Orbital Structure Research Articles

Unravelling the interaction of ethyl cinnamate in 2-hydroxypropyl and methyl-β-cyclodextrin by spectroscopic and theoretical evaluation for enhanced antibacterial activities

Essential oil components are the most common agents used to inhibit pathogens. Ethyl cinnamate (ECIN) is a hydrophobic essential oil component with well-known antibacterial properties but is poorly soluble in water, which limits its applications. In this study, inclusion complexes (ICs) were prepared by encapsulating ECIN in β-cyclodextrin (βCD), 2-hydroxypropyl-βCD, or methyl-βCD using an ultrasonication method to enhance water solubility and thermal and antibacterial properties. UV–Vis absorption and fluorescence spectral results indicated strong non-covalent interactions between ECIN and βCD derivatives in aqueous solution, and double reciprocal profiles revealed a guest:host stoichiometry of 1:1. Fourier-transform infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy investigations revealed that the phenyl ring of ECIN is located deeply in the CD nanocavities. X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and field emission scanning electron microscopy were performed to obtain crystalline, optical, and morphological information on solid ECIN-CDs. Thermogravimetric/differential thermal studies confirmed the improved stability of ECIN in solid CD-ICs by detecting an increase in the degradation temperature of ECIN from 50–140 °C to 310–410 °C. Further, the geometrical and frontier molecular orbital structures of the ECIN-CDs were theoretically evaluated using parametric method-3. Finally, antibacterial assays conducted against the foodborne pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli revealed that encapsulated ECIN had a greater inhibitory effect, which suggested the devised nanocarriers promote the solubilization of essential oil components in aqueous solutions.

A review of biopolymer innovations in oculoplastic surgery: reconstruction of eyelid, lacrimal, and orbital structures

A review of biopolymer innovations in oculoplastic surgery: reconstruction of eyelid, lacrimal, and orbital structures

Hypervelocity impact investigations of composite truss tubes for in orbit assembly risk assessment

As the number of orbital structures increases, so does the threat posed by micrometeoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) impacts. These impacts range from the ballistic range (less than 1.5 km/s) to exceeding 20 km/s and can significantly weaken space structures such as the International Space Station (ISS), leading to further risk as the debris shed could damage the in-orbit assembly field. Space structures, including the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the in-space assembled telescope (ISAT), often employ fiber-matrix composites in various shapes and sizes. While the effects of hypervelocity impacts (HVI) on flat plate composites have been extensively studied, there is a notable lack of research on HVI of composite tubes. Understanding how MMOD impacts affect the integrity of individual truss members, as well as the structure as a whole is essential for assessing the condition of existing space structures and improving future designs. To replicate MMOD impacts, HVI investigations from 1 to over 3 km/s were conducted on a specialized two-stage light-gas gun, showing the transition from single inlet wall damage to cascading internal fragmentation inside the tube, leading to increased damage with increasing velocity. Our investigation focuses on the image analysis of the damage area and ejecta fragmentation in the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) tubes, as well as quantifying the resulting hole diameter. This data is crucial for validating corresponding computational models. In this study we present three separate methods of characterizing HVI including: impedance matching through equations of state, a hybrid Lagrangian finite element (FE) model using LS-DYNA with smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), and experimental investigations. All methods agree that HVI can cause nearly three times the amount of damage within a tube compared to similar conditions on a plate. Our findings help enhance our understanding of MMOD impact risks on existing structures and contribute to the development of systems with greater resilience to HVI.

The VIRUS-dE Survey. I. Stars in Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies—3D Dynamics and Radially Resolved Stellar Initial Mass Functions

We analyze the stellar structure of a sample of dwarf ellipticals (dEs) inhabiting various environments within the Virgo cluster. Integral-field observations with a high spectral resolution allow us to robustly determine their low-velocity dispersions (∼25 km s−1) and higher-order kinematic moments out to the half-light radius. We find the dEs exhibit a diversity in ages, with the younger dEs being less enhanced than the older, suggesting a complex star formation history for those dEs that recently entered Virgo, while others have been quenched shortly after reionization. Orbit-superposition modeling allowed us to recover viewing angles, stellar mass-to-light ratios (with gradients), as well as the intrinsic orbit structure. We find that the angular momentum of the dEs is strongly suppressed compared to ordinary early-type galaxies and correlates with the environment. Flattened dEs are so because of a suppressed kinetic energy perpendicular to their equatorial plane. Combining population and dynamical modeling results, we find an age-dependent stellar initial mass function or, alternatively, evidence for a more extended star formation history for those galaxies that have had higher initial mass and/or inhabited lower-density environments. dEs appear to have a spatially homogeneous stellar structure, but the state they were “frozen” in as they stopped forming stars varies dramatically according to their initial conditions.

Evaluation of the Differences in Parameters Obtained from the Computed Tomography Images of the Eyeball and the Structures in the Orbit by Age and Gender

Objective: The aim of this study is to show the variation of eyeball and orbital structures according to different age groups and gender. Methods: The study was conducted on computerized tomography (CT) images of 4 age groups: 30-40, 41-50, 51-60, and over 61 years old. The parameters were, the angle between the optic nerve and axis of eyeball (A-Cr2AA), the length of the medial rectus muscle (MRML) and the length of the lateral rectus muscle (LRML) up to the Zinn ring, the thickness of the lens (LT), the length of the optic nerve from the Zinn ring (Cr2L), optic nerve thickness (Cr2T), distance between two eyeballs (BOD) and the others. Results: As a result of the study, in the comparison of males in four groups, significant difference was found between the groups in LT, Cr2L, A-Cr2AA, MRML parameters in the right eyeball and Cr2L and LRML parameters in the left eyeball (p

Regulatory Mechanisms and Applications of Rare Earth Elements‐Based Electrocatalysts†

Comprehensive SummaryAmidst the pressing environmental challenges posed by the prevalent reliance on fossil fuels, it becomes imperative to seek sustainable alternatives and prioritize energy efficiency. Electrocatalysis, which is renowned for its high efficiency and environmental friendliness, has garnered significant attention. Rare earth elements (REEs), distinguished by their unique electronic and orbital structures, play a crucial role in electrocatalysis. The strategic integration of REEs into catalysts allows for the fine‐tuning of atomic structures, which in turn, significantly boosts catalytic performance. Despite substantial advancements in rare earth‐based materials for electrocatalysis, a comprehensive overview of the regulatory mechanisms involving REEs is lacking. In this mini‐review, we systematically explore the regulatory mechanisms of REEs within electrocatalysts and their pivotal roles in essential electrocatalytic processes such as the CO2 reduction reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, and hydrogen evolution reaction. We commence with an elucidation of REEs, proceed to delineate their regulatory impacts on electrocatalysts and delve into their applications in key electroreduction reactions. We conclude with discussions on current limitations and prospects for further advancements in this burgeoning field of research. Key Scientists

The supermassive black hole merger-driven evolution of high-redshift red nuggets into present-day cored early-type galaxies

ABSTRACT Very compact ($R_\mathrm{e}\lesssim 1$ kpc) massive quiescent galaxies (red nuggets) are more abundant in the high-redshift Universe ($z\sim 2$–3) than today. Their size evolution can be explained by collisionless dynamical processes in galaxy mergers which, however, fail to reproduce the diffuse low-density central cores in the local massive early-type galaxies (ETGs). We use sequences of major and minor merger N-body simulations starting with compact spherical and disc-like progenitor models to investigate the impact of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) on the evolution of the galaxies. With the ketju code we accurately follow the collisional interaction of the SMBHs with the nearby stellar population and the collisionless evolution of the galaxies and their dark matter haloes. We show that only models including SMBHs can simultaneously explain the formation of low-density cores up to sizes of $R_\mathrm{b} \sim 1.3$ kpc with mass deficits in the observed range and the rapid half-mass size evolution. In addition, the orbital structure in the core region (tangentially biased orbits) is consistent with observation-based results for local cored ETGs. The displacement of stars by the SMBHs boost the half-mass size evolution by up to a factor of 2 and even fast rotating progenitors (compact quiescent discs) lose their rotational support after 6–8 mergers. We conclude that the presence of SMBHs is required for merger-driven evolution models of high-redshift red nuggets into local ETGs.

Unraveling the reaction mechanism of alkali-activated materials through multi-scale modeling

As an environmentally friendly alternative to cement-based materials, alkali-activated materials (AAM) have attracted much attention due to their significant ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and effectively utilize industrial waste. Three Si-Al monomers ([SiO2(OH)2]2-, [SiO(OH)3]-, and [Al(OH)4]-) serve as the fundamental building blocks for the formation of AAM gels. Simulating their polycondensation reactions (PR) among these monomers is of paramount importance but faces a delicate balance between precision and efficiency. To unravel the PR mechanisms, we have integrated reactive force field molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. Our 100ps MD simulations reveal that Al monomers exhibit faster reaction rates and lead to the formation of Si-Al oligomers with diverse structures. Subsequent first-principles calculations on transition state models derived from MD results uncover that PR pathways involving Al monomers possess lower energy barriers, which are correlated with changes in chemical bond strength arising from electronic orbital transitions. Our study, for the first time, establishes an intrinsic link among five hierarchical levels: electronic orbital structure, chemical bond strength, reaction energy barrier, reaction rate, and reaction scale. This provides invaluable theoretical guidance for designing energy-efficient and low-barrier reaction pathways for AAM gel formation.

Atomically dispersed Ir Lewis acid sites on (111)-oriented CeO2 enable enhanced reaction kinetics for Li-O2 batteries

Non-aqueous lithium-oxygen batteries are widely regarded as one of the most promising electrochemical energy storage systems, with their ultra-high theoretical energy density and environmental friendliness. However, the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics hinder their practical application. In this study, we tailored an atomically dispersed Ir site on a CeO2 support (Ir@CeO2) with {111} facet-dependent activity to enhance cathode reaction kinetics. The charge interaction between Ir and Ce atoms results in the appropriate regulation of the d-band center of Ir sites leaping into the Fermi energy level, demonstrating a stronger Lewis acidity, which enables easier electron injection from the Ir d-orbitals into O 2p-orbitals of LiO2. This facilitates the conversion kinetics, and as a result, the lithium-oxygen battery with Ir@CeO2 catalyst delivers a minimal discharge/charge polarization and long-term cycle stability, outperforming most traditional catalysts reported. Our promising findings offer compelling insights into the precise manipulation of d orbital structures and the optimization of Lewis acidity, paving the way for advanced electrocatalyst design.

A novel supraorbital surgical approach for enucleation in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedaries): cadaveric study

BackgroundEnucleation and exenteration are widely utilized ophthalmic procedures in veterinary practice, involving the complete removal of the eye and comprehensive extraction of orbital contents, respectively. These procedures are indicated for pain relief, excision, and management of neoplasia metastases, and addressing severe medically untreatable conditions.AimThis study aimed to develop an orbital enucleation surgical approach. The study evaluated the applicability of the new approach and investigated the impact of the surgical procedure.MethodsAnatomical dissection of three cadaveric heads and surgical orbital enucleation in four cadaveric heads were performed. Anatomical data was collected, and feasibility, safety and applicability of the procedure were assessed.ResultsAnatomical dissection showed a distinctive large orbital fossa, providing a suitable surgical window to access orbital structures. The procedure was found to be feasible, facilitating the complete removal of the orbital content. Notably, the preservation of intact eyelids was prioritized to enhance cosmetic appearance.ConclusionThe presented orbital enucleation technique proved to be feasible, safe, reproducible, and required basic surgical skills to perform.

Evaluation of the Normal Measurements of Orbital Structures in Healthy Adult Individuals by Using a Magnetic Resonance Imaging Method.

This study aims to determine the normal values of orbital structures according to sex in healthy adults. Diameters of extraocular muscles, the width of the optic nerve sheath diameter, the length of the inter-zygomatic line, ocular bulb length, and globe position were measured in the T1-weighed MR (magnetic resonance) images in 204 orbits of 102 individuals. The mean values of the diameters of the extraocular muscles in males and females were as follows: medial rectus, 3.96 ± 0.52 and 3.58 ± 0.53 mm; lateral rectus, 3.47 ± 0.61 and 3.15 ± 0.48 mm; inferior rectus, 4.47 ± 0.53 and 4.07 ± 0.48 mm; superior rectus, 4.44 ± 0.64 and 4.01 ± 0.56 mm; and superior oblique, 3.68 ± 0.49 and 3.45 ± 0.44 mm. The length of the interzygomatic line in males and females were 102.68 ± 3.89 and 96.95 ± 3.4 mm, the ocular bulb length was 23.33 ± 1.32 and 22.83 ± 1.1 mm, the globe position was 7.66 ± 1.33 and 7.3 ± 1.39 mm, and the width of the optic nerve sheath diameter was 4.65 ± 0.62 and 4.28 ± 0.51 mm, respectively. All measurements were significantly greater for males than for females (p < 0.05). We believe that a practical and quantitative method will be provided by this study for the diagnosis and determination of the normative values of orbital structures.

Nitrogen Centered Radicals in Visible-Light Promoted Reactions

Nitrogen Centered Radicals (NCR) are known in literature since the first years of 1900, but only with the spread of photoredox catalysis, and in particular visible light-mediated radical processes, nitrogen radical chemistry became more accessible generating these kinds of radicals in situ employing mild conditions. In fact, unlike their carbon counterpart, nitrogen radicals have not historically spread in academia or industry due to a lack of an efficient strategy to produce them. Nowadays, NCR are more established, and this graphical review illustrates the key publications from the literature categorized them by both the type of NCR and the type of reaction. In fact, nitrogen radicals can be divided in four different categories according to their electronical configuration, orbital structure and chemical behaviour. The reactivity of all these radicals can be summarized into four main classes: they are mostly exploited into intramolecular cyclization; intramolecular hydrogen atom abstraction; Norrish type-I fragmentation and intermolecular addition to π systems.

Design and synthesis of thiahelicenes for molecular electronics.

The conductance of a tunneling electron through a π-conjugated molecule may be affected by the presence of different pathways in the orbital structure of the molecule, resulting in the constructive or destructive interference of the molecular wave function. This quantum interference (QI) directly translates into enhancement or suppression of conductance and offers the possibility of controlling this phenomenon through tailored synthesis. Hence, we set up synthetic methodologies to access a series of thiophene-fused helicenes with a well-defined positioning of the sulfur atoms, which control the occurrence of conducting, linearly conjugated as well as disrupted, cross-conjugated pathways. We describe these synthetic strategies and relate the expected electronic transport through our molecules to three key variables: a) the exo-/endo-topology of the S atom within the ring; b) the parity (odd/even) of the overall number of rings conforming to the helicene; and c) the size of the circuit. This series ranks from [7] to [11] fused rings, having both exo-, endo-, or mixed exo-endo-topology. Comparison of homologous dithiahelicenes with size-tunable highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energies allows us to isolate the key variable of the bond topology from other electronic properties and face the study of QI in helically conjugated molecules. Understanding and tuning the conductance in such molecular solenoids is the main purpose of this work.

Image quality of photon-counting detector CT for visualization of maxillofacial anatomy in comparison with energy-integrating detector CT and intraoperative C-arm CBCT

BackgroundAccurate diagnostic imaging is crucial for managing facial fractures, which are a common global occurrence. This study aimed to compare the image quality of Photon Counting Detector CT (PCD-CT) with state-of-the-art Energy Integrating Detector CT (EID-CT) and intraoperative C-arm CBCT (CBCT) in visualizing maxillofacial anatomy using a cadaveric sheep head model. MethodsThree fresh sheep heads were used, with surgical interventions simulating metal implants in two of them. The specimens were imaged using PCD-CT, EID-CT, and CBCT, following which quantitative assessments of signal-to-noise ratio, sharpness, and artifacts were conducted. A visual grading study was performed by six observers, using criteria focusing on the mandible, orbit, and soft tissues. Statistical analyses included Friedman tests for comparing modalities and Kendall’s W and Gwet’s AC1 for assessing inter- and intrarater agreement. ResultsPCD-CT demonstrated a significantly higher signal-to-noise ratio (p = 0.03) and bone sharpness (p < 0.001) compared to CBCT. In visual grading, PCD-CT outperformed CBCT, but not EID-CT, particularly in delineating mandibular and orbital structures. EID-CT and PCD-CT showed slightly more severe hypodense artifacts (p = 0.01) but were comparable in streak artifact presentation. The interrater and intrarater agreements indicated consistent evaluations across and within observers. ConclusionPCD-CT exhibits superior image quality over CBCT in key parameters essential for maxillofacial imaging, while no apparent improvement was shown compared to state-of-the-art EID-CT. PCD-CT offers enhanced visualization of critical anatomical structures, suggesting its potential as a preferred modality in managing maxillofacial trauma. The findings in this study align with limited existing research on PCD-CT, underscoring its promise for advanced diagnostic imaging in maxillofacial applications.

Numerical Aberrations of the Extraocular Muscles and the Levator Palpebrae Superioris: An Anatomical and Clinical Insight.

To comprehensively review the literature about numerical aberrations of the orbital muscles of ocular motility (here referred to as extraocular muscles [EOMs]) and the levator palpebrae superioris (LPS). The authors summarize the embryologic bases and the possible etiopathogenetic causes of numerical aberrations of the EOMs and the LPS and organize these lesions into several broad categories. The clinical and radiologic diagnostic challenges are discussed. Numerical aberrations of the EOMs include: 1) the complete absence of EOMs, 2) duplication of an entire EOM, 3) the presence of muscle bands that connect 2 EOMs, and 4) minor morphological variations such as bifid muscles (partial splitting of the muscle). Some cases may defy categorization into any of the above or may resemble atavistic remnants of the retractor bulbi muscle. Broadly speaking, numerical aberrations of the LPS generally fall into the same categories although the LPS has several peculiar numerical anomalies of its own. Although numerical EOM and LPS variations are relatively rare and of little clinical significance, raising awareness about their presence is a fundamental clinical keystone not just for the strabismus surgeon but for the orbital surgeon as well. During orbital surgery, this may spare the surgeon from pursuing an orbital witch hunt for these benign innocuous accessory orbital structures that were accidentally discovered by the radiologist and misinterpreted as sinister etiologies. For the strabismus surgeon, the failure to identify them may result in an unfavorable surgical outcome if these structures are missed because of a lack of awareness despite being responsible for generating complex strabismus patterns or having a restrictive potential of their own.

Orbital injuries: aspects of forensic medical examination in assessing the severity of harm caused to human health

Background: Forensic examination plays a key role in establishing the severity of injuries, especially of orbital trauma, which can lead to serious consequences, including vision loss. Examination of forensic reports associated with orbital trauma provides valuable information about the nature of the injuries, their prevalence, and factors influencing the severity of the injury. Aim: Analysis of the possibilities of an interdisciplinary approach based on the presence of a full ophthalmological status and computed tomography data of the skull in conducting a forensic medical examination of living persons and in the final qualification of the degree of harm to health in orbital injuries. Materials and methods: An analysis of 37 completed forensic medical examinations of living persons with orbital injuries who were treated in multidisciplinary hospitals in Moscow was carried out. The forensic medical examination was carried out in the Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination of the Moscow Health Department. In 23 cases, the ophthalmological status was assessed at periods from 1 week to 6 months after the injury. In all cases (n = 37; 100%), computed tomography of the facial and cerebral skull was performed. The age of the victims at the time of injury ranged from 12 to 82 years (average 39.7 ± 9.2 years). There were 29 adults among the victims (78.3%), 8 children (21.6%). In terms of gender distribution, there was a significant male predominance — 27 men (73%) versus 10 women (27%). Results: According to the results of the analysis of forensic medical reports, polytrauma with the simultaneous presence of several severe injuries to various organs and systems, combined with orbital trauma, was recorded in 12 victims (32.4%). A combination of traumatic brain injury and orbital injury without involvement of other organs and systems was detected in 9 victims (24.3%), isolated orbital trauma — in 13 people (35.1%), isolated injury of two orbits simultaneously — in 3 victims (8.1%). From the conclusions of forensic experts, it follows that in 89% of cases, the bone walls of the orbits, formed by the frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones, as well as the upper jaw, were damaged, which could subsequently lead to damage to the globe, optic nerve and other orbital structures. Damage to the soft tissue of the orbits with globe contusion was noted in 11% of cases. In 3 cases (n = 3; 8.1%), moderate harm to health was determined based on significant persistent loss of general ability to work. In 14 cases (n = 14; 37.8%), it was not possible to focus on the acuteness of the injured globe before the traumatic episode, due to the fact that the victims had no documented visits to an ophthalmologist before the injury. Conclusions: To objectively assess of the orbital trauma and determine the degree of harm to human health, it is necessary to have a full ophthalmological status, including such clinical and instrumental criteria as visual acuteness, presence or absence of ophthalmoplegia and globe dystopia, as well as computed tomography data of the skull, which must be presented in the primary medical documentation.

Standardized A-echography in the diagnostics of eye diseases

The development and the improvement of new imaging methods are current trends in ophthalmology. The literature review is devoted to the use of standardized A-echography in the diagnostics of ocular pathology. The history of the development of this method, the basic principles of obtaining A-sonograms, the features of the qualitative and quantitative assessments of pathological changes in the structures of the eye based on echographic data are presented. Standardized A-echography is most widely used in the diagnostics of vitreoretinal pathology, intraocular mass (choroidal melanoma, choroidal hemangioma, non-tumor formations) and assessment of orbital structures (optic nerve, extraocular muscles, orbital tumors).

Evaluation of Shape and Volume Restoration of Orbit after Reduction of Orbitozygomatic Fractures

Abstract Background The appearance of the Orbitozygomatic complex (OZC) fracture terminology is contributed to the fact that a fracture in the lateral side of the midface is not strict to anatomical boundaries, however, it involves the zygoma, maxilla and orbital structures. Orbitozygomatic complex fractures are one of the most commonly encountered injuries of the craniofacial skeleton. The solid zygomatic bone acts as a part of the vertical and horizontal facial buttress, along with the malar eminence, which plays a key role in the determination of facial morphology. It forms a significant portion of the floor and lateral wall of the orbit thus it acts as one of the most common contributors to the orbital integrity, restoration of orbital volume is essential to prevent enophthalmos. Objective Evaluate restoration of orbital shape, volume and globe position in the anterior-posterior plane after reduction of zygomatico-orbital fractures. Methods This Prospective observational study was done from March 2023 to August 2023 at plastic, burn and maxillofacial department in El Demerdash Hospital, Ain Shams University. Eighteen (18) adult patients, complaining of post traumatic orbito-zygomatic fractures requiring operative intervention, were included in this study. Evaluations of orbital shape and differences between orbital volume measurements (damaged orbits compared to intact orbits before and after surgery), orbital volume calculated from area marked by delineating bony landmarks of the orbit interconnected by freehand cursor manually on a series of CT slices in the axial plane, the CT images were exported to the CMF orbital analysis software (adw4.7), where the volume was calculated automatically, Depth: measured from orbital rim to the orbital apex, from outer optic foramen to the middle point of a line passing through lateral and medial orbital rims; width: Maximal horizontal distance from lateral to medial rim and height: measured from superior to inferior margin at their maximum distance perpendicular to orbital width. Results The mean volume of the affected orbit throughout our study showed significant decrease from 24.81 ± 2.04 cm3 before the operation to 23.38 ± 2.22 cm3 after the surgical intervention (P &amp;lt; 0.001), indicating a highly significant difference, where volume has significantly increased on fractured side preoperative in comparison to the sound side (P = 0.016) indicating significant effect of trauma on increasing orbital volume from normal, while no statistical difference was noted (P = 0.75) between orbital volume of fractured side postoperatively 23.38 ± 2.22 cm3 and the sound side 23.24 ± 1.64 cm3, indicating proper reduction and restoration of orbital volume to near normal postoperatively, increased depth (45.46 ± 3.26), width (38 ± 2.94) and height (35.7 ± 2.98) of fractured side preoperatively; this increase was statistically significant, While Depth and width showed more increase than height; values were more statistically significant and return to near normal postoperatively (42.96 ± 2.68), (36 ± 2.88) and (34.23 ± 3.45) respectively; this decrease was still significant statistically except for height where it was non-significant, indicating better restoration of height than depth and width attributed to its lesser increase from the first place, as values of sound side weree (41.64 ± 2.25), (34.56 ± 3.25) and (34.51± 3.52) respectively. Conclusion Our study suggests that the surgical reduction of orbitozygomatic fractures has a significant role in restoration of the orbital shape, volume, and globe positioning in the anterior-posterior plane. And that enophthalmos occurrence is greatly influenced by increase of the bony orbital volume, also it’s affected by other factors for further research. Orbital dimensions were affected by trauma and restored to near normal after reduction but showed no major shape changes of the conical orbit.

Maxillectomy and its ophthalmic implications: A comprehensive analysis over 20 years

PurposeMaxillectomy, a critical surgical intervention for head and neck malignancies, often leads to a comprehensive spectrum of ophthalmic complications due to its impact on orbital structures. This study, conducted over 20 years at a single university hospital, aims to evaluate the extent and severity of these complications, encompassing the entire range of ophthalmological issues encountered in the field. DesignA retrospective, observational cohort study. MethodsAmong the 163 patients who underwent maxillectomy at a single university hospital between January 2003 and December 2022, we analyzed the medical records of 101 patients with over one year of postoperative ophthalmological follow-up. Data on demographics, clinical parameters, surgical details, and ophthalmic complications were collected. Complications were categorized into six groups, with statistical analysis identifying factors influencing these outcomes. ResultsOur findings reveal a predominant occurrence of ophthalmic complications among maxillectomy patients. Only 4.4 % had no complications, while 95.6 % experienced at least one, especially with cornea/conjunctiva (56 %), eyelid (48.4 %), and lacrimal system issues (38.5 %) being the most frequent. Notably, 64.8 % had complications in two or more categories, and 33 % in three or more. Multivariate analysis identified that orbital floor resection was a significant risk factor for complications involving the eyelid and the cornea/conjunctiva (P = 0.008 and P = 0.021, respectively), while radiotherapy specifically emerged as a significant risk factor for cornea/conjunctiva complications (P = 0.009). Surgical management of complications following maxillectomy often involved major tissue transplantation in plastic surgery, particularly for cases of significant tissue contraction or severe orbital dystopia. Common secondary ophthalmic surgeries included dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) in 14 eyes, tarsorrhaphy in 12 eyes, and lateral tarsal strip procedures in 5 eyes. The study found a high incidence of multiple complications, highlighting the complex nature of postoperative challenges. ConclusionMaxillectomy patients are highly susceptible to a range of ophthalmological complications, primarily influenced by surgical extent and adjuvant therapies. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for comprehensive management and improved quality of life in these patients. The study underscores the need for thorough ophthalmological evaluation and integrated care in treating maxillectomy-related complications.

Filling in the blanks

Context. In the solar neighbourhood, only ∼2% of stars in the Gaia survey have a line-of-sight velocity (vlos) contained within the RVS catalogue. These limitations restrict conventional dynamical analysis, such as finding and studying substructures in the stellar halo. Aims. We aim to present and test a method to infer a probability density function (PDF) for the missing vlos of a star with 5D information within 2.5 kpc. This technique also allows us to infer the probability that a 5D star is associated with the Milky Way’s stellar Disc or the stellar Halo, which can be further decomposed into known stellar substructures. Methods. We use stars from the Gaia DR3 RVS catalogue to describe the local orbital structure in action space. The method is tested on a 6D Gaia DR3 RVS sample and a 6D Gaia sample crossmatched to ground-based spectroscopic surveys, stripped of their true vlos. The stars predicted vlos, membership probabilities, and inferred structure properties are then compared to the true 6D equivalents, allowing the method’s accuracy and limitations to be studied in detail. Results. Our predicted vlos PDFs are statistically consistent with the true vlos, with accurate uncertainties. We find that the vlos of Disc stars can be well-constrained, with a median uncertainty of 26 km s−1. Halo stars are typically less well-constrained with a median uncertainty of 72 km s−1, but those found likely to belong to Halo substructures can be better constrained. The dynamical properties of the total sample and subgroups, such as distributions of integrals of motion and velocities, are also accurately recovered. The group membership probabilities are statistically consistent with our initial labelling, allowing high-quality sets to be selected from 5D samples by choosing a trade-off between higher expected purity and decreasing expected completeness. Conclusions. We have developed a method to estimate 5D stars’ vlos and substructure membership. We have demonstrated that it is possible to find likely substructure members and statistically infer the group’s dynamical properties.