Order Of Entries Research Articles

An information-centric networking architecture with small routing tables

The basic design of the Named Data Networking (NDN) architecture is shown to incur problems, in that Interests (content requests) may go unanswered even if content is available in the network, and Pending Interest Tables (PIT) are shown to provide limited performance benefits in the presence of in- network caching. A new approach to content-centric networking is introduced that eliminates the need to maintain PITs while providing the benefits sought by NDN. Content-Centric Networking with Data Answer Routing Table (CCN-DART) replaces PITs with Data Answer Routing Tables (DARTs) to forward Interests that do not state their sources. The size of a DART is proportional to the number of routes used by Interests traversing a router, rather than the number of Interests traversing a router. It is shown that undetected Interest loops cannot occur in CCN-DART, and that Interests and responses to them are forwarded correctly independently of the state of the network. The results of simulation experiments comparing CCN-DART with NDN using the ndnSIM simulation tool show that CCN-DART attains similar or better latencies than NDN when no looping problems occur in NDN, while using a similar number of Interests and storing an order of magnitude fewer forwarding entries.

Applied Corpus Linguistics for Lexicography: Sepedi Negation as a Case in Point

So far, Sepedi negations have been considered more from the point of view of lexico­graphical treatment. Theoretical works on Sepedi have been used for this purpose, setting as an objective a neat description of these negations in a (paper) dictionary. This paper is from a different perspective: instead of theoretical works, corpus linguistic methods are used: (1) a Sepedi corpus is examined on the basis of existing descriptions of the occurrences of a relevant verb, looking at its negated forms from a purely prescriptive point of view; (2) a "corpus-driven" strategy is employed, looking only for sequences of negation particles (or morphemes) in order to list occurring con­structions, without taking into account the verbs occurring in them, apart from their endings. The approach in (2) is only intended to show a possible methodology to extend existing theories on occurring negations. We would also like to try to help lexicographers to establish a frequency-based order of entries of possible negation forms in their dictionaries by showing them the number of respective occurrences. As with all corpus linguistic work, however, we must regard corpus evidence not as representative, but as tendencies of language use that can be detected and described. This is especially true for Sepedi, for which only few and small corpora exist. This paper also describes the resources and tools used to create the necessary corpus and also how it was annotated with part of speech and lemmas. Exploring the quality of available Sepedi part-of-speech taggers concerning verbs, negation morphemes and subject concords may be a positive side result. Keywords: African languages dictionaries, corpus linguistics, negation, Sepedi, Northern Sotho, lexicography, part-of-speech tagging, corpus query processing

Changes in mathematics teachers’ self-reported beliefs and practices over the course of a blended continuing professional development programme

The original version of this article unfortunately contained an incorrect order of reference entries for Calleja, J. (2016), Calleja J. (2018), and Calleja J. (2019) which should have been in alphabetical sequence.

КОНТРАСТИВНЫЙ АВТОРСКИЙ СЛОВАРЬ КАК ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ ЛЕКСИКОГРАФИЧЕСКАЯ ФОРМА

At the turn of the 21st century, a new trend appeared in lexicographic practice. It was named contrastive lexicography. Contrastive dictionaries proved useful first of all as necessary reference books in learning and teaching foreign languages, and translating. In another domain, folklore lexicography, contrastive dictionaries became dictionary projects of linguafolklorists from Kursk, Russia. The method of comparative description tested on the folk material was applied to the literary text. This led to the idea of creating an author’s contrastive dictionary. The poetry by Fyodor Tyutchev and Afanasy Fet was chosen as the material of the tentative dictionary. The article describes the stages of the dictionary compilation and its original micro- and macro-structure. An essential macrostructural issue of the dictionary is the choice of words and the order of entries. It is accentuated that the topical, not alphabetic, structure of the dictionary enables to reveal the consistency and the inner hierarchy of single fragments of the poetic world picture and helps to identify their place in the poets’ idiolects. The authors of the dictionary employed the cluster approach. The cluster is understood as a group words which belong to different parts of speech and are linked semantically, functionally and derivationally. The dictionary comprises eight clusters which represent three massive fragments: World of Nature, World of Human and World’s Characteristics. Special attention is paid to dictionary entries of a double unit type. If an entry contains no comparative part, the unit turns into a left- or right-sided “lacuna” type entry. For poetic language description, the authors of the dictionary used the parameter structure of a dictionary entry; this structure comprises compulsory and optional components. The syntagmatic zone of a dictionary entry, which reflects all textual word links within the poetic line and the neighboring lines, was thoroughly analyzed. The research potential of an author’s contrastive dictionary is illustrated by several examples. It is noted that this dictionary is experimental and there are prospects for contrastive dictionaries of different genres, in line with the trends of modern author’s lexicography. Contrastive dictionaries are concluded to be of use in studying the author’s idiolect and in revealing the compared writers’ language uniqueness.

Bohoričev prispevek slovenskemu slovaropisju

Bohorič’s Contribution to Slovene Lexicography Lexicography was one of Bohorič’s central activities devoted to the 16th-century Slovene literary language. He is believed to be the author of three types of dictionaries: (1) a lost trilingual glossary with Latin as the source language, compiled for pedagogical use (Nomenclatura trium linguarum, ca. 1580); (2) the index in DB 1584 (perhaps also the shorter one in DB 1578), which contains also dialectal synonyms as well as equivalents from Croatian dialects and thus enables understanding of the central-Slovene lexicon; (3) six Slovene-Latin-German glossaries included in the grammar Arcticae horulae ſucciſivae (1584): the first three described nomina (nouns and adjectives) of all three genders, while the other three described verbs of the main three conjugation types (-am, -em, -im). In terms of their informativity, the glossaries included in the grammar are of several different types. In addition to grammatical information contributing to a better knowledge of the 16th-century Slovene literary language, they also provide lexicological information closely related to the modes of lexicographic presentation. Both features are an important contribution to the beginnings and further development of Slovene lexicography. Slovene headwords are semantically defined by their foreign-language equivalents. In addition, their semantic structure is outlined by one-word or phraseological subentries (with attested meanings, sub-meanings, and terms for specific types, such as štala ‘barn’—volovska štala ‘oxen barn’, ovčja štala ‘sheep barn’, kozja štala ‘goat barn’; set phrases with established use). Entries with subentries and the order of entries itself also bring into focus various types of semantic relations between lexical items, including synonymy, where pairs of loan and native synonyms stand out in particular (e.g. punt—zaveza ‘bond’, gmerati—množiti ‘to multiply’); antonymy (e.g. čast ‘honor’—nečast ‘disgrace’); the semantic difference between the source word and its derivative (e.g. kamen ‘stone’—kamčič ‘little stone’). Verbal entries with added subentries demonstrate various types of formation of aspectual pairs, e.g. sejati—obsejati ‘to sow’, nagniti—nagibati ‘to lean’. In cases where members of the pair differ by the type of action (e.g. gibati se—ganiti se ‘to move’), the semantic difference is added to the aspectual one. A re-comparison of Bohorič’s glossaries and Megiser’s dictionaries—his quadrilingual dictionary with German as the source language (MD 1592) and multilingual dictionary with Latin as the source (MTh 1603)—that included data on how widely the usage of this lexicon was spread, confirmed the hypothesis that the glossaries were one of Megiser’s main lexicographic sources of Slovene equivalents. (This data is one of the results of the complete excerption of the Slovene texts in book publications in the period of 1550–1603). Megiser’s consideration of Bohorič’s glossaries is most clearly evident in approximately 90 words that cannot be found in other works. In addition, the glossaries proved to be a useful reference work for citing widespread and commonly used lexicon. A typological difference between the compared lexicographic works is reflected in differences in their informativity as well as in the number of foreign-language equivalents and included Slovene equivalents. The increased number of Slovene synonyms in Megiser’s multilingual dictionaries was the result of Megiser’s inclusion of the Register (1584) and his ever-improving knowledge of the Slovene literary language and some Slovene dialects (e.g., Carinthian). Keywords: Adam Bohorič, lexicography, glossaries in Bohorič’s grammar, dictionary informativity, Megiser’s multilingual dictionaries

ДОКУМЕНТАЦИОННОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ И УЧЕТ ЭКСПОРТА ПРОДУКЦИИ БЕРЕГОВЫХ РЫБООБРАБАТЫВАЮЩИХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ

The article reveals peculiarities of documenting and recording the product exports for onshore fish processing enterprises in order to specify the norms given in federal standards in relation to the specific activities of the economic entity. A draft standard "Accounting for export transactions" was developed. The draft standard is designed for accountants who keep records for product export of fish processing enterprises onshore. The structure of the Standard consists of five sections. The first section reveals the basic concepts of the Standard: export of goods, foreign trade contract, "Incoterms 2010", contract and customs value. The second section contains a list of primary documents required for exporting goods. The third main section of the Standard contains instructions for determining the contractual and customs value, and costs for customs clearance of goods. The particular attention is paid to the "Common Customs Tariff of the Eurasian Economic Union", according to which the products corresponding to the code 0304891080 are not subject for export duties. The third section also contains explanations of transfer of ownership of goods and condition aspects for recognition of proceeds from the goods sale. A separate item is devoted to accounting VAT payments for export operations. The fourth section of the Standard explains the order of entries in the accounting registers and in reports on transactions in foreign currency. In the fifth section, the annex to the draft Standard on a special example shows the specifics of the reflection of facts of economic life related to the sale of fish products for export.

An Improved Analysis for Support Recovery With Orthogonal Matching Pursuit Under General Perturbations

Orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) is a widely used greedy algorithm for recovering the support of a sparse signal x from the underdetermined model $\text {y}=\text {A}\text {x}$ . In practice, we should analyze the performance of OMP under general perturbations, which means that both y and A are perturbed. In this paper, under general perturbations, we present necessary and sufficient conditions for the exact support recovery with the OMP. We also discuss the performance of OMP for recovering $\alpha $ strongly decaying sparse signals. Typically, in the noise-free case, we show that the upper bound of our sufficient condition is unrelated with $K$ and is a sharp bound. Furthermore, we establish sufficient conditions for the recovery of OMP, which can guarantee that the recovery is in the order of the signal entries’ magnitude.

Exhausting the inexhaustible: reading the structure of Samuel Beckett’s Come and Go through Ashish Avikunthak’s Endnote

ABSTRACTWhen Ashish Avikunthak, the experimental Indian film director adapts Samuel Beckett’s 1965 ‘dramaticule’ Come and Go into his 2005 Hindi short film Antaral or Endnote, he unsettles the mathematically precise structure of Beckett’s play. Avikunthak plays around with the order of entries and exits of the three women who participate in the haunting transmission of an inaudible secret in Beckett’s play. And his playful rearrangements underline the fundamental question about the number of secrets travelling among the women. Is it one or more than one secrets they share? The article answers this question through a thorough reading of the play’s structure concentrating on differences between the play and the film in a comparative analysis of the original and its decisively deconstructive adaptation. The article seeks to illuminate the inter-penetration of form and content in Beckett’s work and see how Avikunthak’s manifold modifications are uncannily haunted by the principle of the Beckettian structure. The comparative study unravels the precise logic of Beckett’s structure, its explicit and implicit rules and the rationale behind its precise points of commencement and termination.

O razvrščanju iztočnic v terminološkem slovarju

Ob nadgradnji uporabniškega računalniškega programa SlovarRed, ki ga pri delu uporabljamo sodelavci Sekcije za terminološke slovarje ISJ, je bilo treba dopolniti obstoječi nabor znakov in določiti načela za abecedno razvrščanje iztočnic v terminološkem slovarju. Težave namreč lahko nastanejo tako pri citatno prevzetih terminih s črkami, kijih slovenščina ne uporablja, kakor tudi pri specialnih mednarodnih oblikah terminov, v katerih črkovni zapis dopolnjujejo različne kombinacije (ne)latiničnih črk, števkin drugih znakov v različni pisavah. Za vse tovrstne primere je bilo treba poiskati jasno, logično in nedvoumno načelo, ki mora pokrivati tudi odzadnje razvrščanje iztočnic.

A product formula for the TASEP on a ring

For a random permutation sampled from the stationary distribution of the TASEP on a ring, we show that, conditioned on the event that the first entries are strictly larger than the last entries, the order of the first entries is independent of the order of the last entries. The proof uses multi-line queues as defined by Ferrari and Martin, and the theorem has an enumerative combinatorial interpretation in that setting. Finally, we present a conjecture for the case where the small and large entries are not separated. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 48, 247–259, 2016

Digital publishing as the great leveller

Abstract Proverbs are a fascinating genre of cultural expression that is studied by folklorists, linguists, philologists, anthropologists, literary scholars, philosophers, logicians, and cognitive psychologists (at least). This multitude of perspectives created in turn a multitude of approaches to how proverbial collections should be organized, classified, and used. These approaches may involve criteria based on alphabetical, chronological, ethnic, geographical, functional, lexicographical, metaphorical, thematic, or stylistic (a partial list) characteristics of proverbial performances. Consequences of this variety of approaches to the classification of subject matter ranged from inconvenience caused by heterogeneous resources to personal discrepancies between scholars. It is exactly here that digital humanities have another edge on traditional humanities. Contemporary information technologies increasingly allow to store data without commiting in advance to how it is structured when used. If in traditional publishing the order of lexicographical entries and their content is predefined, digital publishers can use such technologies as relational databases, data warehouses, semantic ontologies, or faceted search, in order to implement flexible access to data that can satisfy even most exotic research demands. In the proposed contribution I overview traditional challenges, suggest their domain-independent analysis in the perspective of ‘the big data challenge’, and describe some present achievements and future directions.

A schema for protecting the integrity of databases

Unauthorized changes to databases can result in significant losses for organizations as well as individuals. Watermarking can be used to protect the integrity of databases against unauthorized alterations. Prior work focused on watermarking database tables or relations. Malicious alteration cannot be detected in all cases. In this paper we argue that watermarking database indexes in addition to the database tables would improve the detection of unauthorized alterations. Usually, each database table in commercial applications has more than one index attached to it. Thus, watermarking the database table and all its indexes improve the likelihood of detecting malicious attacks. In general, watermarking different indexes like R-trees, B-trees, Hashes, require different watermarking techniques and exploit different redundancies in the underlying data structure. This diversity in watermarking techniques contributes to the overall integrity of the databases. Traditional relational watermarks introduce some error to the watermarked values and thus cannot be applied to all attributes. This paper proposes a novel watermarking scheme for R-tree data structures that does not change the values of the attributes. Moreover, the watermark does not change the size of the R-tree. The proposed technique takes advantage of the fact that R-trees do not put conditions on the order of entries inside the node. In the proposed scheme, entries inside R-tree nodes are rearranged, relative to a “secret” initial order (a secret key), in a way that corresponds to the value of the watermark. To achieve that, we propose a one-to-one mapping between all possible permutations of entries in the R-tree node and all possible values of the watermark. Without loss of generality, watermarks are assumed to be numeric values. The proposed mapping employs a numbering system that uses variable base with factorial value. The detection rate of the malicious attacks depends on the nature of the attack, distribution of the data, and the size of the R-tree node. Our extensive analysis and experimental results showed that the proposed technique detects data alteration with high probability (that reaches up to 99%) on real datasets using reasonable node sizes and attack model. The watermark insertion and extraction are mainly main memory operations, and thus, have minimal effect on the cost of R-tree operations.

A robust software watermarking for copyright protection

This paper advocates protecting software copyright through hiding watermarks in various data structures used by the code, e.g., B+-trees, R-trees, linked lists, etc. Prior proposals hide the watermarks in dummy data structures, e.g., linked lists and graphs that are created, solely for this reason, during the execution of the hosting software. This makes them vulnerable to subtractive attacks, because the attacker can remove the dummy data structures without altering the functionality or the semantic of the software program. We argue that hiding watermarks in one or more data structures that are used by the program would make the watermark more robust because disturbing the watermark would affect the semantic and the functionality of the underlying software. The challenge is that the insertion of the watermark should have a minimal effect on the operations and performance of the data structure. This paper proposes a novel method for watermarking R-tree data structure and its variants. The proposed watermarking technique does not change the values of the stored data objects. It takes advantage of the redundancy in the order of entries inside the R-tree nodes. Entries are arranged relative to a “secret” initial order, known only to the software owner, using a technique based on a numbering system that uses variable radix with factorial base. The addition of the watermark in the R-tree data structure does not affect the performance nor does it increase the size of the R-tree. The paper provides a detailed security analysis and performance evaluation to show that the embedded watermarks are robust and can withstand various types of attacks.

Doctoral Degrees Granted in Foreign Languages in the United States: 2004

This article presents information on doctoral degrees granted in foreign languages in the U.S. in 2004 published by The Modern Language Journal. The compilers contact each doctoral degree-granting department in languages, literatures and education and request individual chairpersons to identify in writing the author, title, and director of each dissertation completed during the last calendar year. The chairperson is also asked to indicate the type of doctoral degree granted. The order of entries is a major field or area of specialization, institution granting the degree, author of dissertation, title of dissertation and directors/supervisors of dissertation. Only those comparative literature and cinema doctorates dealing at least in part with languages other than English are included. Because the first classification preference is given to the language, users of this compilation who wish to learn the full breadth of titles reported should check several categories of entry.

A New Dictionary of Samaritan Aramaic

Abstract Samaritan Aramaic was the spoken and literary language of the Samaritan community in Eretz Israel in the first millennium C.E. until it was replaced by Arabic. The major literary remains of the dialect are a Targum to the Pentateuch, liturgical poetry, and a collection of midrashim. Tal's dictionary is the first attempt to organize the vocabulary of these texts, and his work should be commended. Unfortunately, in spite of the long period during which it was written, the dictionary suffers from a variety of defects which make its use difficult for the reader: Order of entries by roots; only partial use of English as target language along side Hebrew; inconsistencies in translation of quotations in parallel entries; inordinate number of errors in orthography; insufficient use of existing dictionaries of other Aramaic dialects.

An improved stability test algorithm for two-dimensional digital filters

In this paper, we show that the tabular algorithm given by Jury (1991) for obtaining inner determinants with numerical entries is also valid for the case of polynomial entries. Based on this algorithm, the new stability criterion recently proposed by Yang et al. (1998) for two-dimensional (2-D) digital filters can be efficiently implemented. As compared with the tabular algorithm given by Yang et al., the proposed algorithm leads to a great reduction in the order of polynomial entries of the array from n/sub 2/2/sup n1-1/ to n/sub 1/n/sub 2/.

The BBI dictionary of English word combinations

A practical guide to the BBI: background how to find grammatical collocations in the BBI how to find lexical collocations in the BBI abbreviations. How entries are structured in the BBI - a visual guide. Introduction: general grammatical collocations - background, G1-G8, special note on transitivity, survey of verb patterns lexical collocations - background, L1-L7 arrangement of entries - general, order of entries, noun entries, adjective entries, verb entries style guide - the swung dash, collocations strings, definitions and paraphrases, illustrative phrases, usage notes, pronuniciation. Dictionary.

The effects of frontal cortical lesions on remembering depend on the procedural demands of tasks performed in the radial arm maze

We trained 24 rats to perform an eight-arm radial maze task and then assigned them with a matching procedure to one of three treatments: sham surgery or lesions of the projection areas of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MDn) in the medial wall (MW) or in both the MW and rhinal sulcal (RS) areas of frontal cortex. After recovery we trained the rats to perform six tasks, beginning with the standard eight-arm task, followed by two versions of a four forced choice procedure, and then three versions of a two-choice delayed-nonmatching-to-sample (DNMTS) task. The two lesion groups performed comparably on all tasks, showing that impairments were not exacerbated by extension of the MW lesion to include all cortical areas innervated by MDn. As in previous studies, frontal animals performed the radial maze task poorly immediately after surgery but improved with subsequent training. Controlling the order of the arm entries by opening the first four gates in a random sequence had little effect on performance, although frontal animals were impaired when lengthy delays (5 or 15 min) were imposed after the last of the four forced entries. Frontal animals were not impaired on two-choice DNMTS when the arms used for training were selected at random from the eight alternatives on a trial by trial basis, even when visual cues were eliminated by darkening the room and covering the maze. Frontal animals were significantly impaired when the selection of sample and choice arms was limited to the same two alternatives on every trial. This finding may explain the reported sensitivity of DNMTS to the effects of frontal lesions when training is carried out in operant chambers.

On two-dimensional filter stability test

In this paper, a new procedure of 2-D filter stability test is proposed based on linking and further development of some newly published contributions of the authors. The modified polynomial array given in this paper eliminates redundant information introduced in the ordinary table technique and leads to a great reduction in the order of polynomial entries of the array from n/sub 2/2n/sup (1/-1) to n/sub 1/n/sub 2/, where n/sub 1/ and n/sub 2/ are the orders of F(z1, z/sub 2/), the characteristic polynomial of the filter under test, in z/sub 1/ and z/sub 2/ respectively. The properties of the array are studied and a systematic construction procedure given. The new test procedure applies twice to the array. The first application involves only numerical entries, but provides a simple way for a primary checking of some necessary conditions before any further complex computations are required. The second application involves constructing of the polynomial array and the positivity testing of only the last entry of the array for all |z/sub 1/|=1. The simplicity of the method may allow it to be applied for filter designs. >

Coping with a title: the indexer and the British aristocracy

The names of peers occur frequently in books, and of course in their indexes. The English peerage system is not straightforward; it is so easy to make errors in the treatment of the names of peers and knights and their ladies, causing confusion to readers, that an article warning of pitfalls seems worthwhile.1 It is sometimes necessary to do research on peers and their titles, and this article gives the necessary clues. Whilst the article is in part general, the particular problems of indexers are covered, such as the form of name, and the order of entries.