Gauge Invariance In Order Research Articles

双4维时空中物质波的规范变换及量子力学与相对论内在联系新探

物质波是物理波，不是概率波。自由微观客体从整体规范变换过渡到局域规范变换，通过协变导数引进规范场，尽管体现了场与微观客体的相互作用，但那是让微观客体恢复自由状态，实现规范不变性引进的抵消作用。定态波函数Ψ(x)可以分解成微观客体的各种自由运动状态——本征态(平面波)Ψn(x)的叠加。建在本征态上的坐标系是惯性系，由本征态之间的关系，将引导出惯性系之间的关系。由此，我们可以从惯性系到非惯性系的转变，为相对论与量子力学的统一找到一条可能的新的认识通道。 The matter-wave is a physical wave rather than a probability wave. Free micro object transforms from the whole gauge to the local gauge, and then brings in specification field by covariant deriva-tive, reflects interaction between field and micro object, but it has counteract effect of realizing gauge invariance in order to restore the free state of the micro object. The steady state wave func-tion Ψ(x) can be decomposed into the superstition of all kinds states of free movement of the micro object, namely, the eigen state Ψn(x) (plane wave). The system building for eigen state is inertial system. By analyzing the relationship between each eigen state, we can get the new relation between each inertial system thus we may get the transformation from inertial system to noninertial system. This work would pave a new understanding way for unifying the Quantum Mechanism and the Theory of relativity.

Massive higher spin fields coupled to a scalar: Aspects of interaction and causality

We consider in detail the most general cubic Lagrangian which describes an interaction between two identical higher spin fields in a triplet formulation with a scalar field, all fields having the same values of the mass. After performing the gauge fixing procedure we find that for the case of massive fields the gauge invariance does not guarantee the preservation of the correct number of propagating physical degrees of freedom. In order to get the correct number of degrees of freedom for the massive higher spin field one should impose some additional conditions on parameters of the vertex. Further independent constraints are provided by the causality analysis, indicating that the requirement of causality should be imposed in addition to the requirement of gauge invariance in order to have a consistent propagation of massive higher spin fields.

Local cubic vertex functions for three massless higher even spin fields on spaces [formula omitted]: An analytic approach

Local cubic vertex functions of three higher even spin fields on AdSD are constructed from the Green function of three conserved currents that are dual to the higher spin fields. Conservation of the currents implies lowest order gauge invariance. These vertex functions appear by the UV divergence as the residue of the highest order pole in the dimensional regularization parameter ϵ. In fact N-point Green functions of such conserved currents produce a series of poles up to the order N−1. The method works for even D and maintains covariance at any step. The resulting formula is quite concise.

Second order gauge invariant measure of a tidally deformed black hole

In this paper, a Lagrangian perturbation theory for the second order treatment of small disturbances of the event horizon in Schwarzchild black holes is introduced. The issue of gauge invariance in the context of general relativistic theory is also discussed. The developments of this paper is a logical continuation of the calculations presented in [1], in which the first order coordinate dependance of the intrinsic and exterinsic geometry of the horizon is examined and the first order gauge invariance of the intrinsic geometry of the horizon is shown. In context of second order perturbation theory, It is shown that the rate of the expansion of the congruence of the horizon generators is invariant under a second order reparametrization; so it can be considered as a measure of tidal perturbation. A generally non-vanishing expression for this observable, which accomodates tidal perturbations and implies nonlinear response of the horizon, is also presented.

General massive gauge theory

The concept of perturbative gauge invariance formulated exclusively by means of asymptotic fields is used to construct massive gauge theories. We consider the interactions of $r$ massive and $s$ massless gauge fields together with $(r+s)$ fermionic ghost and anti-ghost fields. First order gauge invariance requires the introduction of unphysical scalars (Goldstone bosons) and fixes their trilinear couplings. At second order additional physical scalars (Higgs fields) are necessary, their coupling is further restricted at third order. In case of one physical scalar all couplings are determined by gauge invariance, including the Higgs potential. For three massive and one massless gauge field the $SU(2)\times U(1)$ electroweak theory comes out as the unique solution.

Perturbative gauge invariance: electroweak theory II

AbstractA recent construction of the electroweak theory, based on perturbative quantum gauge invariance alone, is extended to the case of more generations of fermions with arbitrary mixing. The conditions implied by second order gauge invariance lead to an isolated solution for the fermionic couplings in agreement with the standard model. Third order gauge invariance determines the Higgs potential. The resulting massive gauge theory is manifestly gauge invariant, after construction.

Perturbative gauge invariance: electroweak theory II

A recent construction of the electroweak theory, based on perturbative quantum gauge invariance alone, is extended to the case of more generations of fermions with arbitrary mixing. The conditions implied by second order gauge invariance lead to an isolated solution for the fermionic couplings in agreement with the standard model. Third order gauge invariance determines the Higgs potential. The resulting massive gauge theory is manifestly gauge invariant, after construction.

Mass and width of unstable gauge bosons

It has been proposed that the mass of theZ0 boson should be defined as the real part, and the width of theZ0 as the imaginary part of the complex poleMc, for the reason thatMc is gauge invariant (g.i.). Clearly, this definition is only useful if we can calculate theS-matrix up to some accuracy in a g.i. way. This is not at all obvious, since the use of theZ0 dressed propagator mixes up the order of the diagrams, and thus order by order gauge invariance of theS-matrix, in this formulation, becomes an ill-defined concept.

Maximal extended supergravity theory in seven dimensions

A maximal extended supergravity lagrangian is constructed in seven dimensions, which exhibits USp(4) ≈ SO(5) local and SL(5, R) global invariances. We find that the antisymmetric second rank tensor fields must possess a generalized gauge invariance in order that the theory is consistent and supersymmetric. We conjecture that the theory might admit SO(5) × SO(5) Yang-Mills symmetries in d = 7 and SO(4) × SO(5) × SO(5) in d = 4 [with the last SO(5), gauging composite fields] after suitable compactification.