Orange Seedlings Research Articles

Optimizing Sour Orange Growth and Chemical Properties through Foliar Application of Nano and Organic Fertilizers

This study, conducted at the Lath House of Agriculture College, Al-Qasim Green University during the 2021-2022 growth season, aimed to evaluate the effects of KHARZA nanoparticles (NPs) and organic fertilizer (Nutirgreen) on sour orange seedlings. Different concentrations of KHARZA NPs (0, 1, 2, and 3 g L-1) and organic fertilizer (0, 1.5, 3, and 4.5 ml L-1) were applied. The experimental design followed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors, each having four treatments, and each treatment replicated thrice. Our findings reveal that spraying KHARZA NPs at a concentration of 3 g.L-1 significantly enhanced various vegetative parameters, such as plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, and leaf area, alongside improvements in chemical properties such as mineral concentration, chlorophyll content, and carbohydrate levels in leaves. Similarly, applying organic fertilizer at a rate of 4.5 ml L-1 led to notable enhancements in both vegetative and chemical characteristics compared to the control group. Notably, combined application of KHARZA NPs at 3 g L-1 and organic fertilizer at 4.5 ml L-1 resulted in synergistic effects, yielding the most favorable outcomes in terms of vegetative growth and chemical properties. These results underscore the potential of utilizing KHARZA nanoparticles and organic fertilizers in enhancing the growth and physiological properties of sour orange seedlings, offering promising avenues for sustainable agricultural practices. Keywords: Optimizing, spray nutrients, KHARZA, organic fertilizer, growth, orange seedlings

Foliar application of myo-inositol inhibits the growth of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings by inducing alterations in cell wall structure and energy metabolism disorders

Foliar application of myo-inositol inhibits the growth of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings by inducing alterations in cell wall structure and energy metabolism disorders

Effect of spraying with nano, traditional nutrient solution, and cytokinin on some vegetative traits for orange seedlings grafted on rangpur (Citrus aurantium L.) rootstock

Effect of spraying with nano, traditional nutrient solution, and cytokinin on some vegetative traits for orange seedlings grafted on rangpur (Citrus aurantium L.) rootstock

The Impact of Seaweed Extract and Biofertilizer on Root Growth and some Mineral Content of Orange Seedlings

The Impact of Seaweed Extract and Biofertilizer on Root Growth and some Mineral Content of Orange Seedlings

Interactions between Root Hair Development and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Colonization in Trifoliate Orange Seedlings in Response to P Levels

Both arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and root hairs are crucial in facilitating plant uptake of phosphorus (P), while it is unclear whether and how they respond to varying P supplies. In order to explore how AM fungal colonization and root hair development are affected by substrate P supply, trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings were inoculated with AM fungus Rhizophagus intraradices and grown under low, moderate, and high P conditions; then, root hair morphological features and AM fungal colonization were measured. Following 120 days of AM fungal inoculation, root hair density, root hair length, AM fungal colonization rate, arbuscule colonization rate, and AM fungal colonization frequency all increased significantly under P-deficient conditions but decreased under high P conditions. Moreover, the colonization of AM fungi had a major impact on root hair formation by altering the expression of related genes and the growth of epidermal cells. The effect of AM fungi was dependent on P supply levels, as evidenced by the fact that root hair density and length increased at high P levels but decreased at low P levels. As a result, root hairs may serve as a preferential site for AM fungal colonization, and their morphology could influence the early stage of AM symbiosis establishment.

EFFECT OF BIO HEALTH, TECAMIN MAX AND BENZYL ADENINE ON GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF SWEET ORANGE SEEDLINGS

This investigation was aimed to study the effect of soil application of Bio health and foliar application with Tecamin max and Benzyl adenine on growth characteristic of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) seedlings during two successive seasons (2020 and 2021). Bio health was added with three concentrations (0, 6 and 12 g.L-1) to the soil and foliar application of Tecamin max with three concentration (0, 5 and 10 ml.L-1), Benzyl adenine with three concentration (0, 100 and 200 mg. L-1) on the sweet orange seedlings which were brought from private nursery in Duhok city and have two- years old and nearly uniform in growth vigor. The results proved that all parameters such as increases in plant high, stem diameter, branch numbers, single leaf area, total chlorophyll as soon as leaves carbohydrate and leaves dry weight in both seasons were increased significantly as compared with control, accept Tecamin max had no significant effect on leaves carbohydrates and leaves dry weight, Benzyl adenine no significant effect on leaves dry weight on both seasons, Furthermore, combination among high concentration of Bio health, Tecamin max and Benzyl adenine improved all parameters in comparison with the control.

Effect of foliar application with PRO-SOL and humic acid on some growth and chemical characteristics of sour orange (Citrus aurantium) seedlings.

This study was carried out on six months old sour orange (Citrus aurantium) seedlings in the lath house/ Agriculture College/AL-Qasim Green University in Babylon province, Iraq, from March 2020 to October 2020 with aim of investigating the impact of spraying PRO-SOL fertilizer (0.0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5) gm.L-1 and Humic acid (HA) (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0) gm.L-1 independently or in combination on the vegetative and chemical characteristics of sour orange seedlings. In 2021, a factorial experiment with three replications was conducted on local sour orange seedlings. The findings indicated that spraying with PRO-SOL fertilizer at a concentration of (4.5 gm.L-1) and HA (3 gm.L-1) promoted the seedling growth indices(the height of the plant, diameter of stem, number of leaves, and area of leaf), chemical parameters (chlorophyll and carbohydrate percent) also the leaf mineral content of N, P, and K. Keywords: PRO-SOL; HA; Foliar spray; Citrus aurantium seedling; lathhouse; Organic fertilizer.

Impact of spraying with Cycocel growth regulator and seaweed ex-tract in growth indicators for local oranges Citrus sinensis (L.)

The carried experiment the nurseries located in the Al-Issa area and the wooden canopy / Kufa district in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf governorate for the agricultural season 2022 to show the effect of spraying with the growth regulator Cycocel concentration (0, 1500, 11000, 11500) mg L-1 and spraying with seaweed extract (Super Fifty) At a concentration of (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75) ml L-1 and their interactions in the growth and vegetative characteristics of one-year-old Local orange seedlings grafted on orange rootstocks. The experiment was carried out Using (RCBD) according to the complete randomized block design, with 3 replications and (16) plants for each replicate. The individual results of two study factors and the interaction between them showed Positive superiority in seedling height, number of leaves, leaf area, the number of branches, and Leaf chlorophyll concentration total. Carbohydrate content in leaves in compared to the comparison (Control) treatment, as for stem diameter, it was not significant in all characteristics of both searches in a manner individually and intertwined.

Serendipita indica mitigates drought-triggered oxidative burst in trifoliate orange by stimulating antioxidant defense systems.

Soil drought is detrimental to plant growth worldwide, particularly by triggering reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst. Serendipita indica (Si), a culturable root-associated endophytic fungus, can assist host plants in dealing with abiotic stresses; however, it is unknown whether and how Si impacts the drought tolerance of citrus plants. To unravel the effects and roles of Si on drought-stressed plants, trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.; a citrus rootstock) seedlings were inoculated with Si and exposed to soil drought, and growth, gas exchange, ROS levels, antioxidant defense systems, and expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes and fatty acid desaturases in leaves were measured. Soil drought suppressed plant biomass, whereas Si inoculation significantly increased plant biomass (10.29%-22.47%) and shoot/root ratio (21.78%-24.68%) under ample water and drought conditions, accompanied by improved net photosynthetic rate (105.71%), water use efficiency (115.29%), chlorophyll index (55.34%), and nitrogen balance index (63.84%) by Si inoculation under soil drought. Soil drought triggered an increase in leaf hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion levels, while Si inoculation significantly reduced these ROS levels under soil drought, resulting in lower membrane lipid peroxidation with respect to malondialdehyde changes. Furthermore, Si-inoculated seedlings under soil drought had distinctly higher levels of ascorbate and glutathione, as well as catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, compared with no-Si-inoculated seedlings. Si inoculation increased the expression of leaf PtFAD2, PtFAD6, PtΔ9, PtΔ15, PtFe-SOD, PtCu/Zn-SOD, PtPOD, and PtCAT1 genes under both ample water and soil drought conditions. Overall, Si-inoculated trifoliate orange plants maintained a low oxidative burst in leaves under drought, which was associated with stimulation of antioxidant defense systems. Therefore, Si has great potential as a biostimulant in enhancing drought tolerance in plants, particularly citrus.

Response of Citrus aurantium L. orange seedlings to the addition of NPK complex nanofertilizer and humic and their effect on vegetative traits and nutrients.

The study was carried out at University of Thi-Qar on 02.02.2023; the experience finished on 15.06.2023 on Citrus seedlings at one year age, by three seedlings for each experimental unit. Thus the number of seedlings was 81 at anvils plastic, which was filed by soil and peatmoss at a ratio of 3:1. The experiment included fertilizer treatment Nano NPK which spray on plant leaves at concentrations (0, 0.5, 1) g. l, by three additions at 15 days period between each addition. Humic acid was added to the Spray the plant three times (0, 1, 2) g. The experiment was carried out by three replication according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The results were compared according to less difference test than 5 % possibility.
 Spraying treatments with nano-fertilizer npk showed a positive effect on most of the vegetative and chemical indicators of orange seedlings. The spraying treatment at a concentration of 1 gm l-1 was significantly superior by recording the highest rate for the number of plant leaves, stem thickness, leaf content of carbohydrates, and leaf content of the nutrients calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. It reached 61.78 leaves. Seedling-1, 7.77 cm, 10.21%, 155.62%, 0.268%, 38.046%, respectively.
 The average spray treatments with Humic showed a positive effect on most of the vegetative and chemical indicators of Citrus aurantium L. orange seedlings. The spray treatment at a concentration of 1 gm L-1 was superior in recording the highest rates for the number of plant leaves and stem thickness, as they reached 64.78 and 8.77, respectively. The spraying treatment at a concentration of 1 gm L-1 also excelled by recording the highest rate for the leaf content of carbohydrates and the leaf content of the nutrients calcium, magnesium and sulfur, reaching 10.01%, 156.53%, 0.257%, 36.06%.
 The interaction treatments between the two study factors gave a positive, significant effect on most of the vegetative and chemical traits studied. The interaction treatment between the concentration of 1 gm L-1 of nano-NPK and 1 gm L-1 Humic recorded the best results significantly for growth indicators.

Response of anatomical traits to environmental stresses in the leaves of local orange seedlings (Citrus sinensis L)

This study explores the effects of salinity and drought stress on the anatomical characteristics of local orange seedlings. The research was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture, University of Basra, during the 2022-2023 agricultural season. Salinity stress was imposed using three concentrations of irrigation water (0, 3, and 6 ds.m-1), while drought stress was implemented by varying irrigation frequency (daily, weekly, and monthly). The anatomical traits examined included cuticle layer thickness, epidermal cell thickness, mesophyll cell diameter, vascular bundle diameter, tannin cell diameter, and vascular bundle sheath thickness. A recent study found that salinity stress in irrigation water and drought have a negative impact on the anatomical characteristics of local orange seedlings. Salinity (6 ds/m) and drought (monthly irrigation) led to an increase in the thickness of the cuticle layer (2.50 and 2.03 µm) and the diameter of the tannin cells (7.74 and 6.67 µm). These treatments also caused a decrease in the thickness of the epidermal cells, the diameter of the cells of the mesophyll tissue, the vascular bundle, and the thickness of the sheath of the vascular bundle. The study also found that the interaction between salinity stress and drought led to an even greater decrease in the anatomical characteristics of the seedlings. The interaction between salinity (6 ds/m) and drought (monthly irrigation) caused a decrease in the thickness of the epidermal cells, the diameter of the cells of the mesophyll tissue, the vascular bundle, and the thickness of the sheath of the vascular bundle to 2.57, 5.40, 33.23, and 20.11 µm, respectively. Keywords: Anatomical characteristics, drought, environmental stresses, orange seedlings, salinity

Controller Monitoring Automation System Soil pH and Moisture Orange Seeds Based on Wireless Sensor Network

The water requirement in each land can be different depending on the area and the conditions of the land which is classified into dry, semi–dry, and moist or wet. Where this condition affects the water needed for irrigation. A good soil for planting oranges is loose soil and has a high organic content. The thing that needs to be considered in growing oranges is the land and varieties to be planted. In this result, a system was made that was able to automatically regulate waters for orange seedlings based on soil toughness and the specified time. At the end of the irrigation section, the orange grove is also given a node that regulates the discharge of water in case of inundation or excess water in the surrounding garden land. To run this system will use 3 nodes, for details 1 node in the irrigation section, 1 node in the land monitoring and soil quality section where there are 2 kinds of sensors, namely soil moisture and the Ground pH sensor, as well as 1 node in the server section. The average pH value for 32 observations was 7,115 or above 7, which is the good standard of growth for plants.

Comparative Study of Individual and Combined Application of Humic Acid, Wood Vinegar, and Biochar on Soil Zn Chemical Fractions and Its Uptake by Sour Orange (Citrus aurantium L.) Seedlings

ABSTRACT The addition of organic materials in arid and semi-arid regions not only improves the physicochemical and biological characteristics of the soil but also increases plant growth. In this study, the effect of individual and combined application of humic acid (HA) (150 mg kg−1 soil), wood vinegar (WV) (75-fold dilution), and biochars (corn straw biochar (CSB) and cotton residue biochar (CRB) each at 2% wt.) on the soil Zn chemical fractions and its uptake by Sour Orange (Citrus aurantium L.) seedlings were investigated in a calcareous soil. The results showed the CRB was more effective in increasing the Zn concentration in fractions with high bioavailability (soluble+exchangeable (WsEx) and organic (OM) forms) than the CSB. This may be due to its higher organic carbon content (74%) and electrical conductivity (3.52 dS m−1) than those for the CSB. There was no significant difference between HA and WV in terms of the effect on soil Zn chemical fractions. The CRB+WV and CRB+HA were the best treatments for enhancing the soil Zn bioavailability. The greatest increase in the shoot dry matter yield (2.5-fold) and Zn uptake (29%) was associated with the combined treatment of CRB+HA compared to the control. Furthermore, the shoot dry matter yield of Sour Orange seedlings had a significant and positive correlation with the Zn-WsEx fraction and Zn uptake. It could be concluded that among the treatments, the combined application of CRB+HA was the best in enhancing soil Zn bioavailability, Zn uptake and shoot dry matter yield of Sour Orange seedlings in the calcareous soil.

Silicon ameliorates iron deficiency in sour orange seedlings grown under different pHs

Iron (Fe) is an essential element for all plants while silicon (Si) is non-essential but has some beneficial roles for reducing iron deficiency stresses in plants. Soil pH affect iron solubility and availability and thus plant Fe nutrition however, little is known on how high or low pHs affect Si efficiency in alleviating Fe deficiency stress. In this research the interactive effects of root zone pH and Si nutrition on the alleviation of Fe deficiency in sour orange (Citrus aurantium) seedlings were investigated. Citrus seedlings were grown for three months in Fe-sufficient (control), Fe-deficient and Fe-zero media supplied with or without Si (0.7 mM), adjusted to pHs 6.5 and 8.0 and analyzed subsequently. Fe deficiency resulted in declined tissue Fe, proteins, chlorophylls, carotenoids and the activities of catalase, soluble and cell wall peroxidase associated with increased hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation. Higher pH compromised plant growth associated with depleted tissue Fe in both Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient plants and imposed chlorophylls and soluble proteins reduction. Si nutrition increased plant growth in Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient plants under both pH treatments. It also improved tissue Fe content, soluble proteins, chlorophylls, carotenoids and the activities of antioxidant enzymes while decreased tissue hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation levels. These results suggest that Si nutrition can reduce the harmful effects of soil Fe deficiency and higher pHs in sour orange plants via increase of Fe content and reduction of oxidative stress; however, in the absence of Fe, the applied Si cannot mitigate plant nutrient stress symptoms.

Ameliorative Role of Boron on Morpho-physiological Characters of Mandarin Orange Seedlings under Aluminium Stress Condition

Darjeeling mandarin orange is well known for its unique and delicious taste. It is also considered as one of the major cash crop of Darjeeling hills. But in recent past, the production has been declined drastically due to some of the biotic and abiotic factors. Acidic soils are mainly confined in this region which has a complex interaction of growth limiting factors that can restricts growth by inducing stress on plants through triggering aluminium stress and micronutrient Deficiency. This has resulted in declination in production and quality of mandarin orange grown in foothills of Darjeeling. Since boron is known to act as ameliorative role under aluminium toxicity, the present study was investigated to understand the effect of boron in mandarin orange seedlings grown under aluminium stress condition. Seedlings of Darjeeling mandarin orange were fertilized with Hoagland solution containing four levels of boron (i.e, 0µM, 5µM, 10µM and 25µM H3BO3) and two level of Aluminium (i.e., 0µM and 1200µM AlCl3.6 H2O) up to 22 weeks. Seedlings without boron and aluminium was treated as the control. Aluminium at higher concentration severely hinder physiological changes in terms of shoot length, leave numbers, leaf area, fresh shoot, root weight, chlorophyll content and carotenoid of mandarin seedlings. However, the application of boron improved the physiological attributes under higher concentration of aluminium. Furthermore, application of boron concentration at 10µM proved to be better treatment for mandarin seedlings grown under aluminium stress condition.

Density and Dispersal Radius of Tamarixia radiata for Control of Diaphorina citri in Citrus Groves.

Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) is the main parasitoid wasp released in abandoned, organic, and non-commercial citrus grovesand in orange jasmine areas for biological control of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (a vector of bacteria associated with huanglongbing), as a control tactic in a strategy termed External Management. The effectiveness of parasitism is influenced by the release density and radius of action of this parasitoid. This study determined the optimal release density and radius of action of T. radiata in a commercial citrus grove. Parasitoids were released at five densities (200, 400, 800, 1,600, and 3,200 wasps/ha) at the center of circular areas with four different radii (7.5, 15, 22.5, and 30m). The parasitism rate was assessed using 'Valencia' sweet orange seedlings, each bearing 35 D. citri fourth-instar nymphs, attached to 26-year-old 'Valencia' sweet orange trees along the perimeter of each radius. For the 7.5-m radius, the highest parasitism rate (74.1%) was observed at the density of 3,200 wasps/ha. However, for the 15-m radius, the density of 3,200 wasps/ha resulted in lower parasitism (30.7%) of D. citri nymphs. No parasitism was observed for densities lower than 800 wasps/ha and release radii above 15m. The highest parasitoid dispersal radius and area were 18.04m and 114.02 m2, respectively, when 3,200 wasps were released. Therefore, 3,200 wasps/ha arranged at 56 equidistant release points (approximately 57 wasps/release point) is the recommended protocol for biological control of D. citri in citrus groves.

Genetic transformation of 'Hamlin' and 'Valencia' sweet orange plants expressing the cry11A gene of Bacillus thuringiensis as another tool to the management of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae).

The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) is the vector of Candidatus Liberibacter spp., the bacteria associated with huanglongbing (HLB), the most devastating disease of citrus worldwide. HLB management has heavily counted on insecticide applications to control the ACP, although there are efforts towards more sustainable alternatives. In previous work, our group assessed the potential bioactivity of different strains of Bacillus thuringiensis (Eubacteriales: Bacillaceae) (Bt) containing cry/cyt genes as feasible tools to control ACP nymphs. Here, we report an attempt to use the cry11A gene from Bt to produce transgenic sweet orange plants using two promoters. For the genetic transformation, 'Hamlin' and 'Valencia' sweet orange seedlings were used as sources of explants. Transgenic plants were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primers, and the transgene copy number was confirmed by Southern blot analyses. Transcript expression levels were determined by qPCR. Mortality assays of D. citri nymphs were carried out in a greenhouse, and the effect of the events tested ranged from 22 to 43% at the end of the five-day exposure period. To our knowledge, this is the first manuscript reporting the production of citrus plants expressing the Bt cry11A gene for the management of D. citri nymphs.

Integration of physiology, metabolome and transcriptome for understanding of the adaptive strategies to long-term nitrogen deficiency in Citrus sinensis leaves

The contribution of nitrogen (N)-deficiency-responsive metabolites and genes to long-term N-deficiency tolerance in Citrus is poorly understood. Using sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) seedlings as materials, we investigated long-term N-deficiency-responsive metabolites and genes, and long-term N-deficient impacts on some physiological parameters in leaves. Our findings demonstrated that extensive gene and metabolite reprogramming occurred in 0 mM N-treated leaves (LN0). The molecular and physiological responses of leaves to N-deficiency included: (a) leading to shifts from primary metabolites [amino acids and derivatives (AADs), lipids, and organic acids] to secondary metabolites (lignin, flavonoids, phenols, phenolic acids, total coumarins, total phenolics and phenylpropanoids), from N-rich AADs to carbon-rich carbohydrates, and from N-rich alkaloids to carbon-rich phenylpropanoids and phenols by upregulating phenylpropanoid pathway and downregulating alkaloid biosynthesis with the exceptions of indole alkaloids, as well as increases in N compound degradation and N remobilization to N-demanding tissues; (b) enhanced capacity to maintain phosphate homeostasis by downregulating the expression levels of low-phosphate-responsive genes and improving the abundances of compounds containing phosphorus but not N; and (c) activating MAPK signaling pathway. In addition to upregulating non-photochemical quenching and photorespiration, N-deficiency improved the expression levels of some genes related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and aldehyde detoxification and the abundances of many antioxidants (reduced glutathione, tryptophan, four vitamins, lignin and secondary metabolites especially flavonoids) in leaves, thus upregulating the capacity to detoxifying ROS and aldehydes and protecting LN0 from oxidative damage, and hence conferring leaf N-deficiency tolerance. Also, we found that some metabolites such as reduced glutathione, tryptophan, plumerane and phenylpropanoid, and/or genes such as NRT2.5, NRT1.7, NRT1.4, NRT1.5, NRG2, MAPKKK17 and MAPKKK5 might be responsible for leaf N-deficiency tolerance. To conclude, our finding provided some new information on the adaptive strategies of leaves to long-term N-deficiency.

Whole transcriptome analysis of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) under osmotic stress

Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) is a conventional citrus rootstock, and its resistance to abiotic stress is critical to citriculture. By using high-throughput RNA sequencing, this study unfolded the whole transcriptome expression profile of trifoliate orange seedlings under osmotic stress (-1.56 MPa) mediated by polyethylene glycol. Based on the morphologic observation and physiological measurements, the seedlings were subjected to remarkable water deficit under 1.5, 6 and 24 h of osmotic stress (OS1.5, OS6 and OS24) but recovered after 4 h of re-watering (RE4). Totally, 9756/11,791, 327/435, 69/95 and 181/102 differentially expressed (DE) protein-coding mRNAs, long non-coding (lnc)RNA, circular (circ)RNA and micro (mi)RNA were identified in leaf/root at 0 h of osmotic stress (OS0), OS1.5, OS6 and OS24 and RE4. With over representation analysis for the DEmRNAs of OS1.5/OS0, OS6/OS0, OS24/OS0 and RE4/OS24, there were 70/95 enriched Gene Ontology terms and 16/28 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways in leaf/root, thereby displaying diverse biological processes, molecular functions and pathways. With k-means cluster analysis, eight DEmRNA clusters with different expression patterns were classified. In addition, some important molecular players in abscisic acid signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, proline biosynthesis and polyamine synthesis were revealed and discussed. Ptrif.0009s2070 was identified as the ortholog of RD29B in trifoliate orange, which is the landmark gene under water deficit and ABA treatment. The targets of DElncRNAs and miRNA and the source genes of DEcircRNAs were identified through bioinformatics approaches. Last, competing endogenous RNA (lncRNA/circRNA/mRNA)-miRNA regulatory network with 503/138 nodes including 30/4 hub miRNAs and 497/108 connections and were constructed in leaf/root. Our results benefit the understanding in osmotic stress response and abiotic stress-resistance gene mining in trifoliate orange.

Effect of Foliar Spray with Nano-NPK Fertilizer and Yeast Extract on Growth of Orange (C. sinensis L. Osb.) Washington Navel Variety

The factorial experiment was conducted in the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening Design, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Iraq through the growing season 2020 to investigate the vegetative growth response of navel orange seedlings grafted on the Citrus stocks to the spraying with balanced Nano-NPK (20-20-20) at four concentrations of (0,1,2 and 3) g. l-1 and yeast extract the following concentrations (0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5) g.l-1. The results in the two seasons showed a superiority effects of the interaction treatments at the highest concentrations of both of Nano-Fertilizer and yeast extract which it reached to the characters plant high, stem diameter, leaves number, leaf area, leaves area, branches number and chlorophyll (26.253cm.seedling-1,1.6867 mm.seedling-1,42.80leaf.seedling-1,33.267cm2.leaf-1,46.25cm2.seedling-1,8.8067 branch.seedling-1 and 273.93 mg.100g-1fw) in the first season and (27.233cm.seedling-1,2.41 mm.seedling-1, 54.67leaf.seedling-1,34.400 cm2.leaf1-,53.40 cm2.seedling-8.8073 branch.seedling-1 and 268.0mg.100 g-1 fw) in the second season for the studied characters respectively. Also, the interaction treatment (N3Y3) at the highest level of both of Nano-NPK and yeast extract showed the best results in the percentage of dry matter, N, P and K leaves content while the control treatment was the least for all the studied characters.