computational costs at lower Reynolds numbers. We propose an implicit octree finite difference discretization that significantly accelerates the solution of the free surface viscosity equations using adaptive staggered grids, while supporting viscous buckling and rotation effects, variable viscosity, and interaction with scripted moving solids. In experimental comparisons against regular grids, our method reduced the number of active velocity degrees of freedom by as much as a factor of 7.7 and reduced linear system solution times by factors between 3.8 and 9.4. We achieve this by developing a novel adaptive variational finite difference methodology for octrees and applying it to the optimization form of the viscosity problem. This yields a linear system that is symmetric positive definite by construction, unlike naive finite difference/volume methods, and much sparser than a hypothetical finite element alternative. Grid refinement studies show spatial convergence at first order in L ∞ and second order in L 1 , while the significantly smaller size of the octree linear systems allows for the solution of viscous forces at higher effective resolutions than with regular grids. We demonstrate the practical benefits of our adaptive scheme by replacing the regular grid viscosity step of a commercial liquid simulator (Houdini) to yield large speed-ups, and by incorporating it into an existing inviscid octree simulator to add support for viscous flows. Animations of viscous liquids pouring, bending, stirring, buckling, and melting illustrate that our octree method offers significant computational gains and excellent visual consistency with its regular grid counterpart.

A structured understanding of cellobiohydrolase I binding to poplar lignin fractions after dilute acid pretreatment

BackgroundCellulase adsorption to lignin is considered a cost barrier for bioethanol production; however, its detailed association mechanism is still not fully understood. In this study, two natural poplar variants with high and low sugar release performance were selected as the low and high recalcitrant raw materials (named L and H, respectively). Three different lignin fractions were extracted using ethanol, followed by p-dioxane and then cellulase treatment from the dilute acid pretreated poplar solids (fraction 1, 2, and 3, respectively).ResultsEach lignin fraction had different physicochemical properties. Ethanol-extracted lignin had the lowest weight average molecular weight, while the molecular weights for the other two lignin fractions were similar. 31P NMR analysis revealed that lignin fraction with higher molecular weight contained more aliphatic hydroxyl groups and less phenolic hydroxyl groups. Semi-quantitative analysis by 2D HSQC NMR indicated that the lignin fractions isolated from the natural variants had different contents of syringyl (S), guaiacyl (G) and interunit linkages. Lignin extracted by ethanol contained the largest amount of S units, the smallest amounts of G and p-hydroxybenzoate (PB) subunits, while the contents of these lignin subunits in the other two lignin fractions were similar. The lignin fraction obtained after cellulase treatment was primarily comprised of β-O-4 linkages with small amounts of β-5 and β–β linkages. The binding strength of these three lignin fractions obtained by Langmuir equations were in the order of L1 > L3 > L2 for the low recalcitrance poplar and H1 > H2 > H3 for the high recalcitrance poplar.ConclusionsOverall, adsorption ability of lignin was correlated with the sugar release of poplar. Structural features of lignin were associated with its binding to CBH. For natural poplar variants, lignin fractions with lower molecular weight and polydispersity index (PDI) exhibited more CBH adsorption ability. Lignins with more phenolic hydroxyl groups had higher CBH binding strength. It was also found that lignin fractions with more condensed aromatics adsorbed more CBH likely attributed to stronger hydrophobic interactions.

Effect of atomic environment on the 57Fe hyperfine structure and the thermal stability of magnetic order in L1 0 ordered Fe–Pt alloys

The 57Fe Mössbauer effect measurements were made for the L1 0 ordered Fe–Pt alloys with 39–62 at% Pt and the effect of local atomic environment on the hyperfine structure was investigated. Furthermore, the thermal stability of magnetic order was investigated for the alloys with high Pt concentration. From the analyses of the observed Mössbauer spectra, we found that dipole-field-like anisotropic transferred hyperfine fields are mainly responsible for the large difference in hyperfine field between Fe-site and Pt-site in the Fe-rich alloys. In the Pt-rich region far from stoichiometry, the existence of many Fe-sites occupied by excess Pt atoms causes a distribution of exchange fields. Therefore, the iron atoms in different local environments may have their several hyperfine fields with different temperature dependence. The anomalous temperature dependence of the averaged hyperfine field and line broadening observed for the 61, 62 at% Pt alloys can be understood from the co-existence of various sub-spectra with different temperature dependence. As a result, the thermal stability of magnetic order is largely reduced as the Pt concentration exceeds 60 at%.

Retrotransposon RNA expression and evidence for retrotransposition events in human oocytes

Although human diseases of retrotransposition-derived etiology have been documented, retrotransposon RNA expression and the occurrence of retrotransposition events in the human oocyte are not studied. We investigated the RNA expression of L1 and HERV-K10 retrotransposons in human oocytes by RT-PCR analysis with designed primers. Using denucleated germinal vesicles (GVs), we detected RT-PCR products of expressed L1, HERV-K10 and, unexpectedly, SINE-R, VNTR and Alu (SVA) retrotransposons. Their transcript specificities were identified as such following RNA-FISH and their origin by cloning and sequence alignment analyses. Assessing the expression level in comparison with somatic cells by densitometry analysis, we found that although in normal lymphocytes and transformed HeLa cells their profile was in an order of L1 > HERV-K10 > SVA, remarkably this was reversed in oocytes. To investigate whether de novo retrotransposition events occur and reverse transcriptases are expressed in the human oocyte, we introduced in GVs either a retrotransposition active human L1 or mouse reverse transcriptase deficient-VL30 retrotransposon tagged with an EGFP-based retrotransposition cassette. Interestingly, in both the cases, we observed EGFP-positive oocytes, associated with an abnormal morphology for L1 and granulation for VL30, and the retrotransposition events were confirmed by PCR. Our results: (i) show that L1, HERV-K10 and SVA retrotransposons are transcriptionally expressed and (ii) provide evidence, for the first time, for retrotransposition events occurring in the human oocyte. These findings suggest that both, network of retrotransposon transcripts and controlled retrotranspositions, might serve important functions required for oocyte development and fertilization while the uncontrolled ones might explain the onset of genetic disorders.

WKB and Spectral Analysis¶of One-Dimensional Schrödinger Operators¶with Slowly Varying Potentials

Consider a Schrodinger operator on L 2 of the line, or of a half line with appropriate boundary conditions. If the potential tends to zero and is a finite sum of terms, each of which has a derivative of some order in L 1+L p for some exponent p<2, then an essential support of the the absolutely continuous spectrum equals ℝ+. Almost every generalized eigenfunction is bounded, and satisfies certain WKB-type asymptotics at infinity. If moreover these derivatives belong to L p with respect to a weight |x|γ with γ >0, then the Hausdorff dimension of the singular component of the spectral measure is strictly less than one.

Modelling of irradiation-induced reordering in Ni 3Al on the basis of the migration of point defects

The kinetics of reordering under irradiation was investigated using a chemical reaction model in the case of vacancy- or interstitial-controlled mechanisms. We have calculated the theoretical temperature dependence of the steady-state degree of order in L1 2 Ni 3Al using the results of recent investigations of point defect properties, in various regimes of point defect annihilation. In a given annihilation regime, the temperature dependence of the steady-state degree of order shows a clear difference between interstitial and vacancy mechanisms. An important result is that a significant reordering can only be related to vacancy diffusion, except when the mutual recombination is the main annihilation process.

Een Minimalistische Analyse Van Tweede-Taalverwervingsdata

This paper reports on the acquisition of word order and subject-verb agreement by adult Turkish learners of Dutch. Five initial state hypotheses were translated into three Mini-malist hypotheses. An evaluation of these hypotheses showed that Minimal Trees and Full Transfer/'Full Access were empirically hardly distinguishable, in spite of the great differences between the original theories. The selection criterion used turned out to be inappropiate to properly evaluate Weak Features' (based on Valueless Features, the Basic Variety and the Initial Hypothesis of Syntax.) Word order in the initial state is probably determined by the word order of L1. The exact analysis for (the) stage(s) preceding target language structure, however, remains unclear. A strong relationship was found between verb morphology and verb movement, but it is unclear how Turks discover this relationship, which does not exist in their mother tongue.

Study of the stressed state of a plane during breaking of a barrier between two parallel fractures

On the basis of data for physical and nuemrical modelling features are established for development of breaking in a barrier zone between two cracks which reduce to the following. 1. First, on reaching a critical load separation cracks 1 arise in the vicinity of the barrier zone separating fractures at the lower edge of the upper fracture and the upper edge of the lower fracture with α=60° where concentration of tensile stress σ1 is at a maximum. 2. With an increase in the length of newly formed separation crack 1 there is a reduction in stress concentration close to it and an increase in concentration at the opposite ends of fractures where conditions also arise for the start of growth of cracks 2. After growth of crack 2 the concentration of stress σ1 close to the end of crack 1 again becomes greater than that close to the end of crack 2, giving rise to alternating jumpwise growth of these cracks. 3. When crack 1 reaches a length of the order ofl1=0.5H it slows down and changes its growth direction inasmuch as there is a change in the direction of tensile stress operation close to its end. 4. The nature of barrier zone breaking depends on the initial orientation angle of fractures with respect to applied forces.

The projection approach to the Fokker-Planck equation. I. Colored Gaussian noise

It is shown that the Fokker-Planck operator can be derived via a projection-perturbation approach, using the repartition of a more detailed operatorℒ into a perturbationℒ1 and an unperturbed partℒ0. The standard Fokker-Planck structure is recovered at the second order inℒ1, whereas the perturbation terms of higher order are shown to provoke the breakdown of this structure. To get rid of these higher order terms, a key approximation, local linearization (LL), is made. In general, to evaluate at the second order inℒ1 the exact expression of the diffusion coefficient which simulates the influence of a Gaussian noise with a finite correlation timeτ, a resummation up to infinite order inτ must be carried out, leading to what other authors call the best Fokker-Planck approximation (BFPA). It is shown that, due to the role of terms of higher order inℒ1, the BFPA leads to predictions on the equilibrium distributions that are reliable only up to the first order in t. The LL, on the contrary, in addition to making the influence of terms of higher order inℒ1 vanish, results in a simple analytical expression for the term of second order that is formally coincident with the complete resummation over all the orders in t provided by the Fox theory. The corresponding diffusion coefficient in turn is shown to lead in the limiting case τ→∞ to exact results for the steady-state distributions. Therefore, over the whole range 0⩽τ⩽∞ the LL turns out to be an approximation much more accurate than the global linearization proposed by other authors for the same purpose of making the terms of higher order inℒ1 vanish. In the short-τ region the LL leads to results virtually coincident with those of the BFPA. In the large-τ region the LL is a more accurate approximation than the BFPA itself. These theoretical arguments are supported by the results of both analog and digital simulation.

Subunit structure of the dihydrolipoyl transacylase component of branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex from bovine liver. Mapping of the lipoyl-bearing domain by limited proteolysis.

To characterize the lipoyl-bearing domain of the dihydrolipoyl transacylase (E2) component, purified branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex from bovine liver was reductively acylated with [U-14C] alpha-ketoisovalerate in the presence of thiamin pyrophosphate and N-ethylmaleimide. Digestion of the modified complex with increasing concentrations of trypsin sequentially cleaved the E2 polypeptide chain (Mr = 52,000) into five radiolabeled lipoyl-containing fragments in the order of L1 (Mr = 28,000), L2 (Mr = 24,500), L3 (Mr = 21,000), L4 (Mr = 15,000) to L5 (Mr = 14,000) as determined by the autoradiography of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel. In addition, a lipoate-free inner E2 core consisting of fragment A (Mr = 26,000) and fragment B (Mr = 22,000) was produced. Fragment A contains the active site for transacylation reaction and fragment B is the subunit-binding domain. Fragment L5 and fragment B were stable and resistant to further tryptic digestion. Mouse antiserum against E2 reacted only with fragments L1, L2, and L3, and did not bind fragments L4, L5, A, and B as judged by immunoblotting analysis. The anti-E2 serum strongly inhibited the overall reaction catalyzed by the complex, but was without effect on the transacylation activity of E2. Measurement of incorporation of [1-14C]isobutyryl groups into the E2 subunit indicated the presence of 1 lipoyl residue/E2 chain. Based on the above data, a model is proposed in which the lipoyl-bearing domain is connected to the inner E2 core via a trypsin-sensitive hinge. The lipoyl-bearing domain contains five consecutive tryptic sites (L1 to L5), with the L1 site in the hinge region, and the L5 site next to the terminal lipoyl-binding sequence. An exposed and antigenic region is located between L1 and L4 tryptic sites of the lipoyl-bearing domain. The region accounts for about 24% of the E2 chain length. Binding of antibodies to this region probably impairs the mobility of the lipoyl-containing polypeptide, resulting in an interruption of the active-site interactions that are necessary for the overall reaction. The lack of antigenicity and resistance to tryptic digestion indicate a highly folded conformation for fragment L5, the limit polypeptide carrying the single lipoyl residue.

On groups satisfying the converse of Lagrange's theorem

In this article we study certain subclasses of the class ℒ of Lagrangian groups; that is, finite groups G having, for every divisor d of |G|, a subgroup of index d. Two such subclasses, mentioned by McLain in (6), are the class ℒ1 of groups G such that every factor group of G is in ℒ, and the class ℒ2 of groups G such that each subnormal subgroup of G is in ℒ. In section 1 we prove that a group of odd order in ℒ1 is supersoluble, and give some examples of non-supersoluble groups in ℒ1. Section 2 contains several results on the class ℒ2. In particular, it is shown that a group in ℒ2 has an ordered Sylow tower and, after constructing some examples of groups in ℒ2, a result on the rank of a group in ℒ2 is proved (Theorem 4).