Orchardgrass Cultivars Research Articles

Doğu Anadolu Habitatlarından Domuz ayrığı (Dactylis glomerata L.) Türlerinin Moleküler Çeşitliliğinin ve Dağılımının Analizinde Buğday SSR Markerlerinin Uygulanabilirliği

Türkiye is one of the world's nations with the greatest flora diversity in different plants. Moreover, it possesses a high level of plant genetic diversity. Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) is one of the most important fodder species used during cool seasons since it is a hardy and perennial plant. The identification of Orchardgrass cultivars is essential for maximizing cultivar utilization, and safeguarding breeders' intellectual property. Dactylis glomerata L. is an allogamous, variable, monospecific genus with multiple subspecies distinguished by morphology, chromosomal count, and distribution. This genus has a single species, Dactylis glomerata L, which is comprised of multiple subspecies whose traits have not been exhaustively characterized. Using DNA assays that evaluated the transferability of nine SSR primers designed for wheat loci, the genetic diversity of 44 orchardgrass genotypes from eight naturally distributed locales in the Eastern Anatolia Area of Türkiye was calculated. On average, 6.78 alleles were discovered for each of the nine SSR primers, for a total of 61 alleles. A total of 54 polymorphic alleles were identified, with an average of 6.78 per primer. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.320 (WMC96) to 0.626% (XBARC187). The average polymorphism rate of 88.89% suggests a high amount of genetic diversity among all studied genotypes. The average expected heterozygosity (He) ranged between 0.178 (Ağrı) to 0.882 (Erzurum). The genetic separation ranged from 0.01 to 0.66. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the Dactylis glomerata L genotypes gathered in Eastern Anatolia are a rich source of genetic variability, supplying a vast array of genetic material for orchardgrass breeding efforts.

‘USDA‐Yeti’ orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), a new orchardgrass cultivar that combines excellent winterhardiness and agronomic performance

AbstractThe USDA‐ARS announces the release of ‘USDA‐Yeti’ (Reg. no. CV‐17, PI 702557) orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). Winter injury and mortality are important issues for orchardgrass production on sites with harsh winter conditions. USDA‐Yeti was developed from the USDA‐UTWH‐102 germplasm for increased winterhardiness and agronomic performance. USDA‐Yeti was then evaluated in multi‐location and multi‐year trials at Cassia County, ID, and at Cache, Davis, and Garfield County, UT, locations for winterhardiness and agronomic performance against 11 orchardgrass cultivars and one improved germplasm. Across years and locations, USDA‐Yeti was 10%–30% more winter hardy than all cultivars but the Canadian cultivar ‘AC Killarney’. Additionally, USDA‐Yeti established stands and produced herbage dry mass greater than or similar to all the included cultivars. USDA‐Yeti also had similar nutritive value to the other cultivars. Thus, USDA‐Yeti combines excellent winterhardiness and herbage dry mass production with good nutritive value for use on sites that possess risk of orchardgrass winter injury and mortality.

Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the gene expression and underlying molecular mechanism of submergence stress response in orchardgrass roots.

Submergence stress creates a hypoxic environment. Roots are the first plant organ to face these low-oxygen conditions, which causes damage and affects the plant growth and yield. Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) is one of the most important cold-season forage grasses globally. However, their submergence stress-induced gene expression and the underlying molecular mechanisms of orchardgrass roots are still unknown. Using the submergence-tolerant 'Dianbei' and submergence-sensitive 'Anba', the transcriptomic analysis of orchardgrass roots at different time points of submergence stress (0 h, 8 h, and 24 h) was performed. We obtained 118.82Gb clean data by RNA-Seq. As compared with the control, a total of 6663 and 9857 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in Dianbei, while 7894 and 11215 DEGs were detected in Anba at 8 h and 24 h post-submergence-stress, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis obtained 986 terms, while Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis obtained 123 pathways. Among them, the DEGs in plant hormones, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Ca2+ signal transduction were significantly differentially expressed in Dianbei, but not in Anba. This study was the first to molecularly elucidate the submergence stress tolerance in the roots of two orchardgrass cultivars. These findings not only enhanced our understanding of the orchardgrass submergence tolerance, but also provided a theoretical basis 36 for the cultivation of submergence-tolerant forage varieties.

Fermentation characteristics and nutritive value of baled grass silages made from meadow fescue, tall fescue, or an orchardgrass cultivar exhibiting a unique nonflowering growth response

Throughout central Wisconsin, many soils are poorly drained, and perennial cool-season grasses are often planted as monocultures or in mixed stands with alfalfa because of the poor persistence of alfalfa under these growing conditions. Our objectives were to compare the fermentation characteristics and nutritive value of perennial cool-season grasses {meadow fescue [Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv.], orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), and endophyte-free tall fescue [Schedonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub]} conserved as baled silages with or without particle-size reduction, and at 2 moisture concentrations. Twenty-four plots (0.23 ha) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 6 plots/block. Within each of the 4 field blocks, one of the 6 plots was assigned randomly to each of the (3 × 2) factorial combinations of forage type and bale cutting engagement (cut or uncut). The baler cutting mechanism consisted of 15 cutting knives, thereby creating a theoretical length of cut of about 8.1 cm. Generally, sufficient forage was available to produce 2 bales/plot; therefore, one bale was packaged at relatively high moisture (58.3%), whereas the other bale was made at an ideal moisture (44.9%) for this silage preservation method. Theoretically, bale cutting can increase bale weights and densities by reducing particle size, thereby allowing inclusion of additional forage within the same-sized bale. In this experiment, bale-cutting within 1.2 × 1.2 m silage bales (n = 47) increased initial wet and dry bale weights by 4.1 and 4.7%, respectively, but had no practical effect on measures of nutritive value, either on a pre- or postensiled basis. Cutter engagement tended to increase total volatile fatty acids in silages, thereby resulting in a pH reduction of 0.07 pH units (5.54 vs. 5.61). A unique nonflowering growth response by the first-cutting orchardgrass forage resulted in yields of dry matter for orchardgrass (2,977 kg of dry matter/ha) that were only 52 to 53% of those observed for meadow (5,580 kg of dry matter/ha) or tall fescue (5,763 kg of dry matter/ha), which did not differ. Despite the unique vegetative nature of orchardgrass, concentrations of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and acid detergent lignin determined before ensiling exhibited limited variability across forages (60.9 to 62.7%, 35.2 to 36.4%, and 2.75 to 2.99%, respectively). However, a 30-h in vitro incubation determined that orchardgrass exhibited greater neutral detergent fiber digestibility (56.2%) compared with meadow (44.9%) or tall fescue (40.8%), which were also statistically distinct.

Evaluation of Some Agronomical and Quality Parameters of Orchard Grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) Cultivars in Sivas Ecological Conditions

Bu araştırma, farklı
 orijinli beş adet domuz ayrığı çeşidinin (Lucullus, Lidaglo, Lidacta, Ayfam ve
 Doğu Yıldızı) Sivas ekolojik koşullarında bazı agronomik ve kalite
 özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 2016-2018 yılları arasında, Sivas/Merkez
 ve Sivas/Ulaş olmak üzere iki farklı lokasyonda yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada,
 domuz ayrığı çeşitlerinin ana sap uzunluğu (cm), ana sap kalınlığı (mm), bayrak
 yaprağın boyu (cm), bayrak yaprağın eni (mm), boğum arası uzunluk (cm), ana
 saptaki boğum sayısı (adet), yaş ot verimi (kg/da), kuru madde verimi (kg/da), kuru madde
 oranı (%), ham selüloz (%), ham protein (%), ham yağ (%), ham kül (%), ADF ve NDF özellikleri incelenmiştir. İki yıllık ortalama
 verilere göre, Lucullus, Lidacta ve Lidaglo domuz ayrığı çeşitleri, Ayfam ve
 Doğu yıldızı çeşitlerinden daha yüksek kuru madde ve ham protein verimine sahip
 olurken, Doğu yıldızı ve Ayfam çeşitlerinin ise NDF oranlarının yüksek
 değerlere sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre, Sivas
 ekolojik koşullarında Lucullus, Lidacta ve Lidaglo çeşitlerinin yetiştirilmesi
 ile daha fazla ve kaliteli ot verimi elde edileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Does genetic diversity of grass improve yield, digestibility, and resistance to weeds, pests and disease infection?

ABSTRACTIntraspecies genetic level diversity has the potential to improve ecosystem functions and services, similar to that by species-level diversity. Although yield, pollination, and pest and disease control have been enhanced by crop genetic diversity, mixing multiple cultivars of grass within a species in an agricultural field have not been fully tested by farmers.We, therefore, tested whether multiple ecosystem functions are increased in a grass mixture of multiple cultivars compared to monoculture and whether this relationship differs with soil fertility. We performed monocultures of four Orchard Grass cultivars and a mixture of these cultivars with and without fertilizer application and examined the aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), their stability, dry matter digestibility, and resistance to weed, pest, and disease. We found significant differences between cultivars in the second yield and disease lesion area on the leaf, but not between mixed culture and monoculture. Moreover, no significant difference was found in the first and third yields in terms of stability, dry matter digestibility, and leaf damage by insects, although the number of leaves damaged by insects for mixed culture was less than half of that on average for monoculture. Although genetic diversity is not always an important driver of ecological processes due to fluctuation among plots, it may play a role in pest control of agricultural land in the long term.

Variation Among Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) Germplasm for Choke Prevalence Caused by Epichloë typhina.

Orchardgrass, or cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), is a cool-season forage grass susceptible to the choke disease caused by Epichloë typhina. Choke has been reported in orchardgrass seed production fields across the temperate regions of the world, but fungicides have not been efficacious in reducing choke incidence or prevalence. To assess the potential for genetic resistance or tolerance of orchardgrass to choke, we evaluated the variation in orchardgrass cultivars and accessions for choke prevalence and characterized infected plants for endophyte secondary metabolite and mating type gene presence. Significant variation was detected across years and locations. Choke prevalence did not always increase with the age of the stand, nor did choke prevalence correlate with flowering time or swathing time of the entries. Both mating types of E. typhina were detected in approximately equal proportions, and no evidence for loline, ergot alkaloid, or indole-diterpene biosynthesis was found. Plants with multiple infected tillers often showed more than one mating type present in the plant, indicating multiple infection events rather than a single infection event that spread to multiple tillers. Both accessions and cultivars with significant choke, and no choke, were detected, which constitute sources of germplasm for further testing and breeding.

Registration of USDA‐UTWH‐102 Winter‐Hardy Orchardgrass Germplasm

The USDA‐ARS announces the release of USDA‐UTWH‐102 orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) (Reg. No. GP‐6, PI 681719) germplasm. USDA‐UTWH‐102 possesses increased winterhardiness and provides utility to applied orchardgrass breeding and genetic programs. USDA‐UTWH‐102 is a 24 clone synthetic derived from orchardgrass collections made at high elevations in central Utah. The selection criteria for USDA‐UTWH‐102 were severity of winter injury and spring recovery (green color) at Panguitch, UT, a cold, high‐elevation location in southern Utah. In comparison to six orchardgrass cultivars (‘Benchmark Plus’, ‘Bruno’, ‘Latar’, ‘Paiute’, ‘Potomac’, and ‘Seco’) in evaluations at Millville and Panguitch, UT, USDA‐UTWG‐102 exhibited less winter injury than all but one cultivar and greater spring recovery than all but two cultivars.

Associations among U.S. Locations for Orchardgrass Production

Core Ideas Orchardgrass exhibits strong genotype × environment interaction across U.S. production area. There is limited association between US orchardgrass production areas. The choice of best orchardgrass cultivar should be based on local production conditions. Thirteen orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivars were evaluated across 4 years at five US field locations in Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Utah, Virginia, and Wisconsin. The objective was to determine the relationship among the five locations for orchardgrass agronomic performance. Cultivar × environment interaction was identified for dry matter (DM) yield, stand percentage, maturity rating, disease rating, spring regrowth, and fall regrowth. Significant concordance values were moderate to high (τ = 0.46 to 0.84) among the locations, with the exception of Wisconsin, which showed little association with the other locations. These rankings indicated that there was little association among the locations for orchardgrass performance. This was further illustrated by the mean values of the cultivars for each trait. In only a few cases was a cultivar among the highest ranking for a trait at more than one location. Notable exceptions were the generally high DM yield of the cultivars Benchmark Plus and Persist and the high disease resistance of the cultivars Barlegro, Excellate SA, and Harvestar. The results illustrate that orchardgrass cultivar adaptation is region specific within this subset of U.S. production areas.

Herbage Yield and Intake by Sheep of Four Japanese Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) Cultivars

Herbage Yield and Intake by Sheep of Four Japanese Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) Cultivars

Genetic diversity of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivars revealed by simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers

In this study, the SSR molecular markers were used to characterize the genetic diversity in 19 specimens of orchardgrass cultivars collected from China and other countries. Two hundred and nine amplified bands from 25 SSR primer pairs were selected for genetic analysis, among which 192 bands (91.5%) were found to be polymorphic. The polymorphism information content ranges between 0.17 and 0.44, the genetic similarity coefficient ranges between 0.7134 and 0.8672, and the genetic distance ranges between 0.1425 and 0.3377. The data showed that SSR molecular markers can detect more genetic loci, and could be taken as an effective approach for the analysis of genetic diversity of orchardgrass.

Cool‐Season Perennial Grasses Differ in Tolerance to Partial‐Season Irrigation Deficits

The productivity and persistence of perennial grass species and individual cultivars of tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort., nom. cons] and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were evaluated in response to early‐season irrigation termination. Twenty‐five perennial grass species/cultivars were evaluated under three irrigation regimes (full‐season irrigation, early cutoff, and mid‐season cutoff) over 3 yr at the Intermountain Research and Extension Center in the Klamath Basin, CA, on Tule Basin mucky silty clay loam (Andaqueptic Haplaquolls) in a cool temperate climate. Forage grasses included: 10 tall fescue cultivars, seven orchardgrass cultivars, four bromegrass species (Bromus spp), three wheatgrass species (Thinopyrum spp. and Elymus hoffmannii K.B. Jensen and K.H. Asay), and festulolium [×Festulolium loliaceum (Huds.) P. Fourn.]. Tall fescue cultivars were the highest yielding under full irrigation but the most drought tolerant species, tall wheatgrass [T. ponticum (Podp.) Z.‐W. Liu and R.‐C. Wang], intermediate wheatgrass [T. intermedium (Host) Barkworth and D.R. Dewey], and smooth bromegrass (B. inermis Leyss.), performed better with an early‐season irrigation cutoff. There were significant differences in stand persistence among species and cultivars. Stand density for all orchardgrass cultivars declined with each progressively earlier irrigation cutoff date. Plant population for summer active tall fescue cultivars was unaffected by irrigation cutoff date, while stand density for both summer dormant cultivars was higher with the earliest irrigation cutoff. Smooth bromegrass, tall wheatgrass, and intermediate wheatgrass stands were also improved with an early irrigation cutoff. Overall, tall fescue appeared to be the best grass species for variable irrigation water supplies—highly productive under full irrigation when water supplies are adequate, reasonable production with an early season cut‐off in drought years when water is scarce, and good persistence under both full and partial season irrigation.

Effect of water-soluble carbohydrate content in orchardgrass pasture on grazing time and rumen fermentation in dairy cows.

Two experiments were conducted to clarify the effect of water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content in orchardgrass pasture on the diurnal distribution of grazing time. Six ruminally cannulated, non-lactating dairy cows were grazed on either of two pastures with different orchardgrass cultivars containing low WSC (LWSC; cultivar: 'Hokkai 28') or high WSC (HWSC; cultivar: 'Harunemidori'). The cows were grazed in morning and evening sessions in experiment 1, whereas the cows were grazed throughout the day in experiment 2. In experiment 1, grazing time of the cows on HWSC was longer than that of the cows on LWSC (P < 0.01). This difference was larger in the morning session than in the evening session (pasture × grazing session: P < 0.05). Effects on herbage intake were similar to those on grazing time. In experiment 2, daily total grazing time was longer for the cows on HWSC than for those on LWSC (P < 0.05). The cows on HWSC spent a longer time grazing than those on LWSC in the morning between 03.00 and 09.00 hours (P < 0.01). The results indicated that prolonged grazing time in the period between dawn and early morning could increase daily herbage intake in cows grazed on pastures of orchardgrass cultivars with high-WSC content.

Genetic Variation for Dry Matter Yield, Forage Quality, and Seed Traits Among the Half‐Sib Progeny of Nine Orchardgrass Germplasm Populations

ABSTRACTA potential strategy to address the lack of success of North American orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) breeding programs to increase forage yield and other agronomic traits is the incorporation of novel sources of germplasm. In an attempt to identify novel orchardgrass germplasm sources with agronomic potential, the study described herein characterized 162 half‐sib families (HSFs) from six orchardgrass germplasm populations and three orchardgrass cultivars. Study conditions were Millville, UT, and Rexburg, ID, field sites with data collection from 2008 to 2010. The genotype × location interaction variance differed from zero for dry matter yield, crude protein, in vitro true digestibility (IVTD), neutral detergent fiber, and seed weight. Within location broad‐sense heritability differed for all traits at both locations (0.36 ±0.10 to 0.77 ±0.03) except IVTD at Rexburg. For each trait there were HSFs that possessed values similar to or better than the included check cultivars (CCs). Additionally, in several instances the mean phenotype of the HSFs from a specific family was better than the phenotype of the corresponding parental population and/or the mean phenotype of the CCs. Overall, for each trait there existed sufficient genetic variation to develop an elite orchardgrass breeding program for irrigated conditions.

Genetic diversity and variation in North American orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivars and breeding lines

AbstractOrchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) is a high quality forage grass naturalized to temperate climates. Used extensively in hay and grazing agriculture, hundreds of orchardgrass cultivars have been released over the past 50 years. However, progress in yield and other agronomic characteristics in orchardgrass cultivars has occurred slowly and often inconsistently. One cause of the slow progress could be a lack of genetic diversity among orchardgrass cultivars, or an over‐abundance of diversity within cultivars. With an emphasis on North American cultivars, this study assessed the genetic diversity within and among 52 orchardgrass cultivars, breeding lines and accessions. Genetic similarity within cultivars ranged from 52 to 71%, similar to values from wild‐land, unselected accessions. Populations from Wisconsin and Missouri breeding efforts that resulted from two cycles of genotypic recurrent selection were included as checks. Neither group of selection populations exhibited more within‐population similarity compared to the wild‐land accessions (ecotypes) and cultivars. Genetic differentiation was detected only for the selection populations and several cultivars and breeding lines that had a tendency to originate from eastern Asian germplasm and have late flowering times. These results indicated an abundance of genetic variation within the orchardgrass cultivars, but a paucity of genetic differentiation among cultivars.

UTDG-101, a Late-Maturing Orchardgrass Germplasm with Increased Winter Hardiness and Forage Quality

The USDA–ARS announces the public release of the orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) UTDG-101 germplasm (Reg. No. GP-5, PI 672006) as a late-maturing grass with excellent forage quality and increased winter tolerance for use in orchardgrass breeding programs. Selection emphasis in UTDG-101 was for late maturity, winter hardiness, and dry matter yield. UTDG-101 traces back to polycross seed that originated from crosses among four orchardgrass collections (PI 659612, PI 659613, W6 20243, and W6 20247) made within 100 km west-southwest of Zhaosu County, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. UTDG-101 is more genetically distinct than orchardgrass cultivars Paiute, Pennlate, and Benchmark. UTDG-101 has significantly (P < 0.05) longer flag leaves than the orchardgrass cultivars examined in this study. Based on mitotic root counts, UTDG-101 is an autotetraploid (2n = 4x = 28). In forage harvested May 2011, UTDG-101 had significantly higher crude protein, relative feed value, sugars, water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC; sugars + fructans), and digestibility and significantly lower acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Forage of UTDG-101 harvested July 2011 had significantly lower NDF and increased fructan, sugar, and WSC concentrations. UTDG-101 exhibited significantly less winter injury than other orchardgrass, tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.], and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars. Due to the high combining ability, late maturity, increased forage quality, and winter hardiness of UTDG-101, this source of germplasm could provide genetic resources for developing late-maturing orchardgrass with increased forage quality and reduced winter injury for management with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) mixtures or for grazing.

Cultivar × binary mixture interaction effect on agronomic traits in orchardgrass

AbstractA study was conducted from 2009 to 2012 to evaluate and characterize the agronomic value of seven agronomic traits, including dry matter yield and forage quality of 25 orchardgrass cultivars grown in monoculture and binary mixtures with alfalfa. The irrigated Millville, UT, USA (41°41′24″N, 111°49′48″W) field site was characterized by a semiarid climate and elevation over 1300 m. The cultivar × mixture interaction was significant for all traits but flag leaf height, and contained a substantial crossover component among the cultivars. Differences among cultivar means were significant for all traits in both the monoculture and mixture settings. Yet, concordance for high cultivar performance in both monoculture and mixture was low. Thus, the strong underlying cultivar × mixture interaction found in this study complicates the identification of best cultivars in both settings. Yet, for each trait cultivars were identified that possessed statistically high phenotypic performance under the monoculture and mixed sward conditions. Thus, despite the substantial cultivar × environment effect, it should be possible to develop orchardgrass cultivars with improved agronomic performance under both management conditions.

Morphological and genetic characteristics of hybrid combinations of Dactylis glomerata

Six F1 populations derived from crosses among 4 orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivars were studied by morphological and simple sequence repeat molecular markers to test for hybrid vigor and a correlation between genetic distance and heterosis. Heterosis was observed for days to length of culm, leaf traits, tiller numbers, etc. Significant differences between obverse and inverse crosses were found for eleven traits. A cytoplasmic effect existed for the agronomic traits considered in this study. The correlations between genetic distance and heterosis were investigated by analyzing the performance of 3 crosses. The results showed that genetic distance was significantly correlated with tiller number (r = 0.834) and negatively correlated with length of culm (r = -0.889). However, there was no significant correlation with heterosis for the other traits, including yield; the correlation coefficient were too small to allow prediction of orchardgrass heterosis from the parental genetics.

오차드그라스 신품종 "온누리"의 생육특성과 수량성

전국에서 1978년부터 1992년까지 수집된 생태형 오차드그라스 계통들 중 생육특성 및 내재해성이 우수한 5 계통을 집단 교배하여 생산된 합성종자를 2005년부터 2006년까지 천안에서 생산력 검정시험이 수행되었고, 2009년부터 2011년까지 3년 동안 지역적응성 시험으로 천안, 평창, 진주 및 제주지역에서 생육특성 및 수량성을 조사하였다. 2011년 직무육성 신품종 선정심의회에서 생육특성과 수량성이 우수한 합성 28호를 신품종 "온누리"로 명명하였다. 온누리의 주요 특성을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 온누리의 월동 전 및 봄의 초형은 중간형이며, 엽은 담녹색이고, 출수기에 지엽 길이는 중간이며, 상부절간장이 길고 풍엽성이 양호하였다. 출수기는 5월 16일로 표준품종인 암바 보다 5일이 빨랐으며, 출수기에 초장은 90cm로서 암바 보다 5cm 길었다. 내습성과 내병성은 온누리가 암바에 비하여 비교적 강하였으며, 녹병은 온누리가 암바 보다 강한 편 이었다. 온누리의 ha당 건물수량은 14,775 kg으로 암바 보다 18% 많았고, 특히 제주지역에서 증수하였다. 온누리의 사료가치는 암바와 비슷하였다. 이상의 결과를 요약하면 온누리는 다수성인 중생종 계통으로, 특히 습해 및 내병성에 강하고, 건물 생산성이 많은 품종으로 초지 및 양질 조사료 생산을 위한 우수한 품종이다. "Onnuri" is a new orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivar developed by the National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS) in 2011. To develop the new variety of orchardgrass, 5 superior clones were selected and polycrossed for seed production. The agronomic growth characteristics and forage productivity of "Onnuri" were examined at Cheonan from 2009 to 2011, and regional trials were conducted in Cheonan, Pyeongchang, Jinju and Jeju from 2009 to 2011, respectively. "Onnuri" showed medium type growth habit in fall and spring, and medium in length of flag leaf and long upper internode. Plant height of "Onnuri" was 5cm more than that of the standard cultivar, "Amba" and the heading date was 5 days earlier than that of Amba (16th May). Characteristics, such as waterlogging and disease resistance, of "Onnuri" were stronger or better than those of Amba, Especially, dry matter yield of "Onnuri" (14,775 kg/ha) increased by 18% compared to that of Amba (12,523 kg/ha). Nutritive values appeared to be similar in both varieties.

Identification of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivars by using simple sequence repeat markers

The accurate identification of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivars is necessary to ensure purity for consumers, the effective utilization of cultivars, and to protect the intellectual property for breeders. Therefore, this study aimed to use SSR to construct DNA fingerprinting of orchardgrass cultivars. The genetic diversity of 32 orchardgrass cultivars originated from 21 countries, but grown in China, was assessed using a set of 29 SSR markers distributed across 9 linkage groups of the orchardgrass genome. A total of 229 bands were detected, with an average of 7.9 bands per marker. The average polymorphic rate for the species was 92.1%. The polymorphism information content ranged from 0.771 to 0.893. The genetic similarity ranged from 0.55 to 0.84, which confirmed a high level of genetic diversity among orchardgrass cultivars. The unweighted pair-group method, in combination with the arithmetic mean algorithm (UPGMA) dendrogram and principal coordinate analysis, showed a separation of 6 major clusters among 32 cultivars. The number of distinguishable cultivars ranged from 3 to 23, with an average of 12.1 per primer. Moreover, 11 bands that showed stable and repeatable SSR patterns were amplified by A01E14, A01K14, and D02K13. These bands were used to develop the DNA fingerprints for 32 orchardgrass cultivars. In the DNA fingerprints constructed, each cultivar had a unique fingerprinting pattern that was easily distinguished from the others. These results indicate that the SSR marker was polymorphic, and reliable for use in potential large-scale DNA fingerprinting of orchardgrass cultivars.